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Pastene-Burgos S, Muñoz-Nuñez E, Quiroz-Carreño S, Pastene-Navarrete E, Espinoza Catalan L, Bustamante L, Alarcón-Enos J. Ceanothanes Derivatives as Peripheric Anionic Site and Catalytic Active Site Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase: Insights for Future Drug Design. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7303. [PMID: 39000410 PMCID: PMC11242892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a key role in the regulation of the cholinergic system and particularly in the formation of amyloid plaques; therefore, the inhibition of AChE has become one of the most promising strategies for the treatment of AD, particularly concerning AChE inhibitors that interact with the peripheral anionic site (PAS). Ceanothic acid isolated from the Chilean Rhamnaceae plants is an inhibitor of AChE through its interaction with PAS. In this study, six ceanothic acid derivatives were prepared, and all showed inhibitory activity against AChE. The structural modifications were performed starting from ceanothic acid by application of simple synthetic routes: esterification, reduction, and oxidation. AChE activity was determined by the Ellmann method for all compounds. Kinetic studies indicated that its inhibition was competitive and reversible. According to the molecular coupling and displacement studies of the propidium iodide test, the inhibitory effect of compounds would be produced by interaction with the PAS of AChE. In silico predictions of physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry friendliness of the ceanothane derivatives were performed using the Swiss ADME tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Pastene-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación Química y Biotecnología de Productos Naturales Bioactivos, Laboratorio de Síntesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (S.P.-B.); (E.M.-N.); (S.Q.-C.); (E.P.-N.)
| | - Evelyn Muñoz-Nuñez
- Grupo de Investigación Química y Biotecnología de Productos Naturales Bioactivos, Laboratorio de Síntesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (S.P.-B.); (E.M.-N.); (S.Q.-C.); (E.P.-N.)
| | - Soledad Quiroz-Carreño
- Grupo de Investigación Química y Biotecnología de Productos Naturales Bioactivos, Laboratorio de Síntesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (S.P.-B.); (E.M.-N.); (S.Q.-C.); (E.P.-N.)
| | - Edgar Pastene-Navarrete
- Grupo de Investigación Química y Biotecnología de Productos Naturales Bioactivos, Laboratorio de Síntesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (S.P.-B.); (E.M.-N.); (S.Q.-C.); (E.P.-N.)
| | - Luis Espinoza Catalan
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Luis Bustamante
- Departamento Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Julio Alarcón-Enos
- Grupo de Investigación Química y Biotecnología de Productos Naturales Bioactivos, Laboratorio de Síntesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (S.P.-B.); (E.M.-N.); (S.Q.-C.); (E.P.-N.)
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Li Z, Shi H. Study on the active ingredients of Shenghui decoction inhibiting acetylcholinesterase based on molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34909. [PMID: 37746985 PMCID: PMC10519482 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to investigate the mechanism and effective components of Shenghui decoction (SHD), which has been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) through molecular docking (MD) and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). The effective ingredients in SHD were collected through the TCMSP database and literature review. All components were docked with AChE using CDOCKER. Receptor ligand interaction analysis was performed for the optimal ligand. Two simulation models (model I and II) containing AChE and acetylcholine (ACh) were constructed, in which model II contained the best-docked ligand. Perform 90ns MDS on 2 models. After the simulation, the distance between ACh and AChE peripheral active sites were calculated in both models. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) curve of ligand and receptor, the radius of gyration (Rog) of the receptor, the distance between ligand center and binding site center, and the binding energy of ligand and receptor were calculated in model II. 98 ingredients of SHD were collected, and the best ligand was Tumulosic acid. The residues that form conventional hydrogen bonds between AChE and Tumulosic acid include Tyr132 and Glu201. MDS revealed that ACh could bind to AChE active site in model I. In model II, ACh cannot bind to the binding cavity because the ligand occupies the active site. The RMSD of AChE and Tumulosic acid tends to be stable, the Rog curve of AChE is relatively stable, and the distance between ligand and binding cavity does not fluctuate greatly, indicating that the structure of receptor and ligand is relatively stable. The binding energy of AChE and Tumulosic acid was -24.14 ± 2.46 kcal/mol. SHD contains many effective ingredients that may inhibit AChE activity. Tumulosic acid can occupy the binding site to prevent ACh from entering the chemical domain, thus exerting AChE inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heyuan Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Gnecco JS, Brown A, Buttrey K, Ives C, Goods BA, Baugh L, Hernandez-Gordillo V, Loring M, Isaacson KB, Griffith LG. Organoid co-culture model of the human endometrium in a fully synthetic extracellular matrix enables the study of epithelial-stromal crosstalk. MED 2023; 4:554-579.e9. [PMID: 37572651 PMCID: PMC10878405 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human endometrium undergoes recurring cycles of growth, differentiation, and breakdown in response to sex hormones. Dysregulation of epithelial-stromal communication during hormone-mediated signaling may be linked to myriad gynecological disorders for which treatments remain inadequate. Here, we describe a completely defined, synthetic extracellular matrix that enables co-culture of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells in a manner that captures healthy and disease states across a simulated menstrual cycle. METHODS We parsed cycle-dependent endometrial integrin expression and matrix composition to define candidate cell-matrix interaction cues for inclusion in a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel crosslinked with matrix metalloproteinase-labile peptides. We semi-empirically screened a parameter space of biophysical and molecular features representative of the endometrium to define compositions suitable for hormone-driven expansion and differentiation of epithelial organoids, stromal cells, and co-cultures of the two cell types. FINDINGS Each cell type exhibited characteristic morphological and molecular responses to hormone changes when co-encapsulated in hydrogels tuned to a stiffness regime similar to the native tissue and functionalized with a collagen-derived adhesion peptide (GFOGER) and a fibronectin-derived peptide (PHSRN-K-RGD). Analysis of cell-cell crosstalk during interleukin 1B (IL1B)-induced inflammation revealed dysregulation of epithelial proliferation mediated by stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we demonstrate the development of a fully synthetic matrix to sustain the dynamic changes of the endometrial microenvironment and support its applications to understand menstrual health and endometriotic diseases. FUNDING This work was supported by The John and Karine Begg Foundation, the Manton Foundation, and NIH U01 (EB029132).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Gnecco
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Alexander Brown
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kira Buttrey
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Clara Ives
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brittany A Goods
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Lauren Baugh
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Victor Hernandez-Gordillo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Megan Loring
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Newton Wellesley Hospital, 2014 Washington Street, Newton, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith B Isaacson
