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Li B, Zhang X, Qiao N, Chen J, Bi W, Zhi W, Ma L, Miao C, Wang L, Zou Y, Hu X. A real-time working memory evaluation system for macaques in microwave fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2024. [PMID: 39099158 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
With the development and widespread application of electromagnetic technology, the health hazards of electromagnetic radiation have attracted much attention and concern. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the nervous system, especially on learning, memory, and cognitive functions, is an important research topic in the field of electromagnetic biological effects. Most previous studies were conducted with rodents, which are relatively mature. As research has progressed, studies using non-human primates as experimental subjects have been carried out. Compared to rodents, non-human primates such as macaques not only have brain structures more similar to those of humans but also exhibit learning and memory processes that are similar. In this paper, we present a behavioral test system for the real-time evaluation of the working memory (WM) of macaques in a microwave environment. The system consists of two parts: hardware and software. The hardware consists of four modules: the operation terminal, the control terminal, the optical signal transmission, and detection module and the reward feedback module. The software program can implement the feeding learning task, the button-pressing learning task, and the delayed match-to-sample task. The device is useful for the real-time evaluation of the WM of macaques in microwave environments, showing good electromagnetic compatibility, a simple and reliable structure, and easy operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- College of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Bi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Miao
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Leising K, Magnotti J, Elliott C, Nerz J, Wright A. Properties of iconic and visuospatial working memory in pigeons and humans using a location change-detection procedure. Learn Behav 2023; 51:228-245. [PMID: 35882748 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tests of visuospatial memory following short (<1 s) and medium (1 to 30 s) delays have revealed characteristically different patterns of behavior in humans. These data have been interpreted as evidence for different memory systems operating during short (iconic memory) and long delays (working memory). Leising et al. (2019, Behavioural Processes, 169, Article 103957 ) found evidence for both systems in pigeons and humans completing a location change-detection task using a visual mask that disrupted accuracy following a short (100 ms), but not a long (1,000 ms) delay. Another common finding is that adding to-be-remembered items should disrupt accuracy after a long, but not short, delay. Experiments 1a and 1b reported this memory system crossover effect in pigeons and people, respectively, tested on location change detection with delays of 0, 100, and 1,000 ms and displays of two to 16 items. Experiments 2a and 2b reported that the color of the items had little (pigeons) or no (humans) effect on change-detection accuracy. Pigeons tested in Experiment 3 with longer delays (2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 ms) and large set sizes demonstrated the crossover effect with most displays but did not demonstrate an abrupt drop in accuracy characteristic of iconic memory. In Experiment 4, accuracy with novel types of change (color, shape, and size) was better after a 0-ms delay and above-chance levels on color and shape trials. These data demonstrate the memory system crossover effect in both humans and pigeons and expand our knowledge of the properties of memory systems across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Leising
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Dr., Box 298920, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - John Magnotti
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cheyenne Elliott
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Dr., Box 298920, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Jordan Nerz
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Dr., Box 298920, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Anthony Wright
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Laumer IB, Jelbert SA, Taylor AH, Rössler T, Auersperg AMI. Object manufacture based on a memorized template: Goffin's cockatoos attend to different model features. Anim Cogn 2020; 24:457-470. [PMID: 33113033 PMCID: PMC8128754 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although several nonhuman animals have the ability to recognize and match templates in computerized tasks, we know little about their ability to recall and then physically manufacture specific features of mental templates. Across three experiments, Goffin cockatoos (Cacatua goffiniana), a species that can use tools in captivity, were exposed to two pre-made template objects, varying in either colour, size (long or short) or shape (I or L-shaped), where only one template was rewarded. Birds were then given the opportunity to manufacture versions of these objects themselves. We found that all birds carved paper strips from the same colour material as the rewarded template, and half were also able to match the size of a template (long and short). This occurred despite the template being absent at test and birds being rewarded at random. However, we found no evidence that cockatoos could carve L-shaped pieces after learning that L-shaped templates were rewarded, though their manufactured strips were wider than in previous tests. Overall, our results show that Goffin cockatoos possess the ability to physically adjust at least the size dimension of manufactured objects relative to a mental template. This ability has previously only been shown in New Caledonian crows, where template matching was suggested as a potential mechanism allowing for the cumulative cultural transmission of tool designs. Our results show that within avian tool users, the ability to recreate a physical template from memory does not seem to be restricted to species that have cumulative tool cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Laumer
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, 375 Portola Plaza, 341 Haines Hall, Box 951553, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - S A Jelbert
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - A H Taylor
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Rössler
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine (other partner institutions: University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna), Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - A M I Auersperg
