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Huang Y, Xiao Y, Li L, Feng X, Ding W, Cai F. Propofol-induced anesthesia involves the direct inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1327293. [PMID: 38282977 PMCID: PMC10811086 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1327293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Propofol is the most widely used intravenous general anesthetic; however, the neuronal circuits that mediate its anesthetic effects are still poorly understood. Glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus have been reported to be involved in maintenance of arousal and consciousness. Using Vglut2-Cre transgenic mice, we recorded this group of cells specifically and found that propofol can directly inhibit the glutamatergic neurons, and enhance inhibitory synaptic inputs on these cells, thereby reducing neuronal excitability. Through chemogenetic interventions, we found that inhibition of these neurons increased the duration of propofol-induced anesthesia and reduced movement in the animals after the recovery of right reflex. In contrast, activating this group of cells reduced the duration of propofol anesthesia and increased the animals' locomotor activity after the recovery of right reflex. These results suggest that propofol-induced anesthesia involves the inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Emergency Department of the General Hospital of the Tibet Military Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Linji Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xinglong Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Weixing Ding
- Qujing Secend Peopie's Hospital, Department of Pain, Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Urologyand Neurocardiothoracic Surgery, 927 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's LiberationArmy, Puer, China
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Propofol downregulates the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the basal forebrain via affecting intrinsic membrane properties and postsynaptic GABAARs. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1242-1248. [PMID: 33075002 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Propofol anesthesia rapidly causes loss of consciousness, while the neural mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unclear. Glutamatergic neurons in the basal forebrain play an important role in initiation and maintenance of wakefulness. Here, we selectively recorded the activity of glutamatergic neurons in vGlut-2-Cre mice. Propofol induced outward currents in a concentration-dependent manner. Bath application of propofol generated membrane hyperpolarization and suppressed the firing rates in these neurons. Propofol-induced stable outward currents persisted after blockade of the action potentials, implying a direct postsynaptic effect of propofol. Furthermore, propofol selectively increased the GABAergic inhibitory synaptic inputs via affecting the GABAARs, but did not affect the glutamatergic transmissions. Together, propofol inhibits the excitability of the glutamatergic neurons via direct influencing the membrane intrinsic properties and the inhibitory synaptic transmission. This inhibitory effect might provide a novel mechanism for the propofol-induced anesthesia.
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Shi Y, Xiao D, Dai L, Si Y, Fang Q, Wei X. The hypnotic effect of propofol involves inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Neuroreport 2019; 30:927-932. [PMID: 31469720 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is widely used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, which causes a rapid loss of consciousness. So far the mechanisms underlying the effect of propofol are still largely unknown. Here, we found that microinjection of propofol in the lateral hypothalamus caused a significant decrease in wakefulness and an increase in the amount of non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. Application of propofol in the lateral hypothalamus affected the electroencephalogram power spectra with a decrease in theta oscillations and an increase in the delta oscillations. Additionally, using whole-cell patch clamp recording, we found propofol inhibited the excitability of the GABAergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, which plays a critical role in controlling wakefulness. Altogether, these findings indicate that propofol targets lateral hypothalamus and generates a hypnotic state, which might involve the inhibition of GABAergic neurons. These results provide a novel mechanism to explain propofol-elicited anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of WenLing, Wenling, Zhejiang
| | - Deshuang Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of WenLing, Wenling, Zhejiang
| | - Lingbo Dai
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of WenLing, Wenling, Zhejiang
| | - Yongyu Si
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of WenLing, Wenling, Zhejiang
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of WenLing, Wenling, Zhejiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Propofol inhibited the excitability of pyramidal neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex by influencing the delayed rectifier K+ channels and γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Neuroreport 2019; 30:102-107. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu Y, Wang XJ, Wang N, Cui CL, Wu LZ. Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Propofol-Induced Cognitive Impairment via an Opioid Receptor-Independent Mechanism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:705-19. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
While general anesthesia is known to induce cognitive deficits in elderly and pediatric patients, its influence on adults is less well-characterized. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of propofol on the learning and memory of young adult rats, as well as the potential neuroprotective role of electroacupuncture (EA) in propofol-induced cognitive impairment. Intravenous anesthesia with propofol was administered to young adult male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats for 6 h, and EA was administered three times before and after anesthesia. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was conducted to determine the rat’s cognitive performance following the anesthesia treatment. Our results showed that propofol induced obvious cognitive impairment in young adult rats, which could be ameliorated by multiple EA treatments. Moreover, the decreased level of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (pGSK-3β) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus accompanying the cognitive impairment was also reversed by EA treatment. Further experiments demonstrated that neither 2 nor 10 mg/kg (I.P.) naloxone blocked the effect of EA, indicating that the neuroprotective effect of EA on propofol-induced cognitive impairment was not mediated via the opioid receptors. The present study suggests that EA could ameliorate the cognitive impairment induced by prolonged anesthesia with propofol in young adult rats, which is likely associated with pGSK-3β levels in the CA1 independently of opioid receptors. These findings imply that EA may be used as a potential neuroprotective therapy for post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin-Juan Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Na Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cai-Lian Cui
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liu-Zhen Wu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
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Propofol postsynaptically suppresses stellate neuron excitability in the entorhinal cortex by influencing the HCN and TREK-2 channels. Neurosci Lett 2016; 619:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Leung LS, Luo T, Ma J, Herrick I. Brain areas that influence general anesthesia. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 122:24-44. [PMID: 25172271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This document reviews the literature on local brain manipulation of general anesthesia in animals, focusing on behavioral and electrographic effects related to hypnosis or loss of consciousness. Local inactivation or lesion of wake-active areas, such as locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, perifornical area, tuberomammillary nucleus, ventral tegmental area and basal forebrain, enhanced general anesthesia. Anesthesia enhancement was shown as a delayed emergence (recovery of righting reflex) from anesthesia or a decrease in the minimal alveolar concentration that induced loss of righting. Local activation of various wake-active areas, including pontis oralis and centromedial thalamus, promoted behavioral or electrographic arousal during maintained anesthesia and facilitated emergence. Lesion of the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic area resulted in increased wakefulness and decreased isoflurane sensitivity, but only for 6 days after lesion. Inactivation of any structure within limbic circuits involving the medial septum, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area, amygdala, entorhinal and piriform cortex delayed emergence from anesthesia, and often reduced anesthetic-induced behavioral excitation. In summary, the concept that anesthesia works on the sleep-wake system has received strong support from studies that inactivated/lesioned or activated wake-active areas, and weak support from studies that lesioned sleep-active areas. In addition to the conventional wake-sleep areas, limbic structures such as the medial septum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are also involved in the behavioral response to general anesthesia. We suggest that hypnosis during general anesthesia may result from disrupting the wake-active neuronal activities in multiple areas and suppressing an atropine-resistant cortical activation associated with movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stan Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1.
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University, Shenzhen Hospital, China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Ian Herrick
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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