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Shivakumar AB, Mehak SF, Jijimon F, Gangadharan G. Extrahippocampal Contributions to Social Memory: The Role of Septal Nuclei. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01287-3. [PMID: 38718881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Social memory, the ability to recognize and remember individuals within a social group, is crucial for social interactions and relationships. Deficits in social memory have been linked to several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The hippocampus, especially the circuit that links dorsal CA2 and ventral CA1 neurons, is considered a neural substrate for social memory formation. Recent studies have provided compelling evidence of extrahippocampal contributions to social memory. The septal nuclei, including the medial and lateral septum, make up a basal forebrain region that shares bidirectional neuronal connections with the hippocampus and has recently been identified as critical for social memory. The focus of our review is the neural circuit mechanisms that underlie social memory, with a special emphasis on the septum. We also discuss the social memory dysfunction associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Bettagere Shivakumar
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonam Fathima Mehak
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Feyba Jijimon
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Gireesh Gangadharan
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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2
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de Castro CM, Almeida-Santos AF, Mansk LMZ, Jaimes LF, Cammarota M, Pereira GS. BDNF-dependent signaling in the olfactory bulb modulates social recognition memory in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 208:107891. [PMID: 38237799 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
An operative olfactory bulb (OB) is critical to social recognition memory (SRM) in rodents, which involves identifying conspecifics. Furthermore, OB also allocates synaptic plasticity events related to olfactory memories in their intricate neural circuit. Here, we asked whether the OB is a target for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a well-known mediator of plasticity and memory. Adult ICR-CD1 male mice had their SRM evaluated under the inhibition of BDNF-dependent signaling directly in the OB. We also quantified the expression of BDNF in the OB, after SRM acquisition. Our results presented an amnesic effect of anti-BDNF administered 12 h post-training. Although the western blot showed no statistical difference in pro-BDNF and BDNF expression, the analysis of fluorescence intensity in slices suggests SRM acquisition decreases BDNF in the granular cell layer of the OB. Next, to test the ability of BDNF to rescue SRM deficit, we administered the human recombinant BDNF (rBDNF) directly in the OB of socially isolated (SI) mice. Unexpectedly, rBDNF did not rescue SRM in SI mice. Furthermore, BDNF and pro-BDNF expression in the OB was unchanged by SI. Our study reinforces the OB as a plasticity locus in memory-related events. It also adds SRM as another type of memory sensitive to BDNF-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio M de Castro
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana F Almeida-Santos
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Cristiano Varela. Faculdade de Minas- Faminas, Brazil
| | - Lara M Z Mansk
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura F Jaimes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Martín Cammarota
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do, Norte, Brazil
| | - Grace S Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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3
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Orianne JF, Eustache F. Collective memory: between individual systems of consciousness and social systems. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1238272. [PMID: 37901083 PMCID: PMC10603192 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1238272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a long period of neglect, research on different facets of collective memory is now developing apace in the human and social sciences, as well as at their interface with psychology and neuroscience. This resolutely multidisciplinary renewal of interest in memory sciences has given rise to a plethora of concepts with diverse meanings (e.g., social frameworks of memory, collective, shared, collaborative, social memory). The purpose of the present study was to provide a conceptual overview from a historical perspective, and above all to clarify concepts that are often used interchangeably, even though they refer to very different realities. Based on recent research in psychology and neuroscience, we use the concept of collective memory to refer to the operations of individual systems of consciousness. Collective memory is not the memory of a collective, but that of its individual members, either as members of social groups (shared memory) or as participants in social interactions (collaborative memory). Drawing on the contributions of contemporary sociology, we show that social memory is not collective memory, as