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Tasca CI, Zuccarini M, Di Iorio P, Ciruela F. Lessons from the physiological role of guanosine in neurodegeneration and cancer: Toward a multimodal mechanism of action? Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10033-y. [PMID: 39004650 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumours represent important health challenges due to their severe nature and debilitating consequences that require substantial medical care. Interestingly, these conditions share common physiological characteristics, namely increased glutamate, and adenosine transmission, which are often associated with cellular dysregulation and damage. Guanosine, an endogenous nucleoside, is safe and exerts neuroprotective effects in preclinical models of excitotoxicity, along with cytotoxic effects on tumour cells. However, the lack of well-defined mechanisms of action for guanosine hinders a comprehensive understanding of its physiological effects. In fact, the absence of specific receptors for guanosine impedes the development of structure-activity research programs to develop guanosine derivatives for therapeutic purposes. Alternatively, given its apparent interaction with the adenosinergic system, it is plausible that guanosine exerts its neuroprotective and anti-tumorigenic effects by modulating adenosine transmission through undisclosed mechanisms involving adenosine receptors, transporters, and purinergic metabolism. Here, several potential molecular mechanisms behind the protective actions of guanosine will be discussed. First, we explore its potential interaction with adenosine receptors (A1R and A2AR), including the A1R-A2AR heteromer. In addition, we consider the impact of guanosine on extracellular adenosine levels and the role of guanine-based purine-converting enzymes. Collectively, the diverse cellular functions of guanosine as neuroprotective and antiproliferative agent suggest a multimodal and complementary mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Inês Tasca
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry-4, Neuroscience Program/Biochemistry Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08907L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Bellvitge, Spain
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Abd Ghapor AA, Abdul Nasir NA, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Razali N. Neuroprotection by trans-resveratrol in rats with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced retinal injury: Insights into the role of adenosine A1 receptors. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00038-X. [PMID: 36796452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine A1 receptors (AA1R) have been shown to counteract N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated glutamatergic excitotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the role of AA1R in neuroprotection by trans-resveratrol (TR) against NMDA-induced retinal injury. In total, 48 rats were divided into the following four groups: normal rats pretreated with vehicle; rats that received NMDA (NMDA group); rats that received NMDA after pretreatment with TR; and rats that received NMDA after pretreatment with TR and 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), an AA1R antagonist. Assessment of general and visual behaviour was performed using the open field test and two-chamber mirror test, respectively, on Days 5 and 6 post NMDA injection. Seven days after NMDA injection, animals were euthanized, and eyeballs and optic nerves were harvested for histological parameters, whereas retinae were isolated to determine the redox status and expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. In the present study, the retinal and optic nerve morphology in the TR group was protected from NMDA-induced excitotoxic damage. These effects were correlated with the lower retinal expression of proapoptotic markers, lipid peroxidation, and markers of nitrosative/oxidative stress. The general and visual behavioural parameters in the TR group showed less anxiety-related behaviour and better visual function than those in the NMDA group. All the findings observed in the TR group were abolished by administration of DPCPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afiqq Aiman Abd Ghapor
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov sq. 1, 400131 Volgograd, Russian Federation.
