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Casadei E, Mani A, Cisco M, Vågnes Ø, Salinas I, Patel S. Sex-dependent effects of mechanical delousing on the skin microbiome of broodstock Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Sci Rep 2023; 13:10824. [PMID: 37402791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Delousing strategies, including mechanical delousing, are typically used to treat Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) sea lice infestations. In this study, we evaluate the impact of mechanical delousing (Hydrolicer) on the skin bacterial microbiome of broodstock female and male Atlantic salmon. 16S rDNA sequencing of salmon skin microbial communities was performed immediately before delousing, right after delousing and 2 and 13 days post-delousing (dpd). The skin bacterial community of female salmon was more diverse than that of males at the start of the experiment. Overall, hydrolycer caused losses in alpha diversity in females and increases in alpha diversity in males. Hydrolicer also caused rapid shifts in the skin microbial community composition immediately after delicing in a sex-specific manner. There was a decrease in abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes in both female and male salmon, whereas Firmicutes and Tenericutes abundances increased. Interestingly, the female community recovered faster, while the male community remained dysbiotic 13 dpd due to expansions in Bacteroidetes (Pseudomonadaceae) and Firmicutes. Our data suggest that female broodstock are more resilient to Hydrolicer treatment due to their more diverse skin microbiota community, and that sex influences the skin microbial community and therefore host health outcomes during common farming manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Casadei
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Amir Mani
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Mariela Cisco
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Øyvind Vågnes
- Vaxxinova Norway, Kong Christian Frederiks Plass 3, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Blue Analytics AS, Kong Christian Frederiks Plass 3, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sonal Patel
- Vaxxinova Norway, Kong Christian Frederiks Plass 3, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Thormøhlens Gate 53C, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
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Medger K, Prins A, Lutermann H, Ganswindt A, Ganswindt SB, Bennett NC. Repeatability of daily profiles of baseline glucocorticoid metabolites measured in the urine and faeces of eastern rock sengis (Elephantulus myurus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 312:113857. [PMID: 34284023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Repeatability of hormone concentrations is of great interest for studies investigating the evolution of hormonal traits. Particularly the repeatability of glucocorticoids (GCs) in response to a stressor is frequently investigated, but often only point (initial and/or response value), or single measures are used. A new method takes into account the entire individual hormone profile and generates an individual profile repeatability (PR) score. The method was developed for response profiles, but it may also be valuable for baseline values in species with diurnal changes in hormone concentrations. GCs are determined in a variety of matrices, and repeatability can vary considerably depending on the matrix. We investigated the repeatability of baseline GC metabolite (GCM) concentrations measured in urine (uGCM) and faeces (fGCM) of captive eastern rock sengis (Elephantulus myurus) using the more traditional linear mixed model approach and the PR method. GCMs were assessed over 24 h and measurements were repeated twice with two weeks between replicates. A diurnal rhythm in GCM concentrations associated with the activity period of the sengis was found in urine, but not in the faeces. Urinary GCM concentrations exhibited a moderate repeatability, whereas the repeatability of fGCM concentrations was low. Urinary GCM concentrations and their repeatability differed between the sexes; with higher concentrations and lower PR scores in females. No such sex differences were apparent for fGCM concentrations and the PR score was not able to characterise repeatability of fGCM concentrations, which were lacking a distinct profile. The PR score enabled a successful quantification of the repeatability of the diurnal uGCM profiles. Hormone profile, sex and sample matrix can affect hormonal traits considerably and the results may be obscured if these factors are not carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Medger
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - André Prins
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Heike Lutermann
