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Li C, Li M, Jin Y, An Q, Dang H, Gong W. Investigating the therapeutic effects of a Japanese sake yeast supplement on a zebrafish model of Parkinson's disease: Antioxidant and inflammatory responses. Exp Gerontol 2024; 194:112509. [PMID: 38964429 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Sake may potentially halt the progression of Parkinson's disease due to its properties, yet no studies have explored its effects. This preliminary study aimed to assess the impact of sake supplementation on Parkinson's disease using a zebrafish model. Sixty fish were divided into six groups: control, rotenone (ROT), and groups administered rotenone along with sake at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L (25S, 50S, 75S, and 100S). After 28 days of treatment, behavioral responses and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), as well as the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2, were evaluated. The results indicated that rotenone administration significantly reduced crossing number (P = 0.001), entries in the top area (P = 0.001), and time spent in the top area (P = 0.001). It also markedly increased levels of TBARS and SH compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Rotenone significantly decreased CAT, SOD, and GSH activities while increasing GST levels. Furthermore, it upregulated the expressions of TNF-α (P = 0.001), IL-1β (P = 0.001), and COX-2 (P = 0.001). Supplementation with sake, particularly at higher doses, reversed the adverse effects of rotenone on behavioral, oxidative, and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, sake shows promise for preventing Parkinson's disease pending further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meihe Li
- Department of Renal Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Jin
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Qing An
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Huimin Dang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Buzenchi Proca TM, Solcan C, Solcan G. Neurotoxicity of Some Environmental Pollutants to Zebrafish. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:640. [PMID: 38792660 PMCID: PMC11122474 DOI: 10.3390/life14050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aquatic environment encompasses a wide variety of pollutants, from plastics to drug residues, pesticides, food compounds, and other food by-products, and improper disposal of waste is the main cause of the accumulation of toxic substances in water. Monitoring, assessing, and attempting to control the effects of contaminants in the aquatic environment are necessary and essential to protect the environment and thus human and animal health, and the study of aquatic ecotoxicology has become topical. In this respect, zebrafish are used as model organisms to study the bioaccumulation, toxicity, and influence of environmental pollutants due to their structural, functional, and material advantages. There are many similarities between the metabolism and physiological structures of zebrafish and humans, and the nervous system structure, blood-brain barrier function, and social behavior of zebrafish are characteristics that make them an ideal animal model for studying neurotoxicity. The aim of the study was to highlight the neurotoxicity of nanoplastics, microplastics, fipronil, deltamethrin, and rotenone and to highlight the main behavioral, histological, and oxidative status changes produced in zebrafish exposed to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Maria Buzenchi Proca
- Department of Preclinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (T.M.B.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Department of Preclinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (T.M.B.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- Internal Medicine Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania
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Hassan MAM, Wahdan SA, El-Naga RN, Abdelghany TM, El-Demerdash E. Ondansetron attenuates cisplatin-induced behavioral and cognitive impairment through downregulation of NOD-like receptor inflammasome pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116875. [PMID: 38437957 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin is an effective and commonly used chemotherapeutic drug; however, its use is accompanied by several adverse effects, including chemobrain. Ondansetron is a 5-HT3 antagonist, commonly used in prophylactic against chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Moreover, it has been identified as a novel neuroprotective agent in different animal models. However, its protective role against chemotherapy-induced chemobrain has not been investigated. The current study was the first study that explored the potential neuroprotective effect of ondansetron against cisplatin-induced chemobrain in rats. Cisplatin (5 mg/Kg) was injected intraperitoneally, once weekly, for 4 weeks with the daily administration of ondansetron (0.5 and 1 mg/Kg). Compared to the cisplatin-treated group, ondansetron administration showed a significant decrease in the latency time and a significant increase in ambulation, rearing, and grooming frequency in the open field test (OFT). Moreover, a significant improvement in the latency time in the rotarod and passive avoidance tests, following ondansetron administration. In addition, ondansetron treatment increased the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze test. Also, ondansetron showed a remarkable enhancement in the biochemical parameters in the hippocampus. It increased the acetylcholine (Ach) level and decreased the level of the acetylcholine esterase enzyme (AchE). Ondansetron significantly decreased interleukin-1β (Il-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), NOD-like receptor-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as well as caspase-1 and caspase-3 levels. Furthermore, ondansetron significantly decreased the levels of copper transporter-1(CTR1) expression in the hippocampus. Collectively, these findings suggest that ondansetron may exhibit a neuroprotective and therapeutic activity against cisplatin-induced chemobrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennat-Allah M Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr city, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
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Kniazkina M, Dyachuk V. Sleep deprivation effects on EGFR signaling in a zebrafish exposed to rotenone. Behav Brain Res 2024; 462:114861. [PMID: 38216060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to rotenone, sleep deprivation, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor on the locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae. Observations were conducted on control groups, sleep-deprived groups without interventions, groups treated with rotenone or the EGFR inhibitor alone, and also groups with combined exposures. The results showed that sleep deprivation alone led to a decrease of speed of the locomotor activity compared to the control groups. The treatment with rotenone alone resulted in varied effects on the locomotor activity. However, a combined exposure to rotenone and sleep deprivation further reduced the locomotor activity compared to the control and rotenone-treated groups. The groups treated with the EGFR inhibitor alone exhibited variable effects on the locomotor activity. Furthermore, the combined exposure to the EGFR inhibitor and sleep deprivation resulted in diverse changes in the locomotor activity. However, the combined treatment with rotenone and the EGFR inhibitor produced complex alterations in the locomotor activity. These findings demonstrate the distinct effects of exposure to rotenone, sleep deprivation, and the EGFR inhibitor on the locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae. The interaction between these factors further modulates locomotor activity, suggesting a potential interplay between the EGFR system, sleep regulation, and the dopaminergic system. Understanding the relationship between the EGFR system, sleep regulation, and neurological regulation may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies to address such issues as sleep disorders and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kniazkina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