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Newton Wellesley Hospital, 2014 Washington Street, Newton, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Assessments of Ceanothanes Triterpenes as Cholinesterase Inhibitors: An Investigation of Potential Agents with Novel Inspiration for Drug Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070668. [PMID: 35888792 PMCID: PMC9318782 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory capacity of ceanothanes triterpenes isolate from Chilean Rhamnaceae on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Seven ceanothanes triterpenes were isolated from aerial parts of plant material by classical phytochemical methods or prepared by the hemisynthetic method. Structures were determined by the spectroscopic method (1H-NMR and 13C NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). AChE and BChE activity were determined by the Ellmann method for all compounds. All tested compounds exerted a greater affinity to AChE than to BChE, where compound 3 has an IC50 of 0.126 uM for AChE and of >500 uM to BChE. Kinetic studies indicated that its inhibition was competitive and reversible. According to the molecular coupling and displacement studies of the propidium iodide test, the inhibitory effect of compound 3 would be produced by interaction with the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. The compounds tested (1−7) showed an important inhibitory activity of AChE, binding to PAS. Therefore, inhibitors that bind to PAS would prevent the formation of the AChE-Aβ complex, constituting a new alternative in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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Atanasova M, Dimitrov I, Ivanov S, Georgiev B, Berkov S, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Doytchinova I. Virtual Screening and Hit Selection of Natural Compounds as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:3139. [PMID: 35630613 PMCID: PMC9145144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the classical targets in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibition of AChE slows down the hydrolysis of acetycholine and increases choline levels, improving the cognitive function. The achieved success of plant-based natural drugs acting as AChE inhibitors, such as galantamine (GAL) from Galanthus genus and huperzine A from Huperzia serrate (approved drug in China), in the treatment of AD, and the fact that natural compounds (NCs) are considered as safer and less toxic compared to synthetic drugs, led us to screen the available NCs (almost 150,000) in the ZINC12 database for AChE inhibitory activity. The compounds were screened virtually by molecular docking, filtered for suitable ADME properties, and 32 ligands from 23 structural groups were selected. The stability of the complexes was estimated via 1 μs molecular dynamics simulation. Ten compounds formed stable complexes with the enzyme and had a vendor and a reasonable price per mg. They were tested for AChE inhibitory and antioxidant activity. Five compounds showed weak AChE inhibition and three of them exhibited high antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyana Atanasova
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.D.); (S.I.); (D.Z.-D.); (I.D.)
| | - Ivan Dimitrov
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.D.); (S.I.); (D.Z.-D.); (I.D.)
| | - Stefan Ivanov
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.D.); (S.I.); (D.Z.-D.); (I.D.)
- Redesign Science, 180 Varick St, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Borislav Georgiev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Strahil Berkov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.D.); (S.I.); (D.Z.-D.); (I.D.)
| | - Irini Doytchinova
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.D.); (S.I.); (D.Z.-D.); (I.D.)
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6
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Below CR, Kelly J, Brown A, Humphries JD, Hutton C, Xu J, Lee BY, Cintas C, Zhang X, Hernandez-Gordillo V, Stockdale L, Goldsworthy MA, Geraghty J, Foster L, O'Reilly DA, Schedding B, Askari J, Burns J, Hodson N, Smith DL, Lally C, Ashton G, Knight D, Mironov A, Banyard A, Eble JA, Morton JP, Humphries MJ, Griffith LG, Jørgensen C. A microenvironment-inspired synthetic three-dimensional model for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoids. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:110-119. [PMID: 34518665 PMCID: PMC7612137 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Experimental in vitro models that capture pathophysiological characteristics of human tumours are essential for basic and translational cancer biology. Here, we describe a fully synthetic hydrogel extracellular matrix designed to elicit key phenotypic traits of the pancreatic environment in culture. To enable the growth of normal and cancerous pancreatic organoids from genetically engineered murine models and human patients, essential adhesive cues were empirically defined and replicated in the hydrogel scaffold, revealing a functional role of laminin-integrin α3/α6 signalling in establishment and survival of pancreatic organoids. Altered tissue stiffness-a hallmark of pancreatic cancer-was recapitulated in culture by adjusting the hydrogel properties to engage mechano-sensing pathways and alter organoid growth. Pancreatic stromal cells were readily incorporated into the hydrogels and replicated phenotypic traits characteristic of the tumour environment in vivo. This model therefore recapitulates a pathologically remodelled tumour microenvironment for studies of normal and pancreatic cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Below
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanna Kelly
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander Brown
- Centre for Gynepathology Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Life Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin Hutton
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jingshu Xu
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian Y Lee
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Celia Cintas
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Victor Hernandez-Gordillo
- Centre for Gynepathology Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Linda Stockdale
- Centre for Gynepathology Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Schedding
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Janet Askari
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jessica Burns
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel Hodson
- BioAFM Laboratory, Bioimaging Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine Lally
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Garry Ashton
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Knight
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonia Banyard
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Centre for Gynepathology Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Claus Jørgensen
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Tomaszewski CE, DiLillo KM, Baker BM, Arnold KB, Shikanov A. Sequestered cell-secreted extracellular matrix proteins improve murine folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation for fertility preservation. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:313-324. [PMID: 33766798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic matrices offer a high degree of control and tunability for mimicking extracellular matrix functions of native tissue, allowing the study of disease and development in vitro. In this study, we functionalized degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with extracellular matrix (ECM)-sequestering peptides aiming to recapitulate the native ECM composition for culture and maturation of ovarian follicular organoids. We hypothesized that ECM-sequestering peptides would facilitate deposition and retention of cell-secreted ECM molecules, thereby recreating cell-matrix interactions in otherwise bioinert PEG hydrogels. Specifically, heparin-binding peptide from antithrombin III (HBP), heparan sulfate binding peptide derived from laminin (AG73), basement membrane binder peptide (BMB), and heparan sulfate binding region of placental growth factor 2 (RRR) tethered to a PEG hydrogel significantly improved follicle survival, growth and maturation compared to PEG-Cys, a mechanically similar but biologically inert control. Immunohistochemical analysis of the hydrogel surrounding cultured follicles confirmed sequestration and retention of laminin, collagen I, perlecan, and fibronectin in ECM-sequestering hydrogels but not in bioinert PEG-Cys hydrogels. The media from follicles cultured in PEG-AG73, PEG-BMB, and PEG-RRR also had significantly higher concentrations of factors known to regulate follicle development compared to PEG-Cys. PEG-AG73 and PEG-BMB were the most beneficial for promoting follicle maturation, likely because AG73 and BMB mimic basement membrane interactions which are crucial for follicle development. Here we have shown that functionalizing PEG with ECM-sequestering peptides allows cell-secreted ECM to be retained within the hydrogels, restoring critical cell-matrix interactions and promoting healthy organoid development in a fully synthetic culture system. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Here we present a novel approach for sequestering and retaining cell-secreted extracellular matrix in a fully synthetic material for organoid culture. We have engineered a biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel functionalized with extracellular matrix-binding peptides to recapitulate the ovarian microenvironment. Incorporation of these peptides allows ovarian follicles to recreate their native matrix with the sequestered ECM that subsequently binds growth factors, facilitating follicle maturation. The novel design resulted in improved outcomes of folliculogenesis, potentially developing a fertility preservation option for young women undergoing sterilizing treatments for cancer. The fully synthetic and modular nature of this biomimetic material holds promise for other tissue engineering applications as it allows encapsulated cells to rebuild their native microenvironments in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Tomaszewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Katarina M DiLillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Kelly B Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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8
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Lazarova MI, Tsekova DS, Tancheva LP, Kirilov KT, Uzunova DN, Vezenkov LT, Tsvetanova ER, Alexandrova AV, Georgieva AP, Gavrilova PT, Dragomanova ST, Papazova MG, Handzhiyski YS, Kalfin RE. New Galantamine Derivatives with Inhibitory Effect on Acetylcholinesterase Activity. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1211-1220. [PMID: 34420968 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are used to treat many disorders, among which are neurodegenerative upsets, like Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the limited licensed AChE inhibitors (AChEIs) used as drugs is the natural compound galantamine (Gal). OBJECTIVE As Gal is a toxic compound, here we expose data about its four derivatives in hybrid peptide-norgalantamine molecules, which have shown 100 times lower toxicity. METHODS Four newly synthesized galantamine derivatives have been involved in docking analysis made by Molegro Virtual Docker. Biological assessments were performed on ICR male mice. The change in short and long-term memory performance was evaluated by passive avoidance test. AChE activity and levels of main oxidative stress parameters: lipid peroxidation, total glutathione (GSH), enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were measured in brain homogenates. RESULTS Our experimental data revealed that the new hybrid molecules did not impair memory performance in healthy mice. Two of the compounds demonstrated better than Gal AChE inhibitory activity in the brain. None of them changed the level of lipid peroxidation products, one of the compounds increased GSH levels, and all of them increased CAT enzyme activity. CONCLUSION The new galantamine-peptide hybrids demonstrated a potential for inhibition of AChE and antioxidant activity and deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Lazarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela S Tsekova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubka P Tancheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kiril T Kirilov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diamara N Uzunova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir T Vezenkov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elina R Tsvetanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Almira P Georgieva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petja T Gavrilova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Maria G Papazova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Reni E Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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9
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Luo X, Lauwers M, Layer PG, Wen C. Non-neuronal Role of Acetylcholinesterase in Bone Development and Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620543. [PMID: 33585459 PMCID: PMC7876280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme catalyzing the degradation of acetylcholine, plays an important suppressive role in the cholinergic regulation by terminating the action of acetylcholine. The expression of acetylcholinesterase and other cholinergic components is not restricted to only brain and nerve tissues but can also be found in non-neuronal tissues like the immune system and bone tissue. Primary identification of these components has been achieved. However, the information about their specific functions and underlying molecular mechanisms in bone remains scattered. Here, the physiological process of bone development, homeostasis, and degeneration are introduced. Next, the cholinergic system and its expression in bone tissue is documented. Among them, special attention goes to AChE, as the structure of this enzyme suggests diverse binding affinities, enabled by a peripheral site and a catalytic site. The peripheral site supports the non-enzymatic function of AChE in non-neuronal systems. Based on recent studies, the non-neuronal roles of acetylcholinesterase, both enzymatically and non-enzymatically, in bone development, homeostasis and degeneration are summarized briefly together with potential mechanisms to support these functions. We conclude that AChE may be a potential therapeutic target for bone diseases like osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marianne Lauwers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul G Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chunyi Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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10
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The multiple biological roles of the cholinesterases. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 162:41-56. [PMID: 33307019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is tacitly assumed that the biological role of acetylcholinesterase is termination of synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses. However, together with its structural homolog, butyrylcholinesterase, it is widely distributed both within and outside the nervous system, and, in many cases, the role of both enzymes remains obscure. The transient appearance of the cholinesterases in embryonic tissues is especially enigmatic. The two enzymes' extra-synaptic roles, which are known as 'non-classical' roles, are the topic of this review. Strong evidence has been presented that AChE and BChE play morphogenetic roles in a variety of eukaryotic systems, and they do so either by acting as adhesion proteins, or as trophic factors. As trophic factors, one mode of action is to directly regulate morphogenesis, such as neurite outgrowth, by poorly understood mechanisms. The other mode is by regulating levels of acetylcholine, which acts as the direct trophic factor. Alternate substrates have been sought for the cholinesterases. Quite recently, it was shown that levels of the aggression hormone, ghrelin, which also controls appetite, are regulated by butyrylcholinesterase. The rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase generates high local proton concentrations. The possible biophysical and biological consequences of this effect are discussed. The biological significance of the acetylcholinesterases secreted by parasitic nematodes is reviewed, and, finally, the involvement of acetylcholinesterase in apoptosis is considered.