it refers not to individual systems of consciousness, but to social systems. More specifically, it is the outcome of communication operations which, through redundancy and repetition, perform a continuous and selective re-imprinting of meaning that can be used for communication. Writing, printing and the new communication technologies constitute the three historical stages in the formation and development of an autonomous social memory, independent of living memories and social interactions. In the modern era, mass media fulfill an essential function of social memory, by sorting between forgetting and remembering on a planetary scale. When thinking about the articulation between collective memory and social memory, the concept of structural coupling allows us to identify two mechanisms by which individual systems of consciousness and social systems can interact and be mutually sensitized: schemas and scripts, and social roles. Transdisciplinary approach spearheads major methodological and conceptual advances and is particularly promising for clinical practice, as it should result in a better understanding of memory pathologies, including PTSD, but also cognitive disorders in cancer (chemobrain) or in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Orianne
- Center for Research and Sociological Interventions (CRIS), Social Science Research Institute (IRSS), Liège University, Liège, Belgium
- Neuropsychology and Imaging of Human Memory (NIMH) Research Unit, GIP Cyceron, INSERM U1077, Caen University Hospital, PSL, EPHE, Caen University, Caen, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- Neuropsychology and Imaging of Human Memory (NIMH) Research Unit, GIP Cyceron, INSERM U1077, Caen University Hospital, PSL, EPHE, Caen University, Caen, France
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Sakamoto T, Yashima J. Prefrontal cortex is necessary for long-term social recognition memory in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 435:114051. [PMID: 35952777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays critical roles in social cognition and emotional regulation in humans and rodents; however, its involvement in social recognition memory in mice remains unclear. Here, we examined the roles of the PFC in short-term and long-term social recognition memory, social motivation, and anxiety-related behavior in C57BL/6J male mice. Sham control and PFC-lesioned mice underwent four different behavioral tests. In the social recognition test, composed of three daily trials over 3 consecutive days, the control mice spent less time investigating the juvenile stimulus mouse both within each day and across days. By contrast, while social investigation behavior in PFC-lesioned mice decreased across the three trials within each day, it did not decrease over the 3-day testing period. These results indicate that the PFC has an important role in long-term, but not short-term, social recognition memory. The control and PFC-lesioned mice exhibited similar social motivation in the three-chamber test - both groups preferred the juvenile mouse to the empty cylinder and did not prefer the adult mouse. In addition, the PFC lesion had no impact on anxiety-related behavior or general activity in the light-dark transition test or the open field test. Our findings demonstrate that the PFC is essential for long-term social recognition memory and that it plays a critical role in higher-order social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Sakamoto
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, Kyoto Tachibana University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan.
| | - Joi Yashima
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, Kyoto Tachibana University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan
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Social Fear Affects Limbic System Neuronal Activity and Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158228. [PMID: 35897794 PMCID: PMC9367789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent and comorbid anxiety disorder with rather unclear underlying mechanisms. Here, we aimed to characterize neurobiological changes occurring in mice expressing symptoms of social fear and to identify possible therapeutic targets for SAD. Social fear was induced via social fear conditioning (SFC), a validated animal model of SAD. We assessed the expression levels of the immediate early genes (IEGs) cFos, Fosl2 and Arc as markers of neuronal activity and the expression levels of several genes of the GABAergic, serotoninergic, oxytocinergic, vasopressinergic and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic systems in brain regions involved in social behavior or fear-related behavior in SFC+ and SFC− mice 2 h after exposure to a conspecific. SFC+ mice showed a decreased number and density of cFos-positive cells and decreased expression levels of IEGs in the dorsal hippocampus. SFC+ mice also showed alterations in the expression of NPY and serotonin system-related genes in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala, septum and dorsal raphe nucleus, but not in the dorsal hippocampus. Our results describe neuronal alterations occurring during the expression of social fear and identify the NPY and serotonergic systems as possible targets in the treatment of SAD.
