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Robertson SH, Jutkiewicz EM. Effects of food restriction on the conditioned reinforcing properties of an opioid-associated stimulus. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:505-514. [PMID: 34320518 PMCID: PMC8373806 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Food restriction promotes drug self-administration; however, the effects of food restriction on the conditioned reinforcing properties of drug-associated stimuli are less clear. We tested the extent to which food restriction modified the conditioned reinforcing properties of a remifentanil-associated stimulus following conditioning with 3.2 or 1.0 μg/kg/infusion of remifentanil. First, we provided restricted (20 g/day standard chow) or ad libitum access to standard chow to rats. Second, within each feeding condition, we exposed rats to 20 intravenous infusions of remifentanil and 20 stimulus presentations that were delivered response independently each day for 5 days. For the experimental group (paired Pavlovian), the remifentanil infusions and stimulus presentations were delivered concurrently. The control group (random control) received the same number of infusions and stimulus presentations, but were not paired. For 28 sessions, we tested the extent to which the stimulus functioned as a conditioned reinforcer by allowing rats to freely respond for presentations of the remifentanil-associated stimulus. Following conditioning with 3.2 μg/kg/infusion of remifentanil, we found that rats that in the Paired Pavlovian group responded for the remifentanil-associated stimulus significantly more than rats in the Random control group, regardless of feeding condition. Following conditioning with 1.0 μg/kg/infusion of remifentanil, the remifentanil-associated stimulus was not associated with conditioned reinforcing properties, regardless of feeding condition. These findings confirm previous research demonstrating that a remifentanil-associated stimulus takes on conditioned reinforcing properties in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Female rats display higher methamphetamine-primed reinstatement and c-Fos immunoreactivity than male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 201:173089. [PMID: 33422599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth) dependence is often characterized by persistent and chronic relapse (i.e., return to drug use). Previous work suggests females may be at greater risk to relapse. In this study, we extended this limited evidence and identified sex-dependent neural substrates related to meth-triggered reinstatement. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with indwelling jugular catheters. Half of the rats were then trained to self-administer meth (0.05 mg/kg/inf); the other half self-administered saline during 21 daily sessions (2 h). Rats were then given 12 extinction sessions. Twenty-four hours after the last extinction session, rats received reinstatement testing. Half of the rats received a meth-prime (0.3 mg/kg, IP) injection and the remaining rats received a saline injection. This design resulted in 4 separate groups for each sex, allowing for careful investigation of brain regions related to meth-triggered reinstatement. Brains were harvested following the reinstatement session and c-Fos immunoreactivity was measured in multiple brain regions. Meth triggered reinstatement in both sexes and this effect was more robust in females compared to males. Significant sex differences were detected. Females showed greater c-Fos immunoreactivity in the cingulate cortex area 1, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, prelimbic cortex, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens core and shell, and central nucleus of the amygdala following meth-primed reinstatement.
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Varenicline and GZ-793A differentially decrease methamphetamine self-administration under a multiple schedule of reinforcement in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:87-97. [PMID: 28863003 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a potent psychostimulant with high abuse rates. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine addiction. Ideally, a pharmacotherapy should selectively decrease methamphetamine self-administration without affecting responding for other reinforcers. One way to test this is with the use of a multiple schedule of reinforcement, in which drug and food are available in alternating components within a session. The present study evaluated GZ-793A, a vesicular monoamine transporter-2 inhibitor, and varenicline, a partial agonist at α4β2 and full agonist at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, for their ability to decrease methamphetamine and food self-administration using a multiple schedule of reinforcement. Male Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered methamphetamine (0.03 mg/kg/intravenous infusion) and food pellets under a multiple schedule of reinforcement. GZ-793A or varenicline was administered before multiple schedule sessions. GZ-793A (5 and 20 mg/kg) significantly decreased methamphetamine intake compared with saline and did not alter food-maintained responding. In contrast, varenicline decreased methamphetamine intake less specifically across time. The results suggest that vesicular monoamine transporter-2 inhibition may be a viable pharmacological target for the treatment of methamphetamine-use disorders.