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11
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Liu QP, Zhang X, Qin YZ, Yi JL, Li JM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition ameliorates retinal neovascularization and glial activation in oxygen-induced retinopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1361-1367. [PMID: 32953572 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.09.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by donepezil ameliorate aberrant retinal neovascularization (RNV) and abnormal glial activation in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). METHODS A mouse model of RNV was induced in postnatal day 7 (P7) mice by exposure to 75% oxygen. Donepezil was administrated to P12 mice by intraperitoneal injection. Expression and localization of AChE in mouse retinas were determined by immunofluorescence. RNV was evaluated by paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Activation of retinal Müller glial cells were examined by immunoblot of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). rMC-1, a retinal Müller cell line, was used for in vitro study. Expression of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by Western-blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunostaining. RESULTS Aberrant RNV and glial activation was observed after OIR. Of note, retinal AChE was mainly expressed by retinal Müller glial cells and markedly increased in OIR mice. Systemic administration of donepezil significantly reduced RNV and abnormal glial activation in mice with OIR. Moreover, ischemia-induced HIF-1α accumulation and VEGF upregulation in OIR mouse retinas and cultured rMC-1 were significantly inhibited by donepezil intervention. CONCLUSION AchE is implicated in RNV with OIR. Inhibition of AChE by donepeizl is likely to be a potential therapeutic approach for retinal neovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ping Liu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Lin Yi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Ming Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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12
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Brown A, He H, Trumper E, Valdez J, Hammond P, Griffith LG. Engineering PEG-based hydrogels to foster efficient endothelial network formation in free-swelling and confined microenvironments. Biomaterials 2020; 243:119921. [PMID: 32172030 PMCID: PMC7203641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro tissue engineered models are poised to have significant impact on disease modeling and preclinical drug development. Reliable methods to induce microvascular networks in such microphysiological systems are needed to improve the size and physiological function of these models. By systematically engineering several physical and biomolecular properties of the cellular microenvironment (including crosslinking density, polymer density, adhesion ligand concentration, and degradability), we establish design principles that describe how synthetic matrix properties influence vascular morphogenesis in modular and tunable hydrogels based on commercial 8-arm poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG8a) macromers. We apply these design principles to generate endothelial networks that exhibit consistent morphology throughout depths of hydrogel greater than 1 mm. These PEG8a-based hydrogels have relatively high volumetric swelling ratios (>1.5), which limits their utility in confined environments such as microfluidic devices. To overcome this limitation, we mitigate swelling by incorporating a highly functional PEG-grafted alpha-helical poly (propargyl-l-glutamate) (PPLGgPEG) macromer along with the canonical 8-arm PEG8a macromer in gel formation. This hydrogel platform supports enhanced endothelial morphogenesis in neutral-swelling environments. Finally, we incorporate PEG8a-PPLGgPEG gels into microfluidic devices and demonstrate improved diffusion kinetics and microvascular network formation in situ compared to PEG8a-based gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Brown
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hongkun He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ella Trumper
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jorge Valdez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paula Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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13
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Hernandez-Gordillo V, Kassis T, Lampejo A, Choi G, Gamboa ME, Gnecco JS, Brown A, Breault DT, Carrier R, Griffith LG. Fully synthetic matrices for in vitro culture of primary human intestinal enteroids and endometrial organoids. Biomaterials 2020; 254:120125. [PMID: 32502894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial organoids derived from human donor tissues are important tools in fields ranging from regenerative medicine to drug discovery. Organoid culture requires expansion of stem/progenitor cells in Matrigel, a tumor-derived extracellular matrix (ECM). An alternative completely synthetic ECM could improve reproducibility, clarify mechanistic phenomena, and enable human implantation of organoids. We designed synthetic ECMs with tunable biomolecular and biophysical properties to identify gel compositions supporting human tissue-derived stem/progenitor epithelial cells as enteroids and organoids starting with single cells rather than tissue fragments. The synthetic ECMs consist of 8-arm PEG-macromers modified with ECM-binding peptides and different combinations of integrin-binding peptides, crosslinked with peptides susceptible to matrix metalloprotease (MMP) degradation, and tuned to exhibit a range of biophysical properties. A gel containing an α2β1 integrin-binding peptide (GFOGER) and matrix binder peptides grafted to a 20 kDa 8-arm PEG macromer showed the most robust support of human duodenal and colon enteroids and endometrial organoids. In this synthetic ECM, human intestinal enteroids and endometrial organoids emerge from single cells and show cell-specific and apicobasal polarity markers upon differentiation. Intestinal enteroids, in addition, retain their proliferative capacity, are functionally responsive to basolateral stimulation, express canonical markers of intestinal crypt cells including Paneth cells, and can be serially passaged. The success of this synthetic ECM in supporting human postnatal organoid culture from multiple different donors and from both the intestine and endometrium suggests it may be broadly useful for other epithelial organoid culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hernandez-Gordillo
- Center for Gynepathology Research and Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Timothy Kassis
- Center for Gynepathology Research and Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Arinola Lampejo
- Center for Gynepathology Research and Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - GiHun Choi
- Center for Gynepathology Research and Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mario E Gamboa
- Center for Gynepathology Research and Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Juan S Gnecco
- Center for Gynepathology Research and Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Brown
- Center for Gynepathology Research and Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 208 Lake Hall, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Center for Gynepathology Research and Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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14