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Adeyeye TA, Babatunde BR, Ehireme SE, Shallie PD. Caffeine alleviates anxiety-like behavior and brainstem lesions in a rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102315. [PMID: 37481171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. In 2016, approximately 6.1 million individuals were affected by PD, with 211,296 deaths attributed to the disease. The understanding of PD initially came from the observation of dopaminergic system alterations in a specific region of the brainstem, indicating that the core motor and non-motor features of PD are closely associated with brainstem dysfunction. The primary treatment approach for PD revolves around dopamine replacement, as many of the symptoms are responsive to this therapeutic intervention. However, long-term administration of this approach is linked to several complications, and a definitive gold-standard therapy for PD is yet to be identified. The pharmacological management of PD has been challenging and inconsistent, mainly due to the unclear underlying cause of the disease. This study aims to evaluate the effects of caffeine on the brainstem of rats with PD induced by rotenone. METHODOLOGY Fifty adult male Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200 g were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into five groups of ten rats each: Vehicle Group, Rotenone-only treated Group (rotenone only treated with 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration [IP]), Preventive Group (caffeine 30 mg/kg + rotenone 3 mg/kg, IP), Curative Group (rotenone 3 mg/kg + caffeine 30 mg/kg, IP), and Caffeine only treated Group (caffeine only treated with 30 mg/kg, IP). The animals underwent neurobehavioral assessments, followed by sacrifice. The brains were then excised, weighed, and processed histologically. Appropriate brain sections were taken and processed. Photomicrographs were obtained, morphometric and statistical analysis was performed using an Omax LED digital RESULTS: The results demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in body weight and relative brain weight, which were increased by caffeine treatments. Rotenone administration led to histological changes similar to those observed in PD, including neuronal structural derangement, degenerated nerve fibers, loss of myelinated neurons, and Nissl substance, as well as downregulation in the expressions of NRF2 and TH in the midbrain. However, these pathological features were counteracted or ameliorated by caffeine treatment. CONCLUSION Our study contributes additional evidence to the growing body of research supporting the therapeutic potential of caffeine in Parkinson's disease (PD). The results underscore the neuroprotective properties of caffeine and its capacity to mitigate oxidative stress by modulating TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) and cytoplasmic NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) in the mesencephalon. These findings suggest that caffeine holds promise as a viable treatment option for PD.
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Van Laar AD, Webb KR, Keeney MT, Van Laar VS, Zharikov A, Burton EA, Hastings TG, Glajch KE, Hirst WD, Greenamyre JT, Rocha EM. Transient exposure to rotenone causes degeneration and progressive parkinsonian motor deficits, neuroinflammation, and synucleinopathy. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:121. [PMID: 37567894 PMCID: PMC10421849 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) typically receive a diagnosis once they have developed motor symptoms, at which point there is already significant loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons, α-synuclein accumulation in surviving neurons, and neuroinflammation. Consequently, the point of clinical presentation may be too late to initiate disease-modifying therapy. In contrast to this clinical reality, animal models often involve acute neurodegeneration and potential therapies are tested concurrently or shortly after the pathogenic insult has begun rather than later when diagnostic clinical symptoms emerge. Therefore, we sought to develop a model that reflects the clinical situation more accurately. Middle-aged rats (7-9 months-old) received a single daily intraperitoneal injection of rotenone for 5 consecutive days and were observed over the next 8-9 months. Rotenone-treated rats showed transient motor slowing and postural instability during exposure but recovered within 9 days of rotenone cessation. Rats remained without behavioral deficits for 3-4 months, then developed progressive motor abnormalities over the ensuing months. As motor abnormalities began to emerge 3 months after rotenone exposure, there was significant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and significant microglial activation. There was delayed accumulation of α-synuclein in neurons of the substantia nigra and frontal cortex, which was maximal at 9 months post-rotenone. In summary, a brief temporally-remote exposure to rotenone causes delayed and progressive behavioral and neuropathological changes similar to Parkinson's disease. This model mimics the human clinical situation, in which pathogenesis is well-established by the time diagnostic motor deficits appear. As such, this model may provide a more relevant experimental system in which to test disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Van Laar
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine R Webb
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew T Keeney
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Victor S Van Laar
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alevtina Zharikov
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward A Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Teresa G Hastings
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelly E Glajch
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Khan E, Hasan I, Haque ME. Parkinson's Disease: Exploring Different Animal Model Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109088. [PMID: 37240432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease modeling in non-human subjects is an essential part of any clinical research. To gain proper understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of any disease, experimental models are required to replicate the disease process. Due to the huge diversity in pathophysiology and prognosis in different diseases, animal modeling is customized and specific accordingly. As in other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder coupled with varying forms of physical and mental disabilities. The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are associated with the accumulation of misfolded protein called α-synuclein as Lewy body, and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) area affecting the patient's motor activity. Extensive research has already been conducted regarding animal modeling of Parkinson's diseases. These include animal systems with induction of Parkinson's, either pharmacologically or via genetic manipulation. In this review, we will be summarizing and discussing some of the commonly employed Parkinson's disease animal model systems and their applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engila Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ikramul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Emdadul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Desouky MA, George MY, Michel HE, Elsherbiny DA. Roflumilast escalates α-synuclein aggregate degradation in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 379:110491. [PMID: 37105514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of the protein homeostasis circuit is one of the principal attributes associated with many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effect of roflumilast (ROF), a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms. Interestingly, ROF (1 mg/kg, p.o.) attenuated motor impairment, prevented brain lesions, and rescued the dopaminergic neurons in rotenone-treated rats. Furthermore, it reduced misfolded α-synuclein burden. ROF also promoted the midbrain cyclic adenosine monophosphate level, which subsequently enhanced the 26S proteasome activity and the expression of the 20S proteasome. ROF counteracted rotenone-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which was demonstrated by its impact on activating transcription factor 6, glucose-regulated protein 78, and C/EBP homologous protein levels. Moreover, ROF averted rotenone-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by its effects on the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxides with a significant anti-apoptotic activity. Collectively, this study implies repurposing of ROF as a novel neuroprotective drug owning to its ability to restore normal protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Desouky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mina Y George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Doaa A Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