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Stefanie B Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; SARChI Chair of Mammal Behavioural Ecology and Physiology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Podgorny OV, Gulyaeva NV. Glucocorticoid-mediated mechanisms of hippocampal damage: Contribution of subgranular neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2020; 157:370-392. [PMID: 33301616 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the interplay between glucocorticoids (GCs) and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is presented, particularly, in the context of a diseased brain. The effectors of GCs in the dentate gyrus neurogenic niche of the hippocampal are reviewed, and the consequences of the GC signaling on the generation and integration of new neurons are discussed. Recent findings demonstrating how GC signaling mediates impairments of the AHN in various brain pathologies are overviewed. GC-mediated effects on the generation and integration of adult-born neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus depend on the nature, severity, and duration of the acting stress factor. GCs realize their effects on the AHN primarily via specific glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Disruption of the reciprocal regulation between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the generation of the adult-born granular neurons is currently considered to be a key mechanism implicating the AHN into the pathogenesis of numerous brain diseases, including those without a direct hippocampal damage. These alterations vary from reduced proliferation of stem and progenitor cells to increased cell death and abnormalities in morphology, connectivity, and localization of young neurons. Although the involvement of the mutual regulation between the HPA axis and the AHN in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits and mood impairments is evident, several unresolved critical issues are stated. Understanding the details of GC-mediated mechanisms involved in the alterations in AHN could enable the identification of molecular targets for ameliorating pathology-induced imbalance in the HPA axis/AHN mutual regulation to conquer cognitive and psychiatric disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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Jorgensen C, Wang Z. Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Adult Neurogenesis: A Multifaceted Mechanism. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081151. [PMID: 32781670 PMCID: PMC7465680 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis—resulting in adult-generated functioning, integrated neurons—is still one of the most captivating research areas of neuroplasticity. The addition of new neurons in adulthood follows a seemingly consistent multi-step process. These neurogenic stages include proliferation, differentiation, migration, maturation/survival, and integration of new neurons into the existing neuronal network. Most studies assessing the impact of exogenous (e.g., restraint stress) or endogenous (e.g., neurotrophins) factors on adult neurogenesis have focused on proliferation, survival, and neuronal differentiation. This review will discuss the multifaceted impact of hormones on these various stages of adult neurogenesis. Specifically, we will review the evidence for hormonal facilitation (via gonadal hormones), inhibition (via glucocorticoids), and neuroprotection (via recruitment of other neurochemicals such as neurotrophin and neuromodulators) on newly adult-generated neurons in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jorgensen
- Behavioral Science Department, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Psychology Department and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
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Hu S, Xia L, Luo H, Xu Y, Yu H, Xu D, Wang H. Prenatal caffeine exposure increases the susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in female offspring rats via activation of GR-C/EBPα-SIRT1 pathway. Toxicology 2019; 417:23-34. [PMID: 30776459 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate female adult offspring induced by prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) are susceptible to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to explore the underlying programming mechanisms. Pregnant rats were intragastrically administered caffeine (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg.d) on gestational day (GD) 9-20. The female adult offspring were randomly divided into three groups: offspring without or with chronic stress during postnatal week (PW) 10-12 and PW28 offspring. Results showed that PW28 PCE female offspring had a higher hepatic triglyceride content and Kleiner scores, accompanied by elevated serum corticosterone levels. Moreover, the expression levels of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor (GR), CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthetase (FASN) and the transcription factor-sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) were increased, but SIRT1 expression was decreased. The fetal rats and PW12 offspring with chronic stress exhibited similar changes as PW28 offspring, accompanied by increased levels of H3K14ac and H3K27ac in the SREBP1c and FASN gene promoters. These effects were also observed by treating L02 cells with cortisol and were partially reversed by GR or C/EBPα siRNA or treatment with the SIRT1 agonist resveratrol. Taken together, PCE-induced high glucocorticoids levels enhanced histone modifications and expression of SREBP1c and FASN via activation of the GR-C/EBPα-SIRT1 pathway in utero. This enhanced female fetal hepatic triglyceride synthesis and continued throughout postnatal and adult life, increasing the susceptibility to adult NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liping Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hanwen Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Lim PH, Shi G, Wang T, Jenz ST, Mulligan MK, Redei EE, Chen H. Genetic Model to Study the Co-Morbid Phenotypes of Increased Alcohol Intake and Prior Stress-Induced Enhanced Fear Memory. Front Genet 2018; 9:566. [PMID: 30538720 PMCID: PMC6277590 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex illness, frequently co-morbid with depression, caused by both genetics, and the environment. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), which also co-occurs with depression, is often co-morbid with PTSD. To date, very few genes have been identified for PTSD and even less for PTSD comorbidity with AUD, likely because of the phenotypic heterogeneity seen in humans, combined with each gene playing a relatively small role in disease predisposition. In the current study, we investigated whether a genetic model of depression-like behavior, further developed from the depression model Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat, is a suitable vehicle to uncover the genetics of co-morbidity between PTSD and AUD. The by-now inbred WKY More Immobile (WMI) and the WKY Less Immobile (WLI) rats were generated from the WKY via bidirectional selective breeding using the forced swim test, a measure of despair-like behavior, as the functional selector. The colonies of the WMIs that show despair-like behavior and the control strain showing less or no despair-like behavior, the WLI, are maintained with strict inbreeding over 40 generations to date. WMIs of both sexes intrinsically self-administer more alcohol than WLIs. Alcohol self-administration is increased in the WMIs without sucrose fading, water deprivation or any prior stress, mimicking the increased voluntary alcohol-consumption of subjects with AUD. Prior Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning (SEFL) is a model of PTSD. WMI males, but not females, show increased SEFL after acute restraint stress in the context-dependent fear conditioning paradigm, a sexually dimorphic pattern similar to human data. Plasma corticosterone differences between stressed and not-stressed WLI and WMI male and female animals immediately prior to fear conditioning predict SEFL results. These data demonstrate that the WMI male and its genetically close, but behaviorally divergent control the WLI male, would be suitable for investigating the underlying genetic basis of comorbidity between SEFL and alcohol self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Henry Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guang Shi
- Liaoning Provincial People's Hospital, Liaoning Sheng, China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sophia T Jenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Eva E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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7
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Mooney SM, Varlinskaya EI. Enhanced sensitivity to socially facilitating and anxiolytic effects of ethanol in adolescent Sprague Dawley rats following acute prenatal ethanol exposure. Alcohol 2018; 69:25-32. [PMID: 29571047 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that deficits in social functioning and social anxiety are associated with adolescent alcohol use. Our previous research has shown that acute exposure to a high dose of ethanol on gestational day (G) 12 produces social alterations in adolescent Sprague Dawley rats. The present study assessed whether these social alterations can affect sensitivity to acute ethanol challenge during adolescence. Pregnant females were exposed intraperitoneally (i.p.) to ethanol (2.5 g/kg followed by 1.25 g/kg in 2 h) or saline on G12, and their male and female offspring were tested on postnatal day (P) 42. Rats were challenged i.p. with one of four ethanol doses (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 g/kg), and their social behavior was assessed in a modified social interaction test. Social alterations associated with prenatal ethanol exposure and indexed via decreases of social investigation, social preference, and play fighting were evident in males and females challenged with the 0 g/kg ethanol dose. Acute ethanol increased social investigation, social preference, and play fighting in animals prenatally exposed to ethanol. In contrast, rats prenatally exposed to saline, showing no social facilitation, demonstrated significant ethanol-induced (0.75 and 1.0 g/kg) decreases in social behavior. Given that late adolescents demonstrating social alterations induced by prenatal ethanol exposure become sensitive to the socially anxiolytic as well as socially facilitating effects of acute ethanol, it is possible that the attractiveness of ethanol to these adolescents may be based on its ability to alleviate anxiety under social circumstances and facilitate interactions with peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Mooney
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Elena I Varlinskaya
- Department of Psychology, Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States; Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