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Spieker J, Frieß JL, Sperling L, Thangaraj G, Vogel-Höpker A, Layer PG. Cholinergic control of bone development and beyond. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106405. [PMID: 32208165 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that cholinergic actions affect the health status of bones in vertebrates including man. Nicotine smoking, but also exposure to pesticides or medical drugs point to the significance of cholinergic effects on bone status, as reviewed here in Introduction. Then, we outline processes of endochondral ossification, and review respective cholinergic actions. In Results, we briefly summarize our in vivo and in vitro studies on bone development of chick and mouse [1,2], including (i) expressions of cholinergic components (AChE, BChE, ChAT) in chick embryo, (ii) characterisation of defects during skeletogenesis in prenatal ChE knockout mice, (iii) loss-of-function experiments with beads soaked in cholinergic components and implanted into chicken limb buds, and finally (iv) we use an in vitro mesenchymal 3D-micromass model that mimics cartilage and bone formation, which also had revealed complex crosstalks between cholinergic, radiation and inflammatory mechanisms [3]. In Discussion, we evaluate non-cholinergic actions of cholinesterases during bone formation by considering: (i) how cholinesterases could function in adhesive mechanisms; (ii) whether and how cholinesterases can form bone-regulatory complexes with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or ECM components, which could regulate cell division, migration and adhesion. We conclude that cholinergic actions in bone development are driven mainly by classic cholinergic, but non-neural cycles (e.g., by acetylcholine); in addition, both cholinesterases can exert distinct ACh-independent roles. Considering their tremendous medical impact, these results bring forward novel research directions that deserve to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Spieker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johannes L Frieß
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Sperling
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gopenath Thangaraj
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Astrid Vogel-Höpker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul G Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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15
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Ma J, Si T, Yan C, Li Y, Li Q, Lu X, Guo Y. Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Evaluating Acetylcholinesterase Activity in PC12 Cells and In Situ Tracing AChE Distribution in Zebrafish. ACS Sens 2020; 5:83-92. [PMID: 31875385 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays crucial roles in numerous physiological processes such as cell differentiation, cell apoptosis, and nerve tissue developments. Hence, it is highly necessary to design a fluorescent probe for monitoring AChE activity in complex living organisms. In this work, a near-infrared (NIR) off-on probe (CyN) was developed for AChE detection. CyN was exactly synthesized by introducing an N,N-dimethyl carbamyl moiety to hemicyanine (CyOH). AChE can "light up" strong NIR fluorescence through a cleavage special ester bond and transform CyN into CyOH. Moreover, CyN was qualified for imaging the dynamic change of AChE activity in PC12 cells with retinoic acid or hypoxia stimulation. In particular, the probe has been successfully applied for in situ tracing the intact distribution of AChE in living zebrafish. The observations indicate that major occurrence sites of endogenic AChE on zebrafish are the yolk sac and neuromasts. Overall, CyN shows great potential for use in AChE-related physiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Si
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, P. R. China
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16
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Cook CD, Hill AS, Guo M, Stockdale L, Papps JP, Isaacson KB, Lauffenburger DA, Griffith LG. Local remodeling of synthetic extracellular matrix microenvironments by co-cultured endometrial epithelial and stromal cells enables long-term dynamic physiological function. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:271-289. [PMID: 28317948 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal barrier tissues, comprising a layer of tightly-bonded epithelial cells in intimate molecular communication with an underlying matrix-rich stroma containing fibroblasts and immune cells, are prominent targets for drugs against infection, chronic inflammation, and other disease processes. Although human in vitro models of such barriers are needed for mechanistic studies and drug development, differences in extracellular matrix (ECM) needs of epithelial and stromal cells hinder efforts to create such models. Here, using the endometrium as an example mucosal barrier, we describe a synthetic, modular ECM hydrogel suitable for 3D functional co-culture, featuring components that can be remodeled by cells and that respond dynamically to sequester local cell-secreted ECM characteristic of each cell type. The synthetic hydrogel combines peptides with off-the-shelf reagents and is thus accessible to cell biology labs. Specifically, we first identified a single peptide as suitable for initial attachment of both endometrial epithelial and stromal cells using a 2D semi-empirical screen. Then, using a co-culture system of epithelial cells cultured on top of gel-encapsulated stromal cells, we show that inclusion of ECM-binding peptides in the hydrogel, along with the integrin-binding peptide, leads to enhanced accumulation of basement membrane beneath the epithelial layer and more fibrillar collagen matrix assembly by stromal cells over two weeks in culture. Importantly, endometrial co-cultures composed of either cell lines or primary cells displayed hormone-mediated differentiation as assessed by morphological changes and secretory protein production. A multiplex analysis of apical cytokine and growth factor secretion comparing cell lines and primary cells revealed strikingly different patterns, underscoring the importance of using primary cell models in analysis of cell-cell communication networks. In summary, we define a "one-size-fits-all" synthetic ECM that enables long-term, physiologically responsive co-cultures of epithelial and stromal cells in a mucosal barrier format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi D Cook
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Dafferner AJ, Schopfer LM, Xiao G, Cashman JR, Yerramalla U, Johnson RC, Blake TA, Lockridge O. Immunopurification of Acetylcholinesterase from Red Blood Cells for Detection of Nerve Agent Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1897-1910. [PMID: 28892361 PMCID: PMC5646370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Nerve agents and
organophosphorus pesticides make a covalent bond
with the active site serine of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting
in inhibition of AChE activity and toxic symptoms. AChE in red blood
cells (RBCs) serves as a surrogate for AChE in the nervous system.
Mass spectrometry analysis of adducts on RBC AChE could provide evidence
of exposure. Our goal was to develop a method of immunopurifying human
RBC AChE in quantities adequate for detecting exposure by mass spectrometry.