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhafiza Razali
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abd Ghapor AAB, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Abdul Nasir NA. Intravitreal TRANS -Resveratrol Injection Ameliorates NMDA-Induced Optic Nerve and Retinal Injury. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:866-873. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2033270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afiqq Aiman B Abd Ghapor
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shi Y, Dai Q, Ji B, Huang L, Zhuang X, Mo Y, Wang J. Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Prevents Cognitive Impairment Induced by Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion via Adenosine A1 Receptors in Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:680706. [PMID: 34413765 PMCID: PMC8369428 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.680706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study has demonstrated that pretreatment with electroacupuncture (EA) induces rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we investigated whether adenosine receptor 1 (A1 R) is involved in EA pretreatment-induced cognitive impairment after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Two hours after EA pretreatment, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 120 min in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The neurobehavioral score, cognitive function [as determined by the Morris water maze (MWM) test], neuronal number, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was evaluated at 24 h after reperfusion in the presence or absence of CCPA (a selective A1 receptor agonist), DPCPX (a selective A1 receptor antagonist) into left lateral ventricle, or A1 short interfering RNA into the hippocampus area. The expression of the A1 receptor in the hippocampus was also investigated. The result showed that EA pretreatment upregulated the neuronal expression of the A1 receptor in the rat hippocampus at 90 min. And EA pretreatment reversed cognitive impairment, improved neurological outcome, and inhibited apoptosis at 24 h after reperfusion. Pretreatment with CCPA could imitate the beneficial effects of EA pretreatment. But the EA pretreatment effects were abolished by DPCPX. Furthermore, A1 receptor protein was reduced by A1 short interfering RNA which attenuated EA pretreatment-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qinxue Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Binbin Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Luping Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunchang Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junlu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Zhang R, Wang J, Huang L, Wang TJ, Huang Y, Li Z, He J, Sun C, Wang J, Chen X, Wang J. The pros and cons of motor, memory, and emotion-related behavioral tests in the mouse traumatic brain injury model. Neurol Res 2021; 44:65-89. [PMID: 34308784 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1956290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a medical emergency with high morbidity and mortality. Motor, memory, and emotion-related deficits are common symptoms following TBI, yet treatment is very limited. To develop new drugs and find new therapeutic avenues, a wide variety of TBI models have been established to mimic the heterogeneity of TBI. In this regard, along with histologic measures, behavioral functional outcomes provide valuable insight into the underlying neuropathology and guide neurorehabilitation efforts for neuropsychiatric impairment after TBI. Development, characterization, and application of behavioral tests that can assess functional neurologic deficits are essential to the development of translational therapies. This comprehensive review aims to summarize 19 common behavioral tests from three aspects (motor, memory, and emotion-related) that are associated with TBI pathology. Discussion covers the apparatus, the test steps, the evaluation indexes, data collection and analysis, animal performance and applications, advantages and disadvantages as well as precautions to eliminate bias wherever possible. We discussed recent studies on TBI-related preconditioning, biomarkers, and optimized behavioral protocols. The neuropsychologic tests employed in clinics were correlated with those used in mouse TBI models. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date reference for TBI researchers to choose the right neurobehavioral protocol according to the research objectives of their translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom J Wang
- Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, Maryland, USA
| | - Yinrou Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zefu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxin He
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Constantino LC, Pamplona FA, Matheus FC, de Carvalho CR, Ludka FK, Massari CM, Boeck CR, Prediger RD, Tasca CI. Functional interplay between adenosine A 2A receptor and NMDA preconditioning in fear memory and glutamate uptake in the mice hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 180:107422. [PMID: 33691195 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) administered at subtoxic dose plays a protective role against neuronal excitotoxicity, a mechanism described as preconditioning. Since the activation of adenosinergic receptors influences the achievement of NMDA preconditioning in the hippocampus, we evaluated the potential functional interplay between adenosine A1 and A2A receptors (A1R and A2AR) activities and NMDA preconditioning. Adult male Swiss mice received saline (NaCl 0.9 g%, i.p.) or a nonconvulsant dose of NMDA (75 mg/kg, i.p.) and 24 h later they were treated with the one of the ligands: A1R agonist (CCPA, 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) or antagonist (DPCPX, 3 mg/kg, i.p.), A2AR agonist (CGS21680, 0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) or antagonist (ZM241385, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and subjected to contextual fear conditioning task. Binding properties and content of A2AR and glutamate uptake were assessed in the hippocampus of mice subjected to NMDA preconditioning. Treatment with CGS21680 increased the time of freezing during the exposure of animals to the new environment. NMDA preconditioning did not affect the freezing time of mice per se, but it prevented the response observed after the activation of A2AR. Furthermore, the activation of A2AR by CGS21680 after the preconditioning blocked the increase of glutamate uptake induced by NMDA preconditioning. The immunodetection of A2AR in total hippocampal homogenates showed no significant differences evoked by NMDA preconditioning and did not alter A2AR maximum binding for the selective ligand [3H]CGS21680. These results demonstrate changes in A2AR functionality in mice following NMDA preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra C Constantino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício A Pamplona
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA), Brazil
| | - Filipe C Matheus
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Ludka
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade do Contestado, Canoinhas, SC, Brazil
| | - Caio M Massari
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carina R Boeck
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Nanociências, Universidade Franciscana-UFN, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists Affects NMDA Glutamate Receptor Function. Potential to Address Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051075. [PMID: 32357548 PMCID: PMC7290564 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) ionotropic glutamate receptor (NMDAR), which is one of the main targets to combat Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is expressed in both neurons and glial cells. The aim of this paper was to assess whether the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), which is a target in neurodegeneration, may affect NMDAR functionality. (2) Methods. Immuno-histo/cytochemical, biophysical, biochemical and signaling assays were performed in a heterologous cell expression system and in primary cultures of neurons and microglia (resting and activated) from control and the APPSw,Ind transgenic mice. (3) Results. On the one hand, NMDA and A2A receptors were able to physically interact forming complexes, mainly in microglia. Furthermore, the amount of complexes was markedly enhanced in activated microglia. On the other hand, the interaction resulted in a novel functional entity that displayed a cross-antagonism, that could be useful to prevent the exacerbation of NMDAR function by using A2AR antagonists. Interestingly, the amount of complexes was markedly higher in the hippocampal cells from the APPSw,Ind than from the control mice. In neurons, the number of complexes was lesser, probably due to NMDAR not interacting with the A2AR. However, the activation of the A2AR receptors resulted in higher NMDAR functionality in neurons, probably by indirect mechanisms. (4) Conclusions. A2AR antagonists such as istradefylline, which is already approved for Parkinson’s disease (Nouriast® in Japan and Nourianz® in the US), have potential to afford neuroprotection in AD in a synergistic-like fashion. i.e., via both neurons and microglia.
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Mennander AA. Commentary: Building the bigger picture from patchwork-like research pieces. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 163:e158-e159. [PMID: 32414599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari A Mennander
- Tampere University Heart Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Mukai A, Suehiro K, Kimura A, Fujimoto Y, Funao T, Mori T, Nishikawa K. Protective effects of remote ischemic preconditioning against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 163:e137-e156. [PMID: 32414598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the protective effect of remote ischemic preconditioning against spinal cord ischemia and find a clue to its mechanism by measuring glutamate concentrations in the spinal ventral horn. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 6 in each group) as follows: sham; SCI (only spinal cord ischemia); RIPC/SCI (perform remote ischemic preconditioning before spinal cord ischemia); MK-801/RIPC/SCI (administer MK-801, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, before remote ischemic preconditioning); and MK-801/SCI (administer MK-801 without remote ischemic preconditioning). Remote ischemic preconditioning was achieved by brief limb ischemia 80 minutes before spinal cord ischemia. MK-801 (1 mg/kg, intravenous) was administered 60 minutes before remote ischemic preconditioning. The glutamate concentration in the ventral horn was measured by microdialysis for 130 minutes after spinal cord ischemia. Immunofluorescence was also performed to evaluate the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit in the ventral horn 130 minutes after spinal cord ischemia. RESULTS The glutamate concentrations in the spinal cord ischemia group were significantly higher than in the sham group at all time points (P < .01). Remote ischemic preconditioning attenuated the spinal cord ischemia-induced glutamate increase. When MK-801 was preadministered before remote ischemic preconditioning, glutamate concentration was increased after spinal cord ischemia (P < .01). Immunofluorescence showed that remote ischemic preconditioning prevented the increase in the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit on the surface of motor neurons (P = .047). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that remote ischemic preconditioning prevented spinal cord ischemia-induced extracellular glutamate increase in ventral horn and suppressed N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mukai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Suehiro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Aya Kimura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Funao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyonobu Nishikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Adenosine and NMDA Receptors Modulate Neuroprotection-Induced NMDA Preconditioning in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:590-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1591-1625. [PMID: 29848236 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid generation of adenosine from cellular metabolism, and the widespread distribution of its receptor subtypes in almost all organs and tissues, this nucleoside induces a multitude of physiopathological effects, regulating central nervous, cardiovascular, peripheral, and immune systems. It is becoming clear that the expression patterns of adenosine receptors vary among cell types, lending weight to the idea that they may be both markers of pathologies and useful targets for novel drugs. This review offers an overview of current knowledge on adenosine receptors, including their characteristic structural features, molecular interactions and cellular functions, as well as their essential roles in pain, cancer, and neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Finally, we highlight the latest findings on molecules capable of targeting adenosine receptors and report which stage of drug development they have reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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Role of Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase Pathway in NMDA Preconditioning: Different Mechanisms for Seizures and Hippocampal Neuronal Degeneration Induced by Quinolinic Acid. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:452-462. [PMID: 29679291 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) preconditioning is evoked by the administration of a subtoxic dose of NMDA and is protective against neuronal excitotoxicity. This effect may involve a diversity of targets and cell signaling cascades associated to neuroprotection. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38MAPK pathways play a major role in neuroprotective mechanisms. However, their involvement in NMDA preconditioning was not yet fully investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of NMDA preconditioning on PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, and p38MAPK pathways in the hippocampus of mice and characterize the involvement of PI3K on NMDA preconditioning-evoked prevention of seizures and hippocampal cell damage induced by quinolinic acid (QA). Thus, mice received wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor) and 15 min later a subconvulsant dose of NMDA (preconditioning) or saline. After 24 h of this treatment, an intracerebroventricular QA infusion was administered. Phosphorylation levels and total content of Akt, glycogen synthase protein kinase-3β (GSK-3β), ERK1/2, and p38MAPK were not altered after 24 h of NMDA preconditioning with or without wortmmanin pretreatment. Moreover, after QA administration, behavioral seizures, hippocampal neuronal degeneration, and Akt activation were evaluated. Inhibition of PI3K pathway was effective in abolishing the protective effect of NMDA preconditioning against QA-induced seizures, but did not modify neuronal protection promoted by preconditioning as evaluated by Fluoro-Jade B staining. The study confirms that PI3K participates in the mechanism of protection induced by NMDA preconditioning against QA-induced seizures. Conversely, NMDA preconditioning-evoked protection against neuronal degeneration is not altered by PI3K signaling pathway inhibition. These results point to differential mechanisms regarding protection against a behavioral and cellular manifestation of neural damage.
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K. Adenosine as a Multi-Signalling Guardian Angel in Human Diseases: When, Where and How Does it Exert its Protective Effects? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:419-434. [PMID: 26944097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of adenosine for human health cannot be overstated. Indeed, this ubiquitous nucleoside is an integral component of ATP, and regulates the function of every tissue and organ in the body. Acting via receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms [the former mediated via four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), A1, A2A, A2B, and A3,], it has a significant role in protecting against cell damage in areas of increased tissue metabolism, and combating organ dysfunction in numerous pathological states. Accordingly, raised levels of adenosine have been demonstrated in epilepsy, ischaemia, pain, inflammation, and cancer, in which its behaviour can be likened to that of a guardian angel, even though there are instances in which overproduction of adenosine is pathological. In this review, we condense the current body of knowledge on the issue, highlighting when, where, and how adenosine exerts its protective effects in both the brain and the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Constantino LC, Vandresen-Filho S, Tasca CI. Neuroprotection induced by NMDA preconditioning as a strategy to understand brain tolerance mechanism. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:542-3. [PMID: 26170806 PMCID: PMC4424738 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.155415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leandra C Constantino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel Vandresen-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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