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Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage PD, Kang S, Kim JS, Moon C. Therapeutic Approaches to Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A Current Update on Preclinical Evidence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:560-577. [PMID: 36200159 PMCID: PMC10207906 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666221005090126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being classified as a movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a wide range of non-motor symptoms that significantly affect the patients' quality of life. However, clear evidence-based therapy recommendations for non-motor symptoms of PD are uncommon. Animal models of PD have previously been shown to be useful for advancing the knowledge and treatment of motor symptoms. However, these models may provide insight into and assess therapies for non-motor symptoms in PD. This paper highlights non-motor symptoms in preclinical models of PD and the current position regarding preclinical therapeutic approaches for these non-motor symptoms. This information may be relevant for designing future preclinical investigations of therapies for nonmotor symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima D.E. Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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Berry TM, Moustafa AA. A novel treatment strategy to prevent Parkinson's disease: focus on iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1). Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:67-76. [PMID: 33535005 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1885403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose that neural damage in Parkinson's disease (PD) is due to dysregulation of iron utilization rather than to high iron levels per se. Iron deposits are associated with neuronal cell death in substantia nigra (SN) resulting in PD where high levels of iron in SNs are due to dysregulation of iron utilization. Cytosolic aconitase (ACO1) upon losing an iron-sulfur cluster becomes iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1). Rotenone increases levels of IRP1 and induces PD in rats. An increase in iron leads to inactivation of IRP1. We propose a novel treatment strategy to prevent PD. Specifically in rats given rotenone by subcutaneous injections, iron, from iron carbonyl from which iron is slowly absorbed, given three times a day by gavage will keep iron levels constant in the gut whereby iron levels and iron utilization systematically can be tightly regulated. Rotenone adversely affects complex 1 iron-sulfur proteins. Iron supplementation will increase iron-sulfur cluster formation switching IRP1 to ACO1. With IRP1 levels kept constantly low, iron utilization will systematically be tightly regulated stopping dysregulation of complex 1 and the neural damage done by rotenone preventing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Berry
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Heng Y, Li YY, Wen L, Yan JQ, Chen NH, Yuan YH. Gastric Enteric Glial Cells: A New Contributor to the Synucleinopathies in the MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism Mouse. Molecules 2022; 27:7414. [PMID: 36364248 PMCID: PMC9656042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that Parkinson's disease (PD) is a systemic disease other than a mere central nervous system (CNS) disorder. One of the most important peripheral symptoms is gastrointestinal dysfunction. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is regarded as an essential gateway to the environment. The discovery of the prion-like behavior of α-synuclein makes it possible for the neurodegenerative process to start in the ENS and spread via the gut-brain axis to the CNS. We first confirmed that synucleinopathies existed in the stomachs of chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/probenecid (MPTP/p)-induced PD mice, as indicated by the significant increase in abnormal aggregated and nitrated α-synuclein in the TH-positive neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs) of the gastric myenteric plexus. Next, we attempted to clarify the mechanisms in single MPTP-injected mice. The stomach naturally possesses high monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity and low superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, making the stomach susceptible to MPTP-induced oxidative stress, as indicated by the significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the stomach and elevated 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the EGCs after MPTP exposure for 3 h. Additionally, stomach synucleinopathies appear before those of the nigrostriatal system, as determined by Western blotting 12 h after MPTP injection. Notably, nitrated α-synuclein was considerably increased in the EGCs after 3 h and 12 h of MPTP exposure. Taken together, our work demonstrated that the EGCs could be new contributors to synucleinopathies in the stomach. The early-initiated synucleinopathies might further influence neighboring neurons in the myenteric plexus and the CNS. Our results offer a new experimental clue for interpreting the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia-Qing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National, Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union, Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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12
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Niederberger E, Wilken-Schmitz A, Manderscheid C, Schreiber Y, Gurke R, Tegeder I. Non-Reproducibility of Oral Rotenone as a Model for Parkinson's Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012658. [PMID: 36293513 PMCID: PMC9604506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral rotenone has been proposed as a model for Parkinson’s disease (PD) in mice. To establish the model in our lab and study complex behavior we followed a published treatment regimen. C57BL/6 mice received 30 mg/kg body weight of rotenone once daily via oral administration for 4 and 8 weeks. Motor functions were assessed by RotaRod running. Immunofluorescence studies were used to analyze the morphology of dopaminergic neurons, the expression of alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn), and inflammatory gliosis or infiltration in the substantia nigra. Rotenone-treated mice did not gain body weight during treatment compared with about 4 g in vehicle-treated mice, which was however the only robust manifestation of drug treatment and suggested local gut damage. Rotenone-treated mice had no deficits in motor behavior, no loss or sign of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, no α-Syn accumulation, and only mild microgliosis, the latter likely an indirect remote effect of rotenone-evoked gut dysbiosis. Searching for explanations for the model failure, we analyzed rotenone plasma concentrations via LC-MS/MS 2 h after administration of the last dose to assess bioavailability. Rotenone was not detectable in plasma at a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL (5 nM), showing that oral rotenone had insufficient bioavailability to achieve sustained systemic drug levels in mice. Hence, oral rotenone caused local gastrointestinal toxicity evident as lack of weight gain but failed to evoke behavioral or biological correlates of PD within 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Niederberger
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-7616; Fax: +49-69-6301-7636
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Manderscheid
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Cordaro M, Modafferi S, D’Amico R, Fusco R, Genovese T, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Interdonato L, Di Paola D, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Calabrese V, Di Paola R, Siracusa R. Natural Compounds Such as Hericium erinaceus and Coriolus versicolor Modulate Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress and Lipoxin A4 Expression in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102505. [PMID: 36289766 PMCID: PMC9599271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research suggests that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are early pathogenic features of neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, the vitagene system has emerged as a potential target, as it has been shown to have a high neuroprotective power. Therefore, the discovery of molecules capable of activating this system may represent a new therapeutic target to limit the deleterious consequences induced by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, such as neurodegeneration. Lipoxins are derived from arachidonic acid, and their role in the resolution of systemic inflammation is well established; however, they have become increasingly involved in the regulation of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. Our study aimed at activating the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) redox system and increasing lipoxin A4 for the modulation of antioxidant stress and neuroinflammation through the action of two fungi in a rotenone-induced Parkinson's model. METHODS During the experiment, mice received Hericium erinaceus, Coriolus versicolor or a combination of the two (200 mg/kg, orally) concomitantly with rotenone (5 mg/kg, orally) for 28 days. RESULTS The results obtained highlighted the ability of these two fungi and, in particular, their ability through their association to act on neuroinflammation through the nuclear factor-kB pathway and on oxidative stress through the Nrf2 pathway. This prevented dopaminergic neurons from undergoing apoptosis and prevented the alteration of typical Parkinson's disease (PD) markers and α-synuclein accumulation. The action of Hericium erinaceus and Coriolus versicolor was also able to limit the motor and non-motor alterations characteristic of PD. CONCLUSIONS Since these two mushrooms are subject to fewer regulations than traditional drugs, they could represent a promising nutraceutical choice for preventing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Livia Interdonato
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (S.C.); (V.C.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (S.C.); (V.C.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & S.C.)