For this purpose, we immobilized 3 commercially available anti-human
acetylcholinesterase monoclonal antibodies (AE-1, AE-2, and HR2) plus
3 new monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies were characterized
for binding affinity, epitope mapping by pairing analysis, and nucleotide
and amino acid sequences. AChE was solubilized from frozen RBCs with
1% (v/v) Triton X-100. A 16 mL sample containing 5.8 μg of RBC
AChE was treated with a quantity of soman model compound that inhibited
50% of the AChE activity. Native and soman-inhibited RBC AChE samples
were immunopurified on antibody–Sepharose beads. The immunopurified
RBC AChE was digested with pepsin and analyzed by liquid chromatography
tandem mass spectrometry on a 6600 Triple-TOF mass spectrometer. The
aged soman-modified PheGlyGluSerAlaGlyAlaAlaSer (FGESAGAAS) peptide
was detected using a targeted analysis method. It was concluded that
all 6 monoclonal antibodies could be used to immunopurify RBC AChE
and that exposure to nerve agents could be detected as adducts on
the active site serine of RBC AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Dafferner
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Gaoping Xiao
- Syd Labs, Inc , Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute , 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Udaya Yerramalla
- Precision Antibody , 91330 Red Branch Rd, Columbia, Maryland 21045, United States
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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18
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Pickett MA, Dush MK, Nascone-Yoder NM. Acetylcholinesterase plays a non-neuronal, non-esterase role in organogenesis. Development 2017; 144:2764-2770. [PMID: 28684626 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is crucial for degrading acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. In vitro studies suggest that, in addition to its role in nervous system signaling, AChE can also modulate non-neuronal cell properties, although it remains controversial whether AChE functions in this capacity in vivo Here, we show that AChE plays an essential non-classical role in vertebrate gut morphogenesis. Exposure of Xenopus embryos to AChE-inhibiting chemicals results in severe defects in intestinal development. Tissue-targeted loss-of-function assays (via microinjection of antisense morpholino or CRISPR-Cas9) confirm that AChE is specifically required in the gut endoderm tissue, a non-neuronal cell population, where it mediates adhesion to fibronectin and regulates cell rearrangement events that drive gut lengthening and digestive epithelial morphogenesis. Notably, the classical esterase activity of AChE is dispensable for this activity. As AChE is deeply conserved, widely expressed outside of the nervous system, and the target of many environmental chemicals, these results have wide-reaching implications for development and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pickett
- Department of Biology, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Michael K Dush
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nanette M Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Biology, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA .,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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19
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Stavrakov G, Philipova I, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Valkova I, Salamanova E, Konstantinov S, Doytchinova I. Docking-based design and synthesis of galantamine-camphane hybrids as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:709-718. [PMID: 28374576 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Galantamine (GAL) as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) is among the main drugs approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It fits perfectly into acetylcholinesterase (AChE) binding gorge, but it is too short to fill it. The amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide binds in the peripheral anionic site (PAS) at the entrance of the binding gorge of AChE and initiates the formation of amyloid plaques. The blockade of PAS prevents from AChE-induced Aβ aggregation. In this study, we describe the design of a series of galantamine-camphane hybrids as AChEIs. Camphane (CAM) is a bulky fragment that disposes well on the wide gorge entrance. The designed hybrids have linkers of different length. They were docked into AChE, and the highest scored compounds were synthesized and tested for AChE inhibitory activity. Some of the novel hybrids showed 191- and 369-fold better inhibition than GAL. The CAM fragment of the best binders fits in the same region, proximal to PAS, where the Ω-loop of Aβ binds to AChE. The hybrids cross blood-brain barrier by passive diffusion and are non-neurotoxic at the inhibitory concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Stavrakov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irena Philipova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Iva Valkova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Evdokiya Salamanova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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20
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Stavrakov G, Philipova I, Zheleva D, Atanasova M, Konstantinov S, Doytchinova I. Docking-based Design of Galantamine Derivatives with Dual-site Binding to Acetylcholinesterase. Mol Inform 2016; 35:278-85. [PMID: 27492242 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201600041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase is a key target in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because of its ability to hydrolyze acetylcholine via the catalytic binding site and to accelerate the aggregation of amyloid-β peptide via the peripheral anionic site (PAS). Using docking-based predictions, in the present study we design 20 novel galantamine derivatives with alkylamide spacers of different length ending with aromatic fragments. The galantamine moiety blocks the catalytic site, while the terminal aromatic fragments bind in PAS. The best predicted compounds are synthesized and tested for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The experimental results confirm the predictions and show that the heptylamide spacer is of optimal length to bridge the galantamine moiety bound in the catalytic site and the aromatic fragments interacting with PAS. Among the tested terminal aromatic fragments, the phenethyl substituent is the most suitable for binding in PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Stavrakov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irena Philipova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str. 9, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitrina Zheleva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariyana Atanasova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Spiro Konstantinov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irini Doytchinova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Hebda M, Bajda M, Więckowska A, Szałaj N, Pasieka A, Panek D, Godyń J, Wichur T, Knez D, Gobec S, Malawska B. Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Biological Evaluation of Novel Heterodimeric, Multiple Ligands Targeting Cholinesterases and Amyloid Beta. Molecules 2016; 21:410. [PMID: 27023510 PMCID: PMC6273065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases and amyloid beta are one of the major biological targets in the search for a new and efficacious treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The study describes synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new compounds designed as dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Among the synthesized compounds, two deserve special attention--compounds 42 and 13. The former is a saccharin derivative and the most potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (EeAChE IC50 = 70 nM). Isoindoline-1,3-dione derivative 13 displays balanced inhibitory potency against acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (EeAChE IC50 = 0.76 μM, EqBuChE IC50 = 0.618 μM), and it inhibits amyloid beta aggregation (35.8% at 10 μM). Kinetic studies show that the developed compounds act as mixed or non-competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. According to molecular modelling studies, they are able to interact with both catalytic and peripheral active sites of the acetylcholinesterase. Their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was confirmed in vitro in the parallel artificial membrane permeability BBB assay. These compounds can be used as a solid starting point for further development of novel multifunctional ligands as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Hebda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Natalia Szałaj
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Anna Pasieka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Dawid Panek
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Justyna Godyń
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wichur
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Damijan Knez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
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Galantamine derivatives with indole moiety: Docking, design, synthesis and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5382-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Molecular Docking Study on Galantamine Derivatives as Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Mol Inform 2015; 34:394-403. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Laminin- and basement membrane-polycaprolactone blend nanofibers as a scaffold for regenerative medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:1-12. [PMID: 27570767 PMCID: PMC4999083 DOI: 10.2478/nanome-2014-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking one or more components of the basement membrane (BM) holds great promise for overcoming insufficiencies in tissue engineering therapies. We have electrospun laminin nanofibers (NFs) isolated from the murine Engelbreth-Holm Swarm (EHS) tumor and evaluated them as a scaffold for embryonic stem cell culture. Seeded human embryonic stem cells were found to better maintain their undifferentiated, colony environment when cultured on laminin NFs compared to laminin mats, with 75% remaining undifferentiated on NFs. Mouse embryonic stem cells cultured on 10% laminin-polycaprolactone (PCL) NFs maintained their colony formation for twice as long without passage compared to those on PCL or gelatin substrates. In addition, we have established a protocol for electrospinning reconstituted basement membrane aligned (RBM)-PCL NFs within 10° of angular deviation. Neuron-like PC12 cells show significantly greater attachment (p < 0.001) and percentage of neurite-extending cells in vitro on 10% RBM-PCL NFs when compared to 1% and 0% RBM-PCL NFs (p < 0.015 and p < 0.001, respectively). Together, these results implicate laminin- and RBM-PCL scaffolds as a promising biomimetic substrate for regenerative medicine applications.