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Prenatal melamine exposure induces impairments of spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in female adolescent rats. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Fitzsimons CP, Herbert J, Schouten M, Meijer OC, Lucassen PJ, Lightman S. Circadian and ultradian glucocorticoid rhythmicity: Implications for the effects of glucocorticoids on neural stem cells and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:44-58. [PMID: 27234350 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress, and within the neuroendocrine reaction to stress specifically the glucocorticoid hormones, are well-characterized inhibitors of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, resulting in a marked reduction in the production of new neurons in this brain area relevant for learning and memory. However, the mechanisms by which stress, and particularly glucocorticoids, inhibit neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation remain unclear and under debate. Here we review the literature on the topic and discuss the evidence for direct and indirect effects of glucocorticoids on neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and adult neurogenesis. Further, we discuss the hypothesis that glucocorticoid rhythmicity and oscillations originating from the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, may be crucial for the regulation of neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus, as well as the implications of this hypothesis for pathophysiological conditions in which glucocorticoid oscillations are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Neuroscience Program, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joe Herbert
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marijn Schouten
- Neuroscience Program, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Neuroscience Program, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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Gender Differences in the Neurobiology of Anxiety: Focus on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:5026713. [PMID: 26885403 PMCID: PMC4738969 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5026713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the literature reports a higher incidence of anxiety disorders in women, the majority of basic research has focused on male rodents, thus resulting in a lack of knowledge on the neurobiology of anxiety in females. Bridging this gap is crucial for the design of effective translational interventions in women. One of the key brain mechanisms likely to regulate anxious behavior is adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). This review paper aims to discuss the evidence on the differences between male and female rodents with regard to anxiety-related behavior and physiology, with a special focus on AHN. The differences between male and female physiologies are greatly influenced by hormonal differences. Gonadal hormones and their fluctuations during the estrous cycle have often been identified as agents responsible for sexual dimorphism in behavior and AHN. During sexual maturity, hormone levels fluctuate cyclically in females more than in males, increasing the stress response and the susceptibility to anxiety. It is therefore of great importance that future research investigates anxiety and other neurophysiological aspects in the female model, so that results can be more accurately applicable to the female population.
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11
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Prenatal melamine exposure induces impairments of spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in male adolescent rats. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 49:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Chawana R, Alagaili A, Patzke N, Spocter MA, Mohammed OB, Kaswera C, Gilissen E, Bennett NC, Ihunwo AO, Manger PR. Microbats appear to have adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but post-capture stress causes a rapid decline in the number of neurons expressing doublecortin. Neuroscience 2014; 277:724-33. [PMID: 25106130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A previous study investigating potential adult hippocampal neurogenesis in microchiropteran bats failed to reveal a strong presence of this neural trait. As microchiropterans have a high field metabolic rate and a small body mass, it is possible that capture/handling stress may lead to a decrease in the detectable presence of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Here we looked for evidence of adult hippocampal neurogenesis using immunohistochemical techniques for the endogenous marker doublecortin (DCX) in 10 species of microchiropterans euthanized and perfusion fixed at specific time points following capture. Our results reveal that when euthanized and perfused within 15 min of capture, abundant putative adult hippocampal neurogenesis could be detected using DCX immunohistochemistry. Between 15 and 30 min post-capture, the detectable levels of DCX dropped dramatically and after 30 min post-capture, immunohistochemistry for DCX could not reveal any significant evidence of putative adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, as with all other mammals studied to date apart from cetaceans, bats, including both microchiropterans and megachiropterans, appear to exhibit substantial levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The present study underscores the concept that, as with laboratory experiments, studies conducted on wild-caught animals need to be cognizant of the fact that acute stress (capture/handling) may induce major changes in the appearance of specific neural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chawana
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - N Patzke
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M A Spocter
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - O B Mohammed
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Kaswera
- Faculté des Sciences, University of Kisangani, B.P 1232 Kisangani, Congo
| | - E Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - N C Bennett
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - A O Ihunwo
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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