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Levassort H, Boucquemont J, Alencar de Pinho N, Lambert O, Helmer C, Metzger M, Teillet L, Frimat L, Combe C, Fouque D, Laville M, Jacquelinet C, Liabeuf S, Stengel B, Massy ZA, Pépin M. A new approach for cognitive impairment pattern in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2024; 39:848-859. [PMID: 37950574 PMCID: PMC11181866 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an elevated risk of neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). It remains unclear whether CKD-related NCDs have a specific cognitive pattern or are earlier-onset phenotypes of the main NCDs (vascular NCDs and Alzheimer's disease). METHODS We used the Mini Mental State Examination score (MMSE) to assess cognitive patterns in 3003 CKD patients (stage 3-4) followed up over 5 years in the Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) cohort. After normalizing MMSE scores to a 0-to-100 scale, the associations between the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine formula) and changes in each MMSE domain score were assessed in linear mixed models. RESULTS Patients (age: 67 ± 13 years old; males: 65%, mean eGFR: 33± 12 mL/min/1.73 m2) had a good baseline cognitive functions: the mean MMSE score was 26.9/30 ± 2.9. After adjustment for age, sex, educational level, depression (past or present), cardiovascular risk factors and cerebrovascular disease, a lower baseline eGFR (per 10 mL/min/1.73 m2) was associated with a 0.53-point decrement [P < .001; 95% confidence interval (CI) (-0.98, -0.08)] for orientation, a 1.04-point decrement [P = .03; 95% CI (-1.96, -0.13)] for attention and calculation, a 0.78-point decrement [P = .003; 95% CI (-1.30, -0.27)] for language, and a 0.94-point decrement [P = .02; 95% CI (-1.75, -0.13)] for praxis. Baseline eGFR was not, however, associated with significant changes over time in MMSE domain scores. CONCLUSION A lower eGFR in CKD patients was associated with early impairments in certain cognitive domains: praxis, language and attention domains before an obvious cognitive decline. Early detection of NCD in CKD patients must be performed before clinically cognitive decline using preferably tests assessing executive, attentional functions and language, rather than memory tests. This early cognitive screening could lead to a better management of cognitive impairment and their consequences on CKD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Levassort
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Julie Boucquemont
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | - Natalia Alencar de Pinho
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | - Oriane Lambert
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Metzger
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Laurent Teillet
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Luc Frimat
- Department of Nephrology, CHRU-Nancy, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre, France
- EA 4360, INSERM CIC-EC CIE6, Medicine Faculty, Lorraine University, Apemac, France
| | - Christian Combe
- Department of Nephrology, Bordeaux University Hospital, INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Fouque
- Department of Nephrology, LyonSud hospital – Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon1 University, Pierre Benite, France
| | - Maurice Laville
- Carmen INSERM U1060, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Christian Jacquelinet
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Medical and Scientific Department, Agence de la biomédecine, Saint-Denis la Plaine, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- Pharmacology Department, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Bénédicte Stengel
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Department of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Marion Pépin
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology Team, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Almishri W, Altonsy MO, Swain MG. Cholestatic liver disease leads to significant adaptative changes in neural circuits regulating social behavior in mice to enhance sociability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167100. [PMID: 38412926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestatic liver diseases (CLD) are commonly associated with behavioral changes, including social isolation, that negatively affects patient quality of life and remains unaltered by current therapies. It remains unclear whether CLD-associated social dysfunction stems from a direct effect on the brain, or from the psychological impact of CLD. The psychological component of disease is absent in animals, so we investigated the impact of CLD on social behavior and gene expression profiles in key social behavior-regulating brain regions in a mouse model. METHODS CLD due to bile duct ligation was used with the three-chamber sociability test for behavioral phenotyping. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) signatures were delineated in 3 key brain regions regulating social behavior using RNA-seq. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) was applied to streamline DEG data interpretation and integrate findings with social behavior-regulating pathways to identify important brain molecular networks and regulatory mechanisms disrupted in CLD. RESULTS CLD mice exhibited enhanced social interactive behavior and significantly altered gene expression in each of the three social behavior-regulating brain regions examined. DEG signatures in BDL mice were associated with key IPA®-identified social behavior-regulating pathways including Oxytocin in Brain Signaling, GABA Receptor Signaling, Dopamine Receptor Signaling, and Glutamate Receptor Signaling. CONCLUSIONS CLD causes complex alterations in gene expression profiles in key social behavior-regulating brain areas/pathways linked to enhanced social interactive behavior. These findings, if paralleled in CLD patients, suggest that CLD-associated reductions in social interactions predominantly relate to psychological impacts of disease and may inform new approaches to improve management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdi Almishri
- Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammed O Altonsy
- Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mark G Swain
- Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; University of Calgary Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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3
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Menzikov SA, Zaichenko DM, Moskovtsev AA, Morozov SG, Kubatiev AA. Phenols and GABA A receptors: from structure and molecular mechanisms action to neuropsychiatric sequelae. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1272534. [PMID: 38303988 PMCID: PMC10831359 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1272534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) are members of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) family, which are widespread throughout the invertebrate and vertebrate central nervous system. GABAARs are engaged in short-term changes of the neuronal concentrations of chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3 -) ions by their passive permeability through the ion channel pore. GABAARs are regulated by various structurally diverse phenolic substances ranging from simple phenols to complex polyphenols. The wide chemical and structural variability of phenols suggest similar and different binding sites on GABAARs, allowing them to manifest themselves as activators, inhibitors, or allosteric ligands of GABAAR function. Interest in phenols is associated with their great potential for GABAAR modulation, but also with their subsequent negative or positive role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the GABAergic deficit hypotheses during neurological and psychiatric disorders induced by various phenols. We summarize the structure-activity relationship of general phenol groups concerning their differential roles in the manifestation of neuropsychiatric symptoms. We describe and analyze the role of GABAAR subunits in manifesting various neuropathologies and the molecular mechanisms underlying their modulation by phenols. Finally, we discuss how phenol drugs can modulate GABAAR activity via desensitization and resensitization. We also demonstrate a novel pharmacological approach to treat neuropsychiatric disorders via regulation of receptor phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.
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Beopoulos A, Géa M, Fasano A, Iris F. RNA epitranscriptomics dysregulation: A major determinant for significantly increased risk of ASD pathogenesis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1101422. [PMID: 36875672 PMCID: PMC9978375 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are perhaps the most severe, intractable and challenging child psychiatric disorders. They are complex, pervasive and highly heterogeneous and depend on multifactorial neurodevelopmental conditions. Although the pathogenesis of autism remains unclear, it revolves around altered neurodevelopmental patterns and their implications for brain function, although these cannot be specifically linked to symptoms. While these affect neuronal migration and connectivity, little is known about the processes that lead to the disruption of specific laminar excitatory and inhibitory cortical circuits, a key feature of ASD. It is evident that ASD has multiple underlying causes and this multigenic condition has been considered to also dependent on epigenetic effects, although the exact nature of the factors that could be involved remains unclear. However, besides the possibility for differential epigenetic markings directly affecting the relative expression levels of individual genes or groups of genes, there are at least three mRNA epitranscriptomic mechanisms, which function cooperatively and could, in association with both genotypes and environmental conditions, alter spatiotemporal proteins expression patterns during brain development, at both quantitative and qualitative levels, in a tissue-specific, and context-dependent manner. As we have already postulated, sudden changes in environmental conditions, such as those conferred by maternal inflammation/immune activation, influence RNA epitranscriptomic mechanisms, with the combination of these processes altering fetal brain development. Herein, we explore the postulate whereby, in ASD pathogenesis, RNA epitranscriptomics might take precedence over epigenetic modifications. RNA epitranscriptomics affects real-time differential expression of receptor and channel proteins isoforms, playing a prominent role in central nervous system (CNS) development and functions, but also RNAi which, in turn, impact the spatiotemporal expression of receptors, channels and regulatory proteins irrespective of isoforms. Slight dysregulations in few early components of brain development, could, depending upon their extent, snowball into a huge variety of pathological cerebral alterations a few years after birth. This may very well explain the enormous genetic, neuropathological and symptomatic heterogeneities that are systematically associated with ASD and psychiatric disorders at large.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Géa