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Regeneration of Aplysia bag cell neurons is synergistically enhanced by substrate-bound hemolymph proteins and laminin. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4617. [PMID: 24722588 PMCID: PMC3983596 DOI: 10.1038/srep04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated Aplysia hemolymph as a source of endogenous factors to promote regeneration of bag cell neurons. We describe a novel synergistic effect between substrate-bound hemolymph proteins and laminin. This combination increased outgrowth and branching relative to either laminin or hemolymph alone. Notably, the addition of hemolymph to laminin substrates accelerated growth cone migration rate over ten-fold. Our results indicate that the active factor is either a high molecular weight protein or protein complex and is not the respiratory protein hemocyanin. Substrate-bound factor(s) from central nervous system-conditioned media also had a synergistic effect with laminin, suggesting a possible cooperation between humoral proteins and nervous system extracellular matrix. Further molecular characterization of active factors and their cellular targets is warranted on account of the magnitude of the effects reported here and their potential relevance for nervous system repair.
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26
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The neuroligins and their ligands: from structure to function at the synapse. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:387-96. [PMID: 24497299 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuroligins are cell adhesion proteins whose extracellular domain belongs to the α/β-hydrolase fold family of proteins, mainly containing enzymes and exemplified by acetylcholinesterase. The ectodomain of postsynaptic neuroligins interacts through a calcium ion with the ectodomain of presynaptic neurexins to form flexible trans-synaptic associations characterized by selectivity for neuroligin or neurexin subtypes. This heterophilic interaction, essential for synaptic differentiation, maturation, and maintenance, is regulated by gene selection, alternative mRNA splicing, and posttranslational modifications. Mutations leading to deficiencies in the expression, folding, maturation, and binding properties of either partner are associated with autism spectrum disorders. The currently available structural and functional data illustrate how these two families of cell adhesion molecules bridge the synaptic cleft to participate in synapse plasticity and support its dynamic nature. Neuroligin partners distinct from the neurexins, and which may undergo either trans or cis interaction, have also been described, and tridimensional structures of some of them are available. Our study emphasizes the partnership versatility of the neuroligin ectodomain associated with molecular flexibility and alternative binding sites, proposes homology models of the structurally non-characterized neuroligin partners, and exemplifies the large structural variability at the surface of the α/β-hydrolase fold subunit. This study also provides new insights into possible surface binding sites associated with non-catalytic properties of the acetylcholinesterase subunit.
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Greig NH, Reale M, Tata AM. New pharmacological approaches to the cholinergic system: an overview on muscarinic receptor ligands and cholinesterase inhibitors. RECENT PATENTS ON CNS DRUG DISCOVERY 2013; 8:123-41. [PMID: 23597304 PMCID: PMC5831731 DOI: 10.2174/1574889811308020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system is expressed in neuronal and in non-neuronal tissues. Acetylcholine (ACh), synthesized in and out of the nervous system can locally contribute to modulation of various cell functions (e.g. survival, proliferation). Considering that the cholinergic system and its functions are impaired in a number of disorders, the identification of new pharmacological approaches to regulate cholinergic system components appears of great relevance. The present review focuses on recent pharmacological drugs able to modulate the activity of cholinergic receptors and thereby, cholinergic function, with an emphasis on the muscarinic receptor subtype, and additionally covers the cholinesterases, the main enzymes involved in ACh hydrolysis. The presence and function of muscarinic receptor subtypes both in neuronal and non-neuronal cells has been demonstrated using extensive pharmacological data emerging from studies on transgenic mice. The possible involvement of ACh in different pathologies has been proposed in recent years and is becoming an important area of study. Although the lack of selective muscarinic receptor ligands has for a long time limited the definition of therapeutic treatment based on muscarinic receptors as targets, some muscarinic ligands such as cevimeline (patents US4855290; US5571918) or xanomeline (patent, US5980933) have been developed and used in pre-clinical or in clinical studies for the treatment of nervous system diseases (Alzheimer' and Sjogren's diseases). The present review focuses on the potential implications of muscarinic receptors in different pathologies, including tumors. Moreover, the future use of muscarinic ligands in therapeutic protocols in cancer therapy will be discussed, considering that some muscarinic antagonists currently used in the treatment of genitourinary disease (e.g. darifenacin, patent, US5096890; US6106864) have also been demonstrated to arrest tumor progression in nude mice. The involvement of muscarinic receptors in nociception also is over-viewed. In fact, muscarinic agonists such as vedaclidine, CMI-936 and CMI-1145 have been demonstrated to have analgesic effects in animal models comparable or more pronounced to those produced by morphine or opiates. Likewise, the crucial role of cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase and butirylcholinesterase) in neural transmission is discussed, as large number of drugs inhibiting cholinesterase activity have become of increasing relevance particularly for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Herein we summarize the current knowledge of the cholinesterase inhibitors with particular attention to recent patents for Alzheimer's disease drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Dept. of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Research Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Roma, Italy
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Sperling LE, Klaczinski J, Schütz C, Rudolph L, Layer PG. Mouse acetylcholinesterase enhances neurite outgrowth of rat R28 cells through interaction with laminin-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36683. [PMID: 22570738 PMCID: PMC3343015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminates synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, but can also exert 'non-classical', morpho-regulatory effects on developing neurons such as stimulation of neurite outgrowth. Here, we investigated the role of AChE binding to laminin-1 on the regulation of neurite outgrowth by using cell culture, immunocytochemistry, and molecular biological approaches. To explore the role of AChE, we examined fiber growth of cells overexpressing different forms of AChE, and/or during their growth on laminin-1. A significant increase of neuritic growth as compared with controls was observed for neurons over-expressing AChE. Accordingly, addition of globular AChE to the medium increased total length of neurites. Co-transfection with PRIMA, a membrane anchor of AChE, led to an increase in fiber length similar to AChE overexpressing cells. Transfection with an AChE mutant that leads to the retention of AChE within cells had no stimulatory effect on neurite length. Noticeably, the longest neurites were produced by neurons overexpressing AChE and growing on laminin-1, suggesting that the AChE/laminin interaction is involved in regulating neurite outgrowth. Our findings demonstrate that binding of AChE to laminin-1 alters AChE activity and leads to increased neurite growth in culture. A possible mechanism of the AChE effect on neurite outgrowth is proposed due to the interaction of AChE with laminin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Sperling