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (S.C.); (V.C.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & S.C.)
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Yin DX, Toyoda H, Nozaki K, Satoh K, Katagiri A, Adachi K, Kato T, Sato H. Taste Impairments in a Parkinson’s Disease Model Featuring Intranasal Rotenone Administration in Mice. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1863-1880. [PMID: 35848036 PMCID: PMC9535587 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Taste impairments are often accompanied by olfactory impairments in the early stage of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The development of animal models is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying taste impairments in PD. Objective: This study was conducted to clarify whether the intranasal administration of rotenone causes taste impairments prior to motor deficits in mice. Methods: Rotenone was administrated to the right nose of mice once a day for 1 or 4 week(s). In the 1-week group, taste, olfactory, and motor function was assessed before and after a 1-week recovery period following the rotenone administration. Motor function was also continuously examined in the 4-weeks group from 0 to 5 weeks. After a behavioral test, the number of catecholamine neurons (CA-Nos) was counted in the regions responsible for taste, olfactory, and motor function. Results: taste and olfactory impairments were simultaneously observed without locomotor impairments in the 1-week group. The CA-Nos was significantly reduced in the olfactory bulb and nucleus of the solitary tract. In the 4-week group, locomotor impairments were observed from the third week, and a significant reduction in the CA-Nos was observed in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) at the fifth week along with the weight loss. Conclusion: The intranasal administration of rotenone caused chemosensory and motor impairments in an administration time-period dependent manner. Since chemosensory impairments were expressed prior to the locomotor impairments followed by SN/VTA CA neurons loss, this rotenone administration model may contribute to the clarification of the prodromal symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu Yin
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nozaki
- Division of Medical Information, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keitaro Satoh
- Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Adachi
- Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
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Yao Z, Li J, Bian L, Li Q, Wang X, Yang X, Wei X, Wan G, Wang Y, Shi J, Guo J. Nootkatone alleviates rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease symptoms through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4183-4200. [PMID: 35833337 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Nootkatone (NKT) has been shown to have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects and in this study, we systematically studied the efficacy and mechanism of action of NKT in rotenone (ROT)-induced PD rats. Firstly, through behavioral experiments and brain tissue staining, we found that NKT alleviated behavioral dysfunction and protected dopaminergic neurons associated with ROT-induced PD rats. Next, target prediction, protein-protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and pathway enrichment analyses were used to obtain potential targets, specific biological processes, and molecular mechanisms of NKT for the potential treatment of PD. Furthermore, we also applied molecular docking to predict the binding capacity of NKT and related targets. Additionally, in vivo experiments confirmed that NKT could inhibit the expression of Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, reducing neuroinflammation, and ultimately ameliorating ROT-induced PD symptoms. Taken together, the results of the study provide a clear explanation for the remission of PD symptoms by NKT, suggesting that it may be a promising candidate for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Bian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojia Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Wan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyou Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rocha SM, Bantle CM, Aboellail T, Chatterjee D, Smeyne RJ, Tjalkens RB. Rotenone induces regionally distinct α-synuclein protein aggregation and activation of glia prior to loss of dopaminergic neurons in C57Bl/6 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 167:105685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Innos J, Hickey MA. Using Rotenone to Model Parkinson's Disease in Mice: A Review of the Role of Pharmacokinetics. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1223-1239. [PMID: 33961406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone is a naturally occurring toxin that inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Several epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in individuals exposed chronically to rotenone, and it has received great attention for its ability to reproduce many critical features of PD in animal models. Laboratory studies of rotenone have repeatedly shown that it induces in vivo substantia nigra dopaminergic cell loss, a hallmark of PD neuropathology. Additionally, rotenone induces in vivo aggregation of α-synuclein, the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites found in the brain of PD patients and another hallmark of PD neuropathology. Some in vivo rotenone models also reproduce peripheral signs of PD, such as reduced intestinal motility and peripheral α-synuclein aggregation, both of which are thought to precede classical signs of PD in humans, such as cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia, and resting tremor. Nevertheless, variability has been noted in cohorts of animals exposed to the same rotenone exposure regimen and also between cohorts exposed to similar doses of rotenone. Low doses, administered chronically, may reproduce PD symptoms and neuropathology more faithfully than excessively high doses, but overlap between toxicity and parkinsonian motor phenotypes makes it difficult to separate if behavior is examined in isolation. Rotenone degrades when exposed to light or water, and choice of vehicle may affect outcome. Rotenone is metabolized extensively in vivo, and choice of route of exposure influences greatly the dose used. However, male rodents may be capable of greater metabolism of rotenone, which could therefore reduce their total body exposure when compared with female rodents. The pharmacokinetics of rotenone has been studied extensively, over many decades. Here, we review these pharmacokinetics and models of PD using this important piscicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Innos
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Ravila 19, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Miriam A Hickey
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Ravila 19, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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18
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Labib AY, Ammar RM, El-Naga RN, El-Bahy AAZ, Tadros MG, Michel HE. Mechanistic insights into the protective effect of paracetamol against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Possible role of endocannabinoid system modulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107431. [PMID: 33578261 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling progressive neurodegenerative disease. So far, PD's treatment remains symptomatic with no curative effects. Aside from its blatant analgesic and antipyretic efficacy, recent studies highlighted the endowed neuroprotective potentials of paracetamol (PCM). To this end: the present study investigated: (1) Possible protective role of PCM against rotenone-induced PD-like neurotoxicity in rats, and (2) the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective actions including cannabinoid receptors' modulation. A dose-response study was conducted using three doses of PCM (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and their effects on body weight changes, spontaneous locomotor activity, rotarod test, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein expression, and striatal dopamine (DA) content were evaluated. Results revealed that PCM (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) halted PD motor impairment, prevented rotenone-induced weight loss, restored normal histological tissue structure, reversed rotenone-induced reduction in TH expression and striatal DA content, and markedly decreased midbrain and striatal α-synuclein expression in rotenone-treated rats. Accordingly, PCM (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was selected for further mechanistic investigations, where it ameliorated rotenone-induced oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, apoptosis, and disturbed cannabinoid receptors' expression. In conclusion, our findings imply a multi-target neuroprotective effect of PCM in PD which could be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, in addition to cannabinoid receptors' modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yassin Labib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ramy M Ammar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alshaymaa Amin Zaki El-Bahy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative City, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Siracusa R, Scuto M, Fusco R, Trovato A, Ontario ML, Crea R, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S, Calabrese V. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Activity of Hidrox ® in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090824. [PMID: 32899274 PMCID: PMC7576486 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developed countries, the extension of human life is increasingly accompanied by a progressive increase in neurodegenerative diseases, most of which do not yet have effective therapy but only symptomatic treatments. In recent years, plant polyphenols have aroused considerable interest in the scientific community. The mechanisms currently hypothesized for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) are neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main component of Hidrox® (HD), has been shown to have some of the highest free radical evacuation and anti-inflammatory activities. Here we wanted to study the role of HD on the neurobiological and behavioral alterations induced by rotenone. METHODS A study was conducted in which mice received HD (10 mg/kg, i.p.) concomitantly with rotenone (5 mg/kg, o.s.) for 28 days. RESULTS Locomotor activity, catalepsy, histological damage and several characteristic markers of the PD, such as the dopamine transporter (DAT) content, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and accumulation of α-synuclein, have been evaluated. Moreover, we observed the effects of HD on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis and inflammasomes. Taken together, the results obtained highlight HD's ability to reduce the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the damage associated with it by counteracting the three main mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. CONCLUSION HD is subject to fewer regulations than traditional drugs to improve patients' brain health and could represent a promising nutraceutical choice to prevent PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Angela Trovato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (R.D.P.); Tel.: +39-09-5478-1165 (A.T.); +39-09-0676-5208 (R.D.P.)
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
| | - Roberto Crea
- Oliphenol LLC., 26225 Eden Landing Road, Unit C, Hayward, CA 94545, USA;
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (R.D.P.); Tel.: +39-09-5478-1165 (A.T.); +39-09-0676-5208 (R.D.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system, neurodegenerative disorder; PD patients exhibit motor symptoms (such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability) due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, autonomic disturbance, depression, and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which precedes motor symptoms. Pathologically, α-synuclein deposition is observed in the central and peripheral nervous system of sporadic PD patients. To clarify the mechanism of neurodegeneration in PD and to develop treatment to slow or stop PD progression, there is a great need for experimental models which reproduce neurological features of PD. Animal models exposed to rotenone, a commonly used pesticide, have received most attention since Greenamyre and his colleagues reported that chronic exposure to rotenone could reproduce the anatomical, neurochemical, behavioral, and neuropathological features of PD. In addition, recent studies demonstrated that rotenone induced neuropathological change not only in the central nervous system but also in the peripheral nervous system in animals. In this article, we review rotenone models especially focused on reproducibility of central and peripheral multiple features of PD. This review also highlights utility of rotenone models for investigation of PD pathogenesis and development of disease-modifying drugs for PD in future.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Neurotoxin-Induced Ablation of Dopaminergic Neurons in Zebrafish Larvae. Biomedicines 2019; 8:biomedicines8010001. [PMID: 31905670 PMCID: PMC7168159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxin exposure of zebrafish larvae has been used to mimic a Parkinson’s disease (PD) phenotype and to facilitate high-throughput drug screening. However, the vulnerability of zebrafish to various neurotoxins was shown to be variable. Here, we provide a direct comparison of ablative effectiveness in order to identify the optimal neurotoxin-mediated dopaminergic (DAnergic) neuronal death in larval zebrafish. Transgenic zebrafish, Tg(dat:eGFP), were exposed to different concentrations of the neurotoxins MPTP, MPP+, paraquat, 6-OHDA, and rotenone for four days, starting at three days post-fertilization. The LC50 of each respective neurotoxin concentration was determined. Confocal live imaging on Tg(dat:eGFP) showed that MPTP, MPP+, and rotenone caused comparable DAnergic cell loss in the ventral diencephalon (vDC) region while, paraquat and 6-OHDA caused fewer losses of DAnergic cells. These results were further supported by respective gene expression analyses of dat, th, and p53. Importantly, the loss of DAnergic cells from exposure to MPTP, MPP+, and rotenone impacted larval locomotor function. MPTP induced the largest motor deficit, but this was accompanied by the most severe morphological impairment. We conclude that, of the tested neurotoxins, MPP+ recapitulates a substantial degree of DAnergic ablation and slight locomotor perturbations without systemic defects indicative of a Parkinsonian phenotype.
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Lv DJ, Li LX, Chen J, Wei SZ, Wang F, Hu H, Xie AM, Liu CF. Sleep deprivation caused a memory defects and emotional changes in a rotenone-based zebrafish model of Parkinson’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang W, Yang Y, Gao H, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Huang S. Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex I Aggravates Folic Acid-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:1002-1013. [DOI: 10.1159/000501934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Some researches revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various kidney injury. However, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) still needs evidence. Methods: We evaluated the effect of mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone on folic acid (FA)-induced AKI in mice. Results: Strikingly, the mice pretreated with rotenone at a dose of 200 ppm in food showed exacerbated kidney injury as shown by higher levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared with FA alone group. Meanwhile, both renal tubular injury score and the expression of renal tubular injury marker neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were further elevated in rotenone-pretreated mice, suggesting the deteriorated renal tubular injury. Moreover, the decrements of mitochondrial DNA copy number and the expressions of mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, and mitochondria-specific superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in the kidneys of FA-treated mice were further reduced in rotenone-pretreated mice, indicating the aggravated mitochondrial damage. In parallel with the SOD2 reduction, the oxidative stress markers of malondialdehyde and HO-1 displayed greater increment in AKI mice with rotenone pretreatment in line with the deteriorated apoptotic response and inflammation. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity aggravated renal tubular injury, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and inflammation in FA-induced AKI.