- Bio-Modeling Systems, Tour CIT, Paris, France
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
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5
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Xiang T, Liao J, Cai Y, Fan M, Li C, Zhang X, Li H, Chen Y, Pan J. Impairment of GABA inhibition in insomnia disorders: Evidence from the peripheral blood system. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1134434. [PMID: 36846238 PMCID: PMC9947704 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the change characteristics and related factors of various indexes of GABAergic system in peripheral blood of patients with insomnia disorder. METHODS In this study, a total of 30 patients who met the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder and 30 normal controls were included. All subjects had a structured clinical interview with the Brief International Neuropsychiatric Disorder Interview, and PSQI was used to evaluate the sleep status of the subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and RT-PCR was used to detect GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunit mRNA. All data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the mRNA levels of GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunits in the insomnia disorder group were significantly lower, but there was no significant difference in the serum GABA levels between the two groups. And in the insomnia disorder group, there was no significant correlation between the GABA levels and the mRNA expression levels of α1 and α2 subunits of GABAA receptors. Although no significant correlation was found between PSQI and serum levels of these two subunit mRNAs, its component factors sleep quality and sleep time were negatively correlated with GABAA receptor α1 subunit mRNA levels, and daytime function was inversely correlated with GABAA receptor α2 subunit mRNA levels. CONCLUSION The inhibitory function of serum GABA in patients with insomnia may be impaired, and the decreased expression levels of GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunit mRNA may become a reliable indicator of insomnia disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiwu Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yixian Cai
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei Fan
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Congrui Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongyao Li
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiyang Pan
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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6
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Aranđelović J, Santrač A, Batinić B, Todorović L, Stevanović V, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Sharmin D, Rashid F, Stanojević B, Cook JM, Savić MM. Effects of α5 GABA A receptor modulation on social interaction, memory, and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1767-1778. [PMID: 35822698 PMCID: PMC9532908 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS GABAergic modulation involved in cognitive processing appears to be substantially changed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a widely used 5xFAD model of AD, we aimed to assess if negative and positive allosteric modulators of α5 GABAA receptors (NAM and PAM, respectively) would affect social interaction, social, object and spatial memory, and neuroinflammation. METHODS After 10-day treatment with PAM, NAM, or solvent, 6-month-old transgenic and non-transgenic 5xFAD mice underwent testing in a behavioral battery. Gene expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, GFAP, and IBA-1 were determined in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex by qPCR. RESULTS PAM treatment impaired spatial learning in transgenic females compared to solvent-treated transgenic females, and social recognition in transgenic and non-transgenic males. NAM treatment declined social interaction in transgenic and non-transgenic males, while had beneficial effect on cognitive flexibility in non-transgenic males compared to solvent-treated non-transgenic males. Transgenic animals have not fully displayed cognitive symptoms, but neuroinflammation was confirmed. NAM reduced proinflammatory gene expressions in transgenic females and astrogliosis in transgenic males compared to pathological controls. CONCLUSION PAM and NAM failed to exert favorable behavioral effects in transgenic animals. Suppression of neuroinflammation obtained with NAM calls for more studies with GABAergic ligands in amyloid beta- and/or tau-dependent models with prominent neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Aranđelović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Anja Santrač
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Lidija Todorović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Vladimir Stevanović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | | | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug DiscoveryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug DiscoveryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Boban Stanojević