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine (other partner institutions: University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna), Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Leising K, Jacqmain J, Elliott C, Wolf J, Taylor J, Cleland L, Lee R, Magnotti JF, Wright AA. Sensory and working memory in a spatial change-detection task by pigeons and humans. Behav Processes 2019; 169:103957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Truppa V, Carducci P, De Simone DA, Bisazza A, De Lillo C. Global/local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli in a conflict-choice task by capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Anim Cogn 2016; 20:347-357. [PMID: 27858168 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, comparative research has addressed the issue of how the global and local levels of structure of visual stimuli are processed by different species, using Navon-type hierarchical figures, i.e. smaller local elements that form larger global configurations. Determining whether or not the variety of procedures adopted to test different species with hierarchical figures are equivalent is of crucial importance to ensure comparability of results. Among non-human species, global/local processing has been extensively studied in tufted capuchin monkeys using matching-to-sample tasks with hierarchical patterns. Local dominance has emerged consistently in these New World primates. In the present study, we assessed capuchins' processing of hierarchical stimuli with a method frequently adopted in studies of global/local processing in non-primate species: the conflict-choice task. Different from the matching-to-sample procedure, this task involved processing local and global information retained in long-term memory. Capuchins were trained to discriminate between consistent hierarchical stimuli (similar global and local shape) and then tested with inconsistent hierarchical stimuli (different global and local shapes). We found that capuchins preferred the hierarchical stimuli featuring the correct local elements rather than those with the correct global configuration. This finding confirms that capuchins' local dominance, typically observed using matching-to-sample procedures, is also expressed as a local preference in the conflict-choice task. Our study adds to the growing body of comparative studies on visual grouping functions by demonstrating that the methods most frequently used in the literature on global/local processing produce analogous results irrespective of extent of the involvement of memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Truppa
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B, 00197, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Carducci
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B, 00197, Rome, Italy.,Environmental and Evolutionary Biology PhD Program, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Antonio De Simone
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B, 00197, Rome, Italy.,Department of Philosophy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Carlo Fea 2, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Bisazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo De Lillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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Petrillo FD, Micucci A, Gori E, Truppa V, Ariely D, Addessi E. Self-control depletion in tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.): does delay of gratification rely on a limited resource? Front Psychol 2015; 6:1193. [PMID: 26322001 PMCID: PMC4531513 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-control failure has enormous personal and societal consequences. One of the most debated models explaining why self-control breaks down is the Strength Model, according to which self-control depends on a limited resource. Either previous acts of self-control or taking part in highly demanding cognitive tasks have been shown to reduce self-control, possibly due to a reduction in blood glucose levels. However, several studies yielded negative findings, and recent meta-analyses questioned the robustness of the depletion effect in humans. We investigated, for the first time, whether the Strength Model applies to a non-human primate species, the tufted capuchin monkey. We tested five capuchins in a self-control task (the Accumulation task) in which food items were accumulated within individual’s reach for as long as the subject refrained from taking them. We evaluated whether capuchins’ performance decreases: (i) when tested before receiving their daily meal rather than after consuming it (Energy Depletion Experiment), and (ii) after being tested in two tasks with different levels of cognitive complexity (Cognitive Depletion Experiment). We also tested, in both experiments, how implementing self-control in each trial of the Accumulation task affected this capacity within each session and/or across consecutive sessions. Repeated acts of self-control in each trial of the Accumulation task progressively reduced this capacity within each session, as predicted by the Strength Model. However, neither experiencing a reduction in energy level nor taking part in a highly demanding cognitive task decreased performance in the subsequent Accumulation task. Thus, whereas capuchins seem to be vulnerable to within-session depletion effects, to other extents our findings are in line with the growing body of studies that failed to find a depletion effect in humans. Methodological issues potentially affecting the lack of depletion effects in capuchins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Petrillo
- Unità di Primatologia Cognitiva e Centro Primati, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome, Italy ; Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Micucci
- Unità di Primatologia Cognitiva e Centro Primati, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gori
- Unità di Primatologia Cognitiva e Centro Primati, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Truppa
- Unità di Primatologia Cognitiva e Centro Primati, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elsa Addessi
- Unità di Primatologia Cognitiva e Centro Primati, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome, Italy
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Truppa V, Carducci P, Trapanese C, Hanus D. Does presentation format influence visual size discrimination in tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.)? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126001. [PMID: 25927363 PMCID: PMC4416040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most experimental paradigms to study visual cognition in humans and non-human species are based on discrimination tasks involving the choice between two or more visual stimuli. To this end, different types of stimuli and procedures for stimuli presentation are used, which highlights the necessity to compare data obtained with different methods. The present study assessed whether, and to what extent, capuchin monkeys' ability to solve a size discrimination problem is influenced by the type of procedure used to present the problem. Capuchins' ability to generalise knowledge across different tasks was also evaluated. We trained eight adult tufted capuchin monkeys to select the larger of two stimuli of the same shape and different sizes by using pairs of food items (Experiment 1), computer images (Experiment 1) and objects (Experiment 2). Our results indicated that monkeys achieved the learning criterion faster with food stimuli compared to both images and objects. They also required consistently fewer trials with objects than with images. Moreover, female capuchins had higher levels of acquisition accuracy with food stimuli than with images. Finally, capuchins did not immediately transfer the solution of the problem acquired in one task condition to the other conditions. Overall, these findings suggest that--even in relatively simple visual discrimination problems where a single perceptual dimension (i.e., size) has to be judged--learning speed strongly depends on the mode of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Truppa
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Carducci
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Trapanese
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Hanus
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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