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Wang F, Yin XS, Lu J, Cen C, Wang Y. Phosphorylation-dependent positive feedback on the oxytocin receptor through the kinase PKD1 contributes to long-term social memory. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabd0033. [PMID: 35104164 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abd0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Social memory enables one to recognize and distinguish specific individuals. It is fundamental to social behaviors that can be mediated by the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), such as forming relationships. We investigated the molecular regulation and function of OXTR in animal behavior involving social memory. We found that Ser261 in OXTR was phosphorylated by protein kinase D1 (PKD1). Neuronal Ca2+ signaling and behavior analyses revealed that rats expressing a mutated form of OXTR that cannot be phosphorylated at this residue (OXTR S261A) in the medial amygdala (MeA) exhibited impaired long-term social memory (LTSM). Blocking the phosphorylation of wild-type OXTR in the MeA using an interfering peptide in rats or through conditional knockout of Pkd1 in mice reduced social memory retention, whereas expression of a phosphomimetic mutant of OXTR rescued it. In HEK293A cells, the PKD1-mediated phosphorylation of OXTR promoted its binding to Gq protein and, in turn, OXTR-mediated phosphorylation of PKD1, indicating a positive feedback loop. In addition, OXTR with a single-nucleotide polymorphism found in humans (rs200362197), which has a mutation in the conserved recognition region in the PKD1 phosphorylation site, showed impaired activation and signaling in vitro and in HEK293A cells similar to that of the S216A mutant. Our findings describe a phosphoregulatory loop for OXTR and its critical role in social behavior that might be further explored in associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiang-Sha Yin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cheng Cen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Olfactory learning and memory in the greater short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx: the influence of conspecifics distress calls. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:667-679. [PMID: 34426872 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test whether Cynopterus sphinx distress calls influence olfactory learning and memory in conspecifics. Bats were exposed to distress calls/playbacks (PBs) of distress calls/modified calls and were then trained to novel odors. Bats exposed to distress calls/PBs made significantly fewer feeding attempts and bouts of PBs exposed to modified calls, which significantly induced the expression of c-Fos in the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM) and the amygdala compared to bats exposed to modified calls and trained controls. However, the expression of c-Fos in the hippocampus was not significantly different between the experimental groups. Further, protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) expression was significantly lower, and the expression levels of E1A homologue of CREB-binding protein (CBP) (P300), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its tyrosine kinase B1 (TrkB1) receptor were significantly higher in the hippocampus of control/bats exposed to modified calls compared to distress calls/PBs of distress call-exposed bats. Exposure to the call possibly alters the reciprocal interaction between the amygdala and the hippocampus, accordingly regulating the expression levels of PP1, P300 and BDNF and its receptor TrkB1 following training to the novel odor. Thus, the learning and memory consolidation processes were disrupted and showed fewer feeding attempts and bouts. This model may be helpful for understanding the contributions of stressful social communications to human disorders.
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Lunardi P, Mansk LMZ, Jaimes LF, Pereira GS. On the novel mechanisms for social memory and the emerging role of neurogenesis. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:56-66. [PMID: 33753208 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Social memory (SM) is a key element in social cognition and it encompasses the neural representation of conspecifics, an essential information to guide behavior in a social context. Here we evaluate classical and cutting-edge studies on neurobiology of SM, using as a guiding principle behavioral tasks performed in adult rodents. Our review highlights the relevance of the hippocampus, especially the CA2 region, as a neural substrate for SM and suggest that neural ensembles in the olfactory bulb may also encode SM traces. Compared to other hippocampus-dependent memories, much remains to be done to describe the neurobiological foundations of SM. Nonetheless, we argue that special attention should be paid to neurogenesis. Finally, we pinpoint the remaining open question on whether the hippocampal adult neurogenesis acts through pattern separation to permit the discrimination of highly similar stimuli during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lunardi
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lara M Z Mansk
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laura F Jaimes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Grace S Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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9