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College LondonRayne InstituteLondonUK
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug DiscoveryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Miroslav M. Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Li C, Zhang Z, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Cerebrolysin restores balance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in brain following concussive head injury. Superior neuroprotective effects of TiO 2 nanowired drug delivery. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 266:211-267. [PMID: 34689860 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Concussive head injury (CHI) often associated with military personnel, soccer players and related sports personnel leads to serious clinical situation causing lifetime disabilities. About 3-4k head injury per 100k populations are recorded in the United States since 2000-2014. The annual incidence of concussion has now reached to 1.2% of population in recent years. Thus, CHI inflicts a huge financial burden on the society for rehabilitation. Thus, new efforts are needed to explore novel therapeutic strategies to treat CHI cases to enhance quality of life of the victims. CHI is well known to alter endogenous balance of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) leading to brain pathology. Thus, a possibility exists that restoring the balance of amino acids in the CNS following CHI using therapeutic measures may benefit the victims in improving their quality of life. In this investigation, we used a multimodal drug Cerebrolysin (Ever NeuroPharma, Austria) that is a well-balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments in exploring its effects on CHI induced alterations in key excitatory (Glutamate, Aspartate) and inhibitory (GABA, Glycine) amino acids in the CNS in relation brain pathology in dose and time-dependent manner. CHI was produced in anesthetized rats by dropping a weight of 114.6g over the right exposed parietal skull from a distance of 20cm height (0.224N impact) and blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain edema, neuronal injuries and behavioral dysfunctions were measured 8, 24, 48 and 72h after injury. Cerebrolysin (CBL) was administered (2.5, 5 or 10mL/kg, i.v.) after 4-72h following injury. Our observations show that repeated CBL induced a dose-dependent neuroprotection in CHI (5-10mL/kg) and also improved behavioral functions. Interestingly when CBL is delivered through TiO2 nanowires superior neuroprotective effects were observed in CHI even at a lower doses (2.5-5mL/kg). These observations are the first to demonstrate that CBL is effectively capable to attenuate CHI induced brain pathology and behavioral disturbances in a dose dependent manner, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiquiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ghit A, Assal D, Al-Shami AS, Hussein DEE. GABA A receptors: structure, function, pharmacology, and related disorders. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:123. [PMID: 34417930 PMCID: PMC8380214 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background γ-Aminobutyric acid sub-type A receptors (GABAARs) are the most prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS. They are a family of ligand-gated ion channel with significant physiological and therapeutic implications. Main body GABAARs are heteropentamers formed from a selection of 19 subunits: six α (alpha1-6), three β (beta1-3), three γ (gamma1-3), three ρ (rho1-3), and one each of the δ (delta), ε (epsilon), π (pi), and θ (theta) which result in the production of a considerable number of receptor isoforms. Each isoform exhibits distinct pharmacological and physiological properties. However, the majority of GABAARs are composed of two α subunits, two β subunits, and one γ subunit arranged as γ2β2α1β2α1 counterclockwise around the center. The mature receptor has a central chloride ion channel gated by GABA neurotransmitter and modulated by a variety of different drugs. Changes in GABA synthesis or release may have a significant effect on normal brain function. Furthermore, The molecular interactions and pharmacological effects caused by drugs are extremely complex. This is due to the structural heterogeneity of the receptors, and the existence of multiple allosteric binding sites as well as a wide range of ligands that can bind to them. Notably, dysfunction of the GABAergic system contributes to the development of several diseases. Therefore, understanding the relationship between GABAA receptor deficits and CNS disorders thus has a significant impact on the discovery of disease pathogenesis and drug development. Conclusion To date, few reviews have discussed GABAA receptors in detail. Accordingly, this review aims to summarize the current understanding of the structural, physiological, and pharmacological properties of GABAARs, as well as shedding light on the most common associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ghit
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Dina Assal
- Department of Biotechnology, American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Al-Shami
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Diaa Eldin E Hussein
- Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Port of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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