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NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is involved in olfactory bulb pathological alteration induced by MPTP. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:991-998. [PMID: 30728466 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory bulb, as one of sensory organs opening to the outside, is susceptible to toxic environment and easy to deteriorate. Recent studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys have shown that abnormal α-synuclein is accumulated in the olfactory glomeruli, suggesting that the lesions of PD are not only confined to the substantia nigra (SN) but also located in the olfactory bulb. Thus, olfactory bulb might be the region of onset in PD pathogenesis and a targeted region for diagnosis and treatment of PD. However, the relationship between olfactory bulb and pathogenesis of PD remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the inflammatory pathological alterations in olfactory bulb and the underlying mechanisms in chronic MPTP mice. Mice were treated with MPTP/P, i.e., MPTP (25 mg/kg, s.c.) plus probenecid (250 mg/kg, i.p.) every 4 days, for ten times. The mice displayed typical parkinsonian syndrome. Then we examined their olfactory function and the pathologic changes in olfactory bulb. The mice showed obvious olfactory dysfunction in a buried pellet test. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels were significantly decreased, whereas abnormal α-synuclein was significantly increased in the olfactory bulbs. Furthermore, the olfactory bulbs in MPTP/P-treated mice showed significantly increased levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), caspase-1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Toll receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylation of p65, as well as activated molecules of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) that were associated with neuroinflammation. Our results demonstrate that MPTP/P-caused olfactory bulb damage might be related to NLRP3-mediated inflammation.
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Synergistic Effect of Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050452. [PMID: 31091796 PMCID: PMC6563092 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between lysosomes and mitochondria plays a central role in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Lysosomal function may be influenced by mitochondrial quality control, dynamics and/or respiration, but whether dysfunction of endocytic or autophagic pathway is associated with mitochondrial impairment determining accumulation of defective mitochondria, is not yet understood. Here, we performed live imaging, western blotting analysis, sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity assay on primary fibroblasts from a young patient affected by PD, her mother and a healthy control to analyze the occurrence of mtDNA mutations, lysosomal abundance, acidification and function, mitochondrial biogenesis activation and senescence. We showed synergistic alterations in lysosomal functions and mitochondrial biogenesis, likely associated with a mitochondrial genetic defect, with a consequent block of mitochondrial turnover and occurrence of premature cellular senescence in PARK2-PD fibroblasts, suggesting that these alterations represent potential mechanisms contributing to the loss of dopaminergic neurons.
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Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and animal models. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:397-414. [PMID: 30604165 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-00584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease has traditionally been classified as a movement disorder, despite patients' accounts of diverse symptoms stemming from impairments in numerous body systems. Today, Parkinson disease is increasingly recognized by clinicians and scientists as a complex neurodegenerative disorder featuring both motor and nonmotor manifestations concomitant with pathology throughout all major branches of the nervous system. Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, or dysautonomia, is a common feature of Parkinson disease. It produces signs and symptoms that severely affect patients' quality of life, such as blood pressure dysregulation, hyperhidrosis, and constipation. Treatment options for dysautonomia are limited to symptom alleviation because the cause of these symptoms and Parkinson disease overall are still unknown. Animal models provide a platform to interrogate mechanisms of Parkinson disease-related autonomic nervous system dysfunction and test novel treatment strategies. Several animal models of Parkinson disease are available, each with different effects on the autonomic nervous system. This review critically analyses key dysautonomia signs and symptoms and associated pathology in Parkinson disease patients and relevant findings in animal models. We focus on the cardiovascular system, adrenal medulla, skin/thermoregulation, bladder, pupils, and gastrointestinal tract, to assess the contribution of animal models to the understanding of Parkinson disease autonomic dysfunction.
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Prediger RD, Schamne MG, Sampaio TB, Moreira ELG, Rial D. Animal models of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:431-452. [PMID: 31604561 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction seems to occur earlier than classic motor and cognitive symptoms in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the use of the olfactory system as a clinical marker for neurodegenerative diseases is helpful in the characterization of prodromal stages of these diseases, early diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, and, potentially, prediction of treatment success. The use of genetic and neurotoxin animal models has contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, we provide an overview of behavioral and neurochemical alterations observed in animal models of different neurodegenerative diseases (such as genetic and Aβ infusion models for AD and neurotoxins and genetic models of PD), in which olfactory dysfunction has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Marissa G Schamne
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tuane B Sampaio
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L G Moreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences¸ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rial
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Ünal İ, Üstündağ ÜV, Ateş PS, Eğilmezer G, Alturfan AA, Yiğitbaşı T, Emekli-Alturfan E. Rotenone impairs oxidant/antioxidant balance both in brain and intestines in zebrafish. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:363-368. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1538141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ünsal V. Üstündağ
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Kavacık, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Perihan S. Ateş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Eğilmezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet A. Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türkan Yiğitbaşı
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Kavacık, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Docosahexaenoic acid protection in a rotenone induced Parkinson's model: Prevention of tubulin and synaptophysin loss, but no association with mitochondrial function. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zaitone SA, Ahmed E, Elsherbiny NM, Mehanna ET, El-Kherbetawy MK, ElSayed MH, Alshareef DM, Moustafa YM. Caffeic acid improves locomotor activity and lessens inflammatory burden in a mouse model of rotenone-induced nigral neurodegeneration: Relevance to Parkinson's disease therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 71:32-41. [PMID: 30368226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is found in honey bee propolis. It has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Rotenone is a pesticide commonly used for inducing experimental Parkinson's disease (PD) due to complex I inhibition and microglia activating properties. The current study examined neuroprotective effect of caffeic acid against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in groups of seven mice. METHODS Mice received protective doses of caffeic acid (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) daily and nine injections of rotenone (1 mg kg, subcutaneously) - every 48 h. Behavioral evaluation of motor function was done by a battery of tests including open-field test, cylinder test, pole test and rotarod test; all these tests showed motor impairment. RESULTS Assay of striatal dopamine highlighted a significant decrease and increases in inflammatory markers. In addition, histopathological assessment of substantia nigra neurons demonstrated low immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in rotenone treated mice. PCR analysis highlighted upregulation for genes encoding CD11b (a microglia surface antigen), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). Treatment with caffeic acid (5 or 10 mg/kg) amended most of rotenone-induced motor deficits, lessened microglia expression and inflammatory mediators and improved the nigral TH immunostaining. CONCLUSION These results confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of caffeic acid and highlighted its neuroprotective activity against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Eman Ahmed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman T Mehanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed H ElSayed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Duha M Alshareef