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Lee W, Dowd HN, Nikain C, Dwortz MF, Yang ED, Curley JP. Effect of relative social rank within a social hierarchy on neural activation in response to familiar or unfamiliar social signals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2864. [PMID: 33536481 PMCID: PMC7859216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Competent social functioning of group-living species relies on the ability of individuals to detect and utilize conspecific social cues to guide behavior. Previous studies have identified numerous brain regions involved in processing these external cues, collectively referred to as the Social Decision-Making Network. However, how the brain encodes social information with respect to an individual's social status has not been thoroughly examined. In mice, cues about an individual's identity, including social status, are conveyed through urinary proteins. In this study, we assessed the neural cFos immunoreactivity in dominant and subordinate male mice exposed to familiar and unfamiliar dominant and subordinate male urine. The posteroventral medial amygdala was the only brain region that responded exclusively to dominant compared to subordinate male urine. In all other brain regions, including the VMH, PMv, and vlPAG, activity is modulated by a combination of odor familiarity and the social status of both the urine donor and the subject receiving the cue. We show that dominant subjects exhibit robust differential activity across different types of cues compared to subordinate subjects, suggesting that individuals perceive social cues differently depending on social experience. These data inform further investigation of neurobiological mechanisms underlying social-status related brain differences and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Lee
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hollie N Dowd
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cyrus Nikain
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Eilene D Yang
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James P Curley
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
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10
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Gomis-González M, Galera-López L, Ten-Blanco M, Busquets-Garcia A, Cox T, Maldonado R, Ozaita A. Protein Kinase C-Gamma Knockout Mice Show Impaired Hippocampal Short-Term Memory While Preserved Long-Term Memory. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:617-630. [PMID: 32996086 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain encodes, stores, and retrieves relevant information in the form of memories that are classified as short-term (STM) and long-term memories (LTM) depending on the interval between acquisition and retrieval. It is classically accepted that STM undergo a consolidation process to form LTM, but the molecular determinants involved are not well understood. Among the molecular components relevant for memory formation, we focused our attention on the protein kinase C (PKC) family of enzymes since they control key aspects of the synaptic plasticity and memory. Within the different PKC isoforms, PKC-gamma has been specifically associated with learning and memory since mice lacking this isoform (PKC-gamma KO mice) showed mild cognitive impairment and deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. We now reveal that PKC-gamma KO mice present a severe impairment in hippocampal-dependent STM using different memory tests including the novel object-recognition and novel place-recognition, context fear conditioning and trace fear conditioning. In contrast, no differences between genotypes were observed in an amygdala-dependent test, the delay fear conditioning. Strikingly, all LTM tasks that could be assessed 24 h after acquisition were not perturbed in the KO mice. The analysis of c-Fos expression in several brain areas after trace fear conditioning acquisition showed a blunted response in the dentate gyrus of PKC-gamma KO mice compared with WT mice, but such differences between genotypes were absent when the amygdala or the prefrontal cortex were examined. In the hippocampus, PKC-gamma was found to translocate to the membrane after auditory trace, but not after delay fear conditioning. Together, these results indicate that PKC-gamma dysfunction affects specifically hippocampal-dependent STM performance and disclose PKC-gamma as a molecular player differentially involved in STM and LTM processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomis-González
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Galera-López
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Ten-Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Arnau Busquets-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Cox
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7WG, Guildford, UK
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Ozaita
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Hippocampal Lnx1-NMDAR multiprotein complex mediates initial social memory. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3956-3969. [PMID: 31772302 PMCID: PMC8550978 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social interaction and communication are evolutionary conserved behaviours that are developed in mammals to establish partner cognition. Deficit in sociability has been represented in human patients and animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders, which are connected with genetic variants of synaptic glutamate receptors and associated PDZ-binding proteins. However, it remains elusive how these key proteins are specialized in the cellular level for the initial social behaviour during postnatal developmental stage. Here we identify a hippocampal CA3 specifically expressed PDZ scaffold protein Lnx1 required for initial social behaviour. Through gene targeting we find that Lnx1 deficiency led to a hippocampal subregional disorder in neuronal activity and social memory impairments for partner discrimination observed in juvenile mice which also show cognitive defects in adult stage. We further demonstrate that Lnx1 deletion causes NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and this is attributable to decreased GluN2B expression in PSD compartment and disruption of the Lnx1-NMDAR-EphB2 complex. Specific restoration of Lnx1 or EphB2 protein in the CA3 area of Lnx1-/- mice rescues the defective synaptic function and social memory. These findings thus reveal crucial roles of postsynaptic NMDAR multiprotein complex that regulates the formation of initial social memory during the adolescent period.
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12
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Kalpachidou T, Makrygiannis AK, Pavlakis E, Stylianopoulou F, Chalepakis G, Stamatakis A. Behavioural effects of extracellular matrix protein Fras1 depletion in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3905-3919. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Kalpachidou
- Biology‐Biochemistry Lab Faculty of Nursing School of Health Sciences National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | | | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Biology‐Biochemistry Lab Faculty of Nursing School of Health Sciences National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology‐Biochemistry Lab Faculty of Nursing School of Health Sciences National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
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13
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Jaimes LF, Mansk LMZ, Almeida-Santos AF, Pereira GS. Maturation of newborn neurons predicts social memory persistence in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108102. [PMID: 32302616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory transience is essential to gain cognitive flexibility. Recently, hippocampal neurogenesis is emerging as one of the mechanisms involved in the balance between persistence and forgetting. Social recognition memory (SRM) has its duration prolonged by neurogenesis. However, it is still to be determined whether boosting neurogenesis in distinct phases of SRM may favor forgetting over persistence. In the present study, we used enriched environment (EE) and memantine (MEM) to increase neurogenesis. SRM was ubiquitously prolonged by both, while EE after the memory acquisition did not favor forgetting. Interestingly, the proportion of newborn neurons with mature morphology in the dorsal hippocampus was higher in animals where persistence prevailed. Finally, one of the main factors for dendritic growth is the formation of cytoskeleton. We found that Latrunculin A, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, blunted the promnesic effect of EE. Altogether, our results indicate that the mechanisms triggered by EE to improve SRM are not limited to increasing the number of newborn neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Jaimes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lara M Z Mansk
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana F Almeida-Santos
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grace S Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas, Gerais, Brazil.
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14
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Ohta KI, Suzuki S, Warita K, Sumitani K, Tenkumo C, Ozawa T, Ujihara H, Kusaka T, Miki T. The effects of early life stress on the excitatory/inhibitory balance of the medial prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112306. [PMID: 31629835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aversive environmental conditions during early life are known to cause long-lasting social deficits, similar to those observed in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the mechanism of how early life stress can cause social deficits is not well understood. To clarify how being in an aversive environment during development affects sociability, we conducted various analyses focusing on the excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) balance in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and how it is related to social deficits, with young adult male rats that had been exposed to maternal separation (MS). In our MS procedure, part of the pups were separated from each dam for 3 h, twice a day, during postnatal days 2-20, and then were used for each analysis at 9 weeks old. We identified that MS mainly reduced pre- and post-synaptic protein expression of inhibitory neurons in the mPFC, and that decreased the number of GAD67-positive interneurons and inhibitory synapses in the mPFC. Furthermore, MS impaired social behavior related to social recognition, which is closely linked to the mPFC, in the three-chamber sociability and social novelty test (3-CST). With relation to this social deficit, immunohistological analysis revealed that c-fos-positive cells in the mPFC of rats exposed to MS decreased during the 3-CST. Considering that inhibitory neurons in the mPFC play a role in synchronizing neural activation for information processing, our findings demonstrate that MS-induced E/I imbalance associated with cell activity in the mPFC leads to deficits in social recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Ohta
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sumitani
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Chiaki Tenkumo
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Ujihara
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Miki
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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15
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Almeida-Santos AF, Carvalho VR, Jaimes LF, de Castro CM, Pinto HP, Oliveira TPD, Vieira LB, Moraes MFD, Pereira GS. Social isolation impairs the persistence of social recognition memory by disturbing the glutamatergic tonus and the olfactory bulb-dorsal hippocampus coupling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:473. [PMID: 30679583 PMCID: PMC6345767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of companion may jeopardize mental health in social animals. Here, we tested the hypothesis that social isolation impairs social recognition memory by altering the excitability and the dialog between the olfactory bulb (OB) and the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP). Adult male Swiss mice were kept grouped (GH) or isolated (SI) for 7 days. Social memory (LTM) was evaluated using social recognition test. SI increased glutamate release in the OB, while decreased in the dHIP. Blocking AMPA and NMDA receptors into the OB or activating AMPA into the dHIP rescued LTM in SI mice, suggesting a cause-effect relationship between glutamate levels and LTM impairment. Additionally, during memory retrieval, phase-amplitude coupling between OB and dHIP decreased in SI mice. Our results indicate that SI impaired the glutamatergic signaling and the normal communication between OB and HIP, compromising the persistence of social memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Almeida-Santos