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Briones M, Shoptaw S, Cook R, Worley M, Swanson AN, Moody DE, Fang WB, Tsuang J, Furst B, Heinzerling K. Varenicline treatment for methamphetamine dependence: A randomized, double-blind phase II clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 189:30-36. [PMID: 29860057 PMCID: PMC6391991 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, and α7 nicotinic receptor full agonist, may be effective for the treatment of methamphetamine (MA) dependence due to dopaminergic effects, relief of glutamatergic and cognitive dysfunction, and activation of nicotinic cholinergic systems. This study aimed to determine if varenicline (1 mg BID) resulted in reduced methamphetamine use compared to placebo among treatment-seeking MA-dependent volunteers. METHODS Treatment-seeking MA-dependent volunteers were randomized to varenicline 1 mg twice daily (n = 27) or placebo (n = 25) and cognitive behavioral therapy for 9 weeks. The primary outcomes were the proportion of participants achieving end-of-treatment-abstinence (EOTA, MA-negative urine specimens during weeks 8 and 9) and the treatment effectiveness score (TES, number of MA-negative urine specimens) for varenicline versus placebo. RESULTS There was no significant difference in EOTA between varenicline (15%, 4/27) and placebo (20%, 5/25; p = 0.9). There was some suggestion that urinary confirmed medication compliance corresponded with EOTA in the varenicline condition, though it did not reach statistical significance, OR = 1.57 for a 100 ng/ml increase in urine varenicline, p = 0.10, 95% CI (0.99, 3.02). There was no significant difference in mean TES in the varenicline condition (8.6) compared to the placebo condition (8.1), and treatment condition was not a statistically significant predictor of TES, IRR = 1.01, p = 0.9, 95% CI (0.39, 2.70). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that 1 mg varenicline BID was not an effective treatment for MA dependence among treatment-seeking MA-dependent volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Briones
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Steven Shoptaw
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Worley
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aimee-Noelle Swanson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David E. Moody
- Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Wenfang B. Fang
- Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John Tsuang
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Furst
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Keith Heinzerling
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Pittenger ST, Chou S, Barrett ST, Catalano I, Lydiatt M, Bevins RA. Nicotine- and cocaine-triggered methamphetamine reinstatement in female and male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 159:69-75. [PMID: 28712749 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated a return to methamphetamine (meth)-seeking behavior (reinstatement) induced by injections of meth administered by the experimenter (drug-prime). Notably, females tend to be more sensitive to drug-prime; often displaying more reinstatement behavior when compared to males. While meth-primed reinstatement of meth-seeking behavior has been established, little is known about the ability of other drugs of abuse to substitute for meth during drug-primed reinstatement; nicotine and cocaine were the focus of the present work. We also examined if self-administration and/or reinstated meth-seeking behavior was affected by repeated nicotine administration. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer meth during daily sessions. During this self-administration phase, rats were placed into 1 of 2 groups: saline or repeated nicotine exposure. Rats in the repeated nicotine group received nicotine injections 4h after meth self-administration sessions, whereas the remaining rats received saline. Following self-administration was extinction in which meth was no longer available and nicotine was no longer administered. After extinction, rats were tested to determine if 0 (saline), 0.2, and 0.4mg/kg nicotine reinstated meth-seeking behavior. Three days of re-extinction followed nicotine testing. Finally, rats received reinstatement tests with 0 (saline), 5, and 10mg/kg cocaine. Nicotine and cocaine reinstated meth-seeking behavior in male and female rats with no difference between the sexes. Repeated nicotine administration potentiated meth reinstatement following the 0.4mg/kg nicotine-prime. While females may be more sensitive to reinstatement triggered with the original self-administration drug, this effect may not generalize to priming with other drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Pittenger
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shinnyi Chou
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Scott T Barrett
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Isabella Catalano
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Maxwell Lydiatt
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rick A Bevins
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Morley KC, Cornish JL, Faingold A, Wood K, Haber PS. Pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:563-578. [PMID: 28351169 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1313229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine use is a serious public health concern in many countries and is second to cannabis as the most widely abused illicit drug in the world. Effective management for methamphetamine dependence remains elusive and the large majority of methamphetamine users relapse following treatment. Areas covered: Progression in the understanding of the pharmacological basis of methamphetamine use has provided us with innovative opportunities to develop agents to treat dependence. The current review summarizes relevant literature on the neurobiological and clinical correlates associated with methamphetamine use. We then outline agents that have been explored for potential treatments in preclinical studies, human laboratory phase I and phase II trials over the last ten years. Expert opinion: No agent has demonstrated a broad and strong effect in achieving MA abstinence in Phase II trials. Agents with novel therapeutic targets appear promising. Advancement in MA treatment, including translation into practice, faces several clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Morley