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Mohammadzadeh L, Hosseinzadeh H, Abnous K, Razavi BM. Neuroprotective potential of crocin against malathion-induced motor deficit and neurochemical alterations in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4904-4914. [PMID: 29204935 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In several epidemiological studies, an association between pesticide exposure and the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported. Increasing evidence showed that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. The present study investigated the preventive effect of crocin, saffron active components, on malathion (an organophosphate pesticide (OP))-induced Parkinson-like behaviors in rat. Rats were divided into eight groups: control (normal saline), malathion (100 mg/kg/day, i.p), crocin (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg/day, i.p) plus malathion, levodopa (10 mg/kg/day, i.p) plus malathion, crocin (40 mg/kg/day, i.p), and PEG (vehicle of levodopa) groups. Treatments were continued for 28 days. The neurobehavioral tests which include open field, rotarod and catalepsy were performed on day 28. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in serum, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), TNF-α, and IL-6 in striatum at the end of treatments were evaluated. Results showed that malathion induced neurobehavioral impairments together with elevation of MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 levels, reduction of GSH, and AChE activity. Crocin (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) improved neurobehavioral impairments induced by malathion but not AChE activity. Crocin (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) or levodopa plus malathion decreased MDA and increased GSH. Also crocin (10 mg/kg) decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in striatum. In summary, subchronic malathion exposure induced Parkinson-like behavior in rat. Crocin exhibited protective effects against malathion-induced Parkinson-like behavior through reducing lipid peroxidation, improvement of motor deficit and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Tatulli G, Mitro N, Cannata SM, Audano M, Caruso D, D’Arcangelo G, Lettieri-Barbato D, Aquilano K. Intermittent Fasting Applied in Combination with Rotenone Treatment Exacerbates Dopamine Neurons Degeneration in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:4. [PMID: 29387000 PMCID: PMC5776087 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) was suggested to be a powerful nutritional strategy to prevent the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases associated with compromised brain bioenergetics. Whether the application of IF in combination with a mitochondrial insult could buffer the neurodegenerative process has never been explored yet. Herein, we defined the effects of IF in C57BL/6J mice treated once per 24 h with rotenone (Rot) for 28 days. Rot is a neurotoxin that inhibits the mitochondrial complex I and causes dopamine neurons degeneration, thus reproducing the neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). IF (24 h alternate-day fasting) was applied alone or in concomitance with Rot treatment (Rot/IF). IF and Rot/IF groups showed the same degree of weight loss when compared to control and Rot groups. An accelerating rotarod test revealed that only Rot/IF mice have a decreased ability to sustain the test at the higher speeds. Rot/IF group showed a more marked decrease of dopaminergic neurons and increase in alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation with respect to Rot group in the substantia nigra (SN). Through lipidomics and metabolomics analyses, we found that in the SN of Rot/IF mice a significant elevation of excitatory amino acids, inflammatory lysophospholipids and sphingolipids occurred. Collectively, our data suggest that, when applied in combination with neurotoxin exposure, IF does not exert neuroprotective effects but rather exacerbate neuronal death by increasing the levels of excitatory amino acids and inflammatory lipids in association with altered brain membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- IRCCS San Raffaele La Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- IRCCS San Raffaele La Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Plotegher N, Duchen MR. Crosstalk between Lysosomes and Mitochondria in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:110. [PMID: 29312935 PMCID: PMC5732996 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common motor neurodegenerative disorder. In most cases the cause of the disease is unknown, while in about 10% of subjects, it is associated with mutations in a number of different genes. Several different mutations in 15 genes have been identified as causing familial forms of the disease, while many others have been identified as risk factors. A striking number of these genes are either involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function or of endo-lysosomal pathways. Mutations affecting one of these two pathways are often coupled with defects in the other pathway, suggesting a crosstalk between them. Moreover, PD-linked mutations in genes encoding proteins with other functions are frequently associated with defects in mitochondrial and/or autophagy/lysosomal function as a secondary effect. Even toxins that impair mitochondrial function and cause parkinsonian phenotypes, such as rotenone, also impair lysosomal function. In this review, we explore the reciprocal relationship between mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways in PD. We will discuss the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on the lysosomal compartment and of endo-lysosomal defects on mitochondrial function, and explore the roles of both causative genes and genes that are risk factors for PD. Understanding the pathways that govern these interactions should help to define a framework to understand the roles and mechanisms of mitochondrial and lysosomal miscommunication in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Plotegher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mouse models of neurodegenerative disease: preclinical imaging and neurovascular component. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 12:1160-1196. [PMID: 29075922 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent great challenges for basic science and clinical medicine because of their prevalence, pathologies, lack of mechanism-based treatments, and impacts on individuals. Translational research might contribute to the study of neurodegenerative diseases. The mouse has become a key model for studying disease mechanisms that might recapitulate in part some aspects of the corresponding human diseases. Neurodegenerative disorders are very complicated and multifactorial. This has to be taken in account when testing drugs. Most of the drugs screening in mice are very difficult to be interpretated and often useless. Mouse models could be condiderated a 'pathway models', rather than as models for the whole complicated construct that makes a human disease. Non-invasive in vivo imaging in mice has gained increasing interest in preclinical research in the last years thanks to the availability of high-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), high field Magnetic resonance, Optical Imaging scanners and of highly specific contrast agents. Behavioral test are useful tool to characterize different animal models of neurodegenerative pathology. Furthermore, many authors have observed vascular pathological features associated to the different neurodegenerative disorders. Aim of this review is to focus on the different existing animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, describe behavioral tests and preclinical imaging techniques used for diagnose and describe the vascular pathological features associated to these diseases.
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Suárez I, Bodega G, Rubio M, Fernández B. Reduced TH expression and α-synuclein accumulation contribute towards nigrostriatal dysfunction in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:469-481. [PMID: 28984618 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present work examines α-synuclein expression in the nigrostriatal system of a rat chronic hepatic encephalopathy model induced by portacaval anastomosis (PCA). There is evidence that dopaminergic dysfunction in disease conditions is strongly associated with such expression. Possible relationships among dopaminergic neurons, astroglial cells and α-synuclein expression were sought. METHODS Brain tissue samples from rats at 1 and 6 months post-PCA, and controls, were analysed immunohistochemically using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), α-synuclein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin (Ub). RESULTS In the control rats, TH immunoreactivity was detected in the neuronal cell bodies and processes in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). A dense TH-positive network of neurons was also seen in the striatum. In the PCA-exposed rats, however, a reduction in TH-positive neurons was seen at both 1 and 6 months in the SNc, as well as a reduction in TH-positive fibres in the striatum. This was coincident with the appearance of α-synuclein-immunoreactive neurons in the SNc; some of the TH-positive neurons also showed α-synuclein immunoreactivity. In addition, α-synuclein accumulation was seen in the SNc and striatum at both 1 and 6 months post-PCA, whereas α-synuclein was only mildly expressed in the nigrostriatal pathway of the controls. Astrogliosis was also seen following PCA, as revealed by increased GFAP expression from 1 month to 6 months post-PCA in both the SN and striatum. The astroglial activation level in the SN paralleled the reduced neuronal expression of TH throughout PCA exposure. CONCLUSION α-synuclein accumulation following PCA may induce dopaminergic dysfunction via the downregulation of TH, as well as astroglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Suárez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Rubio
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamín Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Ebihara K, Fujiwara H, Awale S, Dibwe DF, Araki R, Yabe T, Matsumoto K. Decrease in endogenous brain allopregnanolone induces autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-like behavior in mice: A novel animal model of ASD. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:6-15. [PMID: 28743598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with core symptoms of social impairments and restrictive repetitive behaviors. Recent evidence has implicated a dysfunction in the GABAergic system in the pathophysiology of ASD. We investigated the role of endogenous allopregnanolone (ALLO), a neurosteroidal positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, in the regulation of ASD-like behavior in male mice using SKF105111 (SKF), an inhibitor of type I and type II 5α-reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme of ALLO biosynthesis. SKF impaired sociability-related performance, as analyzed by three different tests; i.e., the 3-chamber test and social interaction in the open field and resident-intruder tests, without affecting olfactory function elucidated by the buried food test. SKF also induced repetitive grooming behavior without affecting anxiety-like behavior. SKF had no effect on short-term spatial working memory or long-term fear memory, but enhanced latent learning ability in male mice. SKF-induced ASD-like behavior in male mice was abolished by the systemic administration of ALLO (1mg/kg, i.p.) and methylphenidate (MPH: 2.5mg/kg, i.p.), a dopamine transporter inhibitor. The effects of SKF on brain ALLO contents in male mice were reversed by ALLO, but not MPH. On the other hand, SKF failed to induce ASD-like behavior or a decline in brain ALLO contents in female mice. These results suggest that ALLO regulates episodes of ASD-like behavior by positively modulating the function of GABAA receptors linked to the dopaminergic system. Moreover, a sex-dependently induced decrease in brain ALLO contents may provide an animal model to study the main features of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ebihara
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hironori Fujiwara
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Suresh Awale
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Dya Fita Dibwe
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryota Araki
- Laboratory of Functional Biomolecules and Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yabe
- Laboratory of Functional Biomolecules and Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kinzo Matsumoto
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Jiang XW, Qiao L, Feng XX, Liu L, Wei QW, Wang XW, Yu WH. Rotenone induces nephrotoxicity in rats: oxidative damage and apoptosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:528-536. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1333553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Qiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-xin Feng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Qing-Wei Wei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Wei Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Hui Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
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38
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Wang L, Wang J, Yang L, Zhou SM, Guan SY, Yang LK, Shi QX, Zhao MG, Yang Q. Effect of Praeruptorin C on 3-nitropropionic acid induced Huntington’s disease-like symptoms in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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39
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Parkinson’s disease-like motor and non-motor symptoms in rotenone-treated zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 2017; 58:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Guan Q, Wang X, Jiang Y, Zhao L, Nie Z, Jin L. RNA-Seq Expression Analysis of Enteric Neuron Cells with Rotenone Treatment and Prediction of Regulated Pathways. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:572-582. [PMID: 27900601 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is involved in the initiation and development of the pathological process of Parkinson's disease (PD). The effect of rotenone on the ENS may trigger the progression of PD through the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to examine differential expression genes (DEGs) and pathways induced by in vitro treatment of rotenone in the enteric nervous cells isolated from rats. We identified 45 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated genes. The functional categorization revealed that the DEGs were involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and development, response to various stimuli, and regulation of neurogenesis. In addition, the pathway and network analysis showed that the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Toll-like receptor, Wnt, and Ras signaling pathways were intensively involved in the effect of rotenone on the ENS. Additionally, the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction result for the selected seven DEGs matched those of the RNA-seq analysis. Our results present a significant step in the identification of DEGs and provide new insight into the progression of PD in the rotenone-induced model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Zhiyu Nie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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41
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The nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology and management advances. Curr Opin Neurol 2016; 29:467-73. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Heng Y, Zhang QS, Mu Z, Hu JF, Yuan YH, Chen NH. Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates motor impairment and neuroinflammation in the MPTP-probenecid-induced parkinsonism mouse model by targeting α-synuclein abnormalities in the substantia nigra. Toxicol Lett 2015; 243:7-21. [PMID: 26723869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in specific central nervous system (CNS) regions. Disease development is attributed to α-synuclein abnormalities, particularly aggregation and phosphorylation. The ginsenoside Rg1, an active component of ginseng, possesses neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate these activities of Rg1 in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/probenecid (MPTP/p)-induced PD mouse model for the first time and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Oral treatment with Rg1 significantly attenuated the high MPTP-induced mortality, behavior defects, loss of dopamine neurons and abnormal ultrastructure changes in the SNpc. Other assays indicated that the protective effect of Rg1 may be mediated by its anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Rg1 regulated MPTP-induced reactive astrocytes and microglia and decreased the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the SNpc. Rg1 also alleviated the unusual MPTP-induced increase in oligomeric, phosphorylated and disease-related α-synuclein in the SNpc. In conclusion, Rg1 protects dopaminergic neurons, most likely by reducing aberrant α-synuclein-mediated neuroinflammation, and holds promise for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zheng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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