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vinícius R Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laura F Jaimes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caio M de Castro
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hyorrana P Pinto
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tadeu P D Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciene B Vieira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Márcio F D Moraes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Grace S Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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16
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Kiffer F, Alexander T, Anderson JE, Groves T, Wang J, Sridharan V, Boerma M, Allen AR. Late Effects of 16O-Particle Radiation on Female Social and Cognitive Behavior and Hippocampal Physiology. Radiat Res 2019; 191:278-294. [PMID: 30664396 DOI: 10.1667/rr15092.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The radiation environment in space remains a major concern for manned space exploration, as there is currently no shielding material capable of fully protecting flight crews. Additionally, there is growing concern for the social and cognitive welfare of astronauts, due to prolonged radiation exposure and confinement they will experience on a mission to Mars. In this artice, we report on the late effects of 16O-particle radiation on social and cognitive behavior and neuronal morphology in the hippocampus of adult female mice. Six-month-old mice received 16O-particle whole-body irradiation at doses of either 0.25 or 0.1 Gy (600 MeV/n; 18-33 cGy/min) at the NASA's Space Radiation Laboratory in Upton, NY. At nine months postirradiation, the animals underwent behavioral testing in the three-chamber sociability, novel object recognition and Y-maze paradigms. Exposure to 0.1 or 0.25 Gy 16O significantly impaired object memory, a 0.25 Gy dose impaired social novelty learning, but neither dosage impaired short-term spatial memory. We observed significant decreases in mushroom spine density and dendrite morphology in the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis 3, 2 and 1 of the hippocampus, which are critical areas for object novelty and sociability processing. Our data suggest exposure to 16O modulates hippocampal pyramidal and granular neurons and induces behavioral deficits at a time point of nine months after exposure in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Kiffer
- a Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Tyler Alexander
- a Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Julie E Anderson
- a Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Thomas Groves
- a Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,c Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Jing Wang
- a Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- a Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Marjan Boerma
- a Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Antiño R Allen
- a Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,c Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
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17
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Oliveira VEDM, Neumann ID, de Jong TR. Post-weaning social isolation exacerbates aggression in both sexes and affects the vasopressin and oxytocin system in a sex-specific manner. Neuropharmacology 2019; 156:107504. [PMID: 30664846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-weaning social isolation (PWSI) is known to induce exaggerated and abnormal aggression in male rats. Here we aimed to assess the effects of PWSI on aggressiveness and social behavior in both male and female rats. Furthermore, we evaluated how PWSI affects the central oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) systems in both sexes. Wistar rats were isolated (IS) or group housed (GH) in same-sex groups immediately after weaning. After seven weeks, rats underwent an intruder test to assess aggression. In one group, brains were immediately dissected afterwards for in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography. The other group underwent additional anxiety-like and social behavior tests. PWSI induced increased (abnormal) aggression and impaired social memory in both sexes. Especially IS females exhibited abnormal aggression towards juveniles. Furthermore, PWSI increased OXT mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and decreased OXTR binding in the anterior portion of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), independent of the sex. V1a receptor binding was decreased in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and dentate gyrus (DG) in IS rats, regardless of sex. However, V1a receptor binding in the anterior portion of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNSTa) was decreased in IS females but increased in IS males. Taken together, our data support PWSI as a reliable model to exacerbate aggression not only in male but also in female rats. In addition, OXT receptors in the NAcca and V1a receptors in the LH, DG, and BNSTa may play a role in the link between PWSI and aggression. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Current status of the neurobiology of aggression and impulsivity'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inga D Neumann
- Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Trynke R de Jong
- Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Germany; Lifelines Biobank Noord-Nederland B.V. Groningen, Netherlands
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18
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Mukilan M, Bogdanowicz W, Marimuthu G, Rajan KE. Odour discrimination learning in the Indian greater short-nosed fruit bat ( Cynopterus sphinx): differential expression of Egr-1, C-fos and PP-1 in the olfactory bulb, amygdala and hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.175364. [PMID: 29674380 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.175364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) is induced by exposure to odour. The present study was designed to investigate whether there is differential expression of IEGs (Egr-1, C-fos) in the brain region mediating olfactory memory in the Indian greater short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx We assumed that differential expression of IEGs in different brain regions may orchestrate a preference odour (PO) and aversive odour (AO) memory in C. sphinx We used preferred (0.8% w/w cinnamon powder) and aversive (0.4% w/v citral) odour substances, with freshly prepared chopped apple, to assess the behavioural response and induction of IEGs in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and amygdala. After experiencing PO and AO, the bats initially responded to both, later only engaging in feeding bouts in response to the PO food. The expression pattern of EGR-1 and c-Fos in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and amygdala was similar at different time points (15, 30 and 60 min) following the response to PO, but was different for AO. The response to AO elevated the level of c-Fos expression within 30 min and reduced it at 60 min in both the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, as opposed to the continuous increase noted in the amygdala. In addition, we tested whether an epigenetic mechanism involving protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) acts on IEG expression. The observed PP-1 expression and the level of unmethylated/methylated promoter revealed that C-fos expression is possibly controlled by odour-mediated regulation of PP-1. These results in turn imply that the differential expression of C-fos in the hippocampus and amygdala may contribute to olfactory learning and memory in C. sphinx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Mukilan
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Wieslaw Bogdanowicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ganapathy Marimuthu
- Department of Animal Behavior and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
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19
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Adekunbi DA, Li XF, Lass G, Shetty K, Adegoke OA, Yeo SH, Colledge WH, Lightman SL, O'Byrne KT. Kisspeptin neurones in the posterodorsal medial amygdala modulate sexual partner preference and anxiety in male mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12572. [PMID: 29356147 PMCID: PMC5873280 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) is a neural site in the limbic brain involved in regulating emotional and sexual behaviours. There is, however, limited information available on the specific neuronal cell type in the MePD functionally mediating these behaviours in rodents. The recent discovery of a significant kisspeptin neurone population in the MePD has raised interest in the possible role of kisspeptin and its cognate receptor in sexual behaviour. The present study therefore tested the hypothesis that the MePD kisspeptin neurone population is involved in regulating attraction towards opposite sex conspecifics, sexual behaviour, social interaction and the anxiety response by selectively stimulating these neurones using the novel pharmacosynthetic DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) technique. Adult male Kiss-Cre mice received bilateral stereotaxic injections of a stimulatory DREADD viral construct (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry) targeted to the MePD, with subsequent activation by i.p. injection of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Socio-sexual behaviours were assessed in a counter-balanced fashion after i.p. injection of either saline or CNO (5 mg kg-1 ). Selective activation of MePD kisspeptin neurones by CNO significantly increased the time spent by male mice in investigating an oestrous female, as well as the duration of social interaction. Additionally, after CNO injection, the mice appeared less anxious, as indicated by a longer exploratory time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. However, levels of copulatory behaviour were comparable between CNO and saline-treated controls. These data indicate that DREADD-induced activation of MePD kisspeptin neurones enhances both sexual partner preference in males and social interaction and also decreases anxiety, suggesting a key role played by MePD kisspeptin in sexual motivation and social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Adekunbi
- Division of Women's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of LagosLagosNigeria
| | - X. F. Li
- Division of Women's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. Lass
- Division of Women's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - K. Shetty
- Division of Women's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - O. A. Adegoke
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of LagosLagosNigeria
| | - S. H. Yeo
- Reproductive Physiology GroupDepartment of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - W. H. Colledge
- Reproductive Physiology GroupDepartment of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - S. L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and EndocrinologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - K. T. O'Byrne
- Division of Women's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
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20
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Wei Q, Zhang H, Ma S, Guo D. Sex- and age-related differences inc-fosexpression in dog olfactory bulbs. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinguo Wei
- College of life science; Qufu Normal University; Jingxuan West Street No. 57 Qufu Shandong 273165 China
- Department of Biotechnology; Weifang Business Vocational College; Phoenix Road No. 1600 Zhucheng Shandong 262234 China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of life science; Qufu Normal University; Jingxuan West Street No. 57 Qufu Shandong 273165 China
| | - Shisheng Ma
- College of life science; Qufu Normal University; Jingxuan West Street No. 57 Qufu Shandong 273165 China
| | - Dongge Guo
- College of life science; Qufu Normal University; Jingxuan West Street No. 57 Qufu Shandong 273165 China
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