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Jennifer L Cornish
- b Department of Psychology , Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Alon Faingold
- c Drug Health Services , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown , Australia
| | - Katie Wood
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,c Drug Health Services , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown , Australia
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Sun Z, Ma Y, Duan S, Xie L, Lv J, Huang J, Lin Z, Guo R, Ma S. cAMP Response Element Binding Protein Expression in the Hippocampus of Rhesus Macaques with Chronic Ephedrine Addiction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1931204. [PMID: 29181387 PMCID: PMC5664267 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1931204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is classified as a chronic relapse nature brain disease with complicated neurobiology mechanisms. There are an increasing number of researchers that are investigating the possible mechanisms for solving the thorny problem. METHODS The model of chronic addiction of rhesus monkey ephedrine was established, where changes in body weight and behavior were monitored. The expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus of rhesus monkeys was identified by real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS We were successful in establishing the chronic ephedrine addiction model in the rhesus macaques. They exhibited changes in body weight and behavior. Immunofluorescence showed that CREB was expressed in the nucleus of the hippocampus, and the expression of CREB mRNA and protein in the hippocampus were increased by real-time PCR and Western blot. The CREB positive expression in the hippocampus of the modeling group was significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The changes of body weight and behavior of the rhesus monkeys after ephedrine chronic addiction were significant. The changes of CREB in the hippocampus of rhesus macaques with ephedrine chronic addiction are important molecular mechanisms, and the upregulation of CREB may be involved in the physiological pathology and behavior process in individuals with chronic ephedrine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbo Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Linguistics & Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shouxing Duan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 69 Dongxiabei Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Junyao Lv
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jinzhuang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Zhirong Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Pittenger ST, Barrett ST, Chou S, Bevins RA. The effects of varenicline on methamphetamine self-administration and drug-primed reinstatement in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 320:195-199. [PMID: 27939341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth) addiction is a costly burden to both the individual user and society as a whole. Establishing effective pharmacotherapies to treat meth dependence is needed to help solve this health problem. The study reported herein examined the effects of varenicline, a partial α4β2 and full α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, on meth self-administration and reinstatement in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Following indwelling jugular catheter surgery, rats were either trained to self-administer meth or saline on a variable ratio (VR) 3 schedule of reinforcement. Self-administration sessions (2h duration; 19 total sessions) were conducted daily. The effect of varenicline pretreatment on meth and saline self-administration was then determined using a within-study design. All rats received varenicline (0.0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0mg/kg) prior to 4 different test sessions. Dose order was randomly assigned and each test was separated by 2 standard self-administration sessions to assess stability of responding. Fifteen extinction sessions (no meth available) followed the last test. Extinction was followed by meth-primed (0.3mg/kg IP) reinstatement tests to examine the effect of varenicline on meth-seeking behavior. All rats again received all doses of varenicline over 4 separate reinstatement tests performed on 4 consecutive days. Varenicline did not alter self-administration of meth or saline. Additionally, the 0.3 and 1.0 doses of varenicline non-specifically increased active lever responding during the reinstatement test sessions. This latter finding suggests that varenicline may increase relapse liability and should not be utilized as pharmacotherapy to treat meth dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Pittenger
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Scott T Barrett
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Shinnyi Chou
- University of Nebraska Medical Center School of Medicine Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rick A Bevins
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
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