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurogenetik, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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29
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang T, Hu X, Hui X, Yan M, Gao Q, Chen T, Li J, Yao M, Wan D, Gu J, Fan J, He X. Acetylcholinesterase, a key prognostic predictor for hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses cell growth and induces chemosensitization. Hepatology 2011; 53:493-503. [PMID: 21274871 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) plays important roles in the cholinergic system, and its dysregulation is involved in a variety of human diseases. However, the roles and implications of ACHE in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that ACHE was significantly down-regulated in the cancerous tissues of 69.2% of HCC patients, and the low ACHE expression in HCC was correlated with tumor aggressiveness, an elevated risk of postoperative recurrence, and a low survival rate. Both the recombinant ACHE protein and the enhanced expression of ACHE significantly inhibited HCC cell growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Further study showed that ACHE suppressed cell proliferation via its enzymatic activity of acetylcholine catalysis and degradation. Moreover, ACHE could inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidyl inositol-3'-phosphate kinase/protein kinase B pathways in HCC cells and thereby increase the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and lead to β-catenin degradation and cyclin D1 suppression. In addition, increased ACHE expression could remarkably sensitize HCC cells to chemotherapeutic drugs (i.e., adriamycin and etoposide). CONCLUSION For the first time, we describe the function of ACHE as a tumor growth suppressor in regulating cell proliferation, the relevant signaling pathways, and the drug sensitivity of HCC cells. ACHE is a promising independent prognostic predictor for HCC recurrence and the survival of HCC patients. These findings provide new insights into potential strategies for drug discovery and improved HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zhao
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Mor I, Bruck T, Greenberg D, Berson A, Schreiber L, Grisaru D, Soreq H. Alternate AChE-R variants facilitate cellular metabolic activity and resistance to genotoxic stress through enolase and RACK1 interactions. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 175:11-21. [PMID: 18572152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumorogenic transformation is a multifaceted cellular process involving combinatorial protein-protein interactions that modulate different cellular functions. Here, we report apparent involvement in two independent tumorogenic processes by distinct partner protein interactions of the stress-induced acetylcholinesterase AChE-R and N-AChE-R variants. Human testicular tumors showed elevated levels of N-terminally extended N-AChE-R compared with healthy tissue, indicating alternate promoter usage in the transformed cells. Two-hybrid screens demonstrate that the C-terminus common to both N-AChE-R and AChE-R interacts either with the glycolytic enzyme enolase or with the scaffold protein RACK1. In vitro, the AChE-R C-terminal peptide ARP elevated enolase's activity by 12%, suggesting physiological relevance for this interaction. Correspondingly, CHO cells expressing either human AChE-R or N-AChE-R but not AChE-S showed a 25% increase in cellular ATP levels, indicating metabolic significance for this upregulation of enolase activity. ATP levels could be reduced by AChE-targeted siRNA in CHO cells expressing AChE-R but not AChE-S, attributing this elevation to the AChE-R C-terminus. Additionally, transfected CHO cells expressing AChE-R but not N-AChE-R showed resistance to up to 60 microM of the common chemotherapeutic agent, cis-platinum, indicating AChE-R involvement in another molecular pathway. cis-Platinum elevates the expression of the apoptosis-regulator p53-like protein, p73, which is inactivated by interaction with the scaffold protein RACK1. In co-transfected cells, AChE-R competed with endogenous RACK1 for p73 interaction. Moreover, AChE-R-transfected CHO cells presented higher levels than control cells of the pro-apoptotic TAp73 as well as the anti-apoptotic dominant negative DeltaNp73 protein, leading to an overall decrease in the proportion of pro-apoptotic p73. Together, these findings are compatible with the hypothesis that in cancer cells, both AChE-R and N-AChE-R elevate cellular ATP levels and that AChE-R modifies p73 gene expression by facilitating two independent cellular pathways, thus conferring both a selective metabolic advantage and a genotoxic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Mor
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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31
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Interaction of acetylcholinesterase with the G4 domain of the laminin alpha1-chain. Biochem J 2008; 411:507-14. [PMID: 18215127 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the primary function of AChE (acetylcholinesterase) is the synaptic hydrolysis of acetylcholine, it appears that the protein is also able to promote various non-cholinergic activities, including cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth and amyloidosis. We have observed previously that AChE is able to bind to mouse laminin-111 in vitro by an electrostatic mechanism. We have also observed that certain mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) recognizing AChE's PAS (peripheral anionic site) inhibit both laminin binding and cell adhesion in neuroblastoma cells. Here, we investigated the interaction sites of the two molecules, using docking, synthetic peptides, ELISAs and conformational interaction site mapping. Mouse AChE was observed on docking to bind to a discontinuous, largely basic, structure, Val(2718)-Arg-Lys-Arg-Leu(2722), Tyr(2738)-Tyr(2739), Tyr(2789)-Ile-Lys-Arg-Lys(2793) and Val(2817)-Glu-Arg-Lys(2820), on the mouse laminin alpha1 G4 domain. ELISAs using synthetic peptides confirmed the involvement of the AG-73 site (2719-2729). This site overlaps extensively with laminin's heparin-binding site, and AChE was observed to compete with heparan sulfate for laminin binding. Docking showed the major component of the interaction site on AChE to be the acidic sequence Arg(90)-Glu-Leu-Ser-Glu-Asp(95) on the omega loop, and also the involvement of Pro(40)-Pro-Val(42), Arg(46) (linked to Glu(94) by a salt bridge) and the hexapeptide Asp(61)-Ala-Thr-Thr-Phe-Gln(66). Epitope analysis, using CLiPS technology, of seven adhesion-inhibiting mAbs (three anti-human AChE, one anti-Torpedo AChE and three anti-human anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies) showed their major recognition site to be the sequence Pro(40)-Pro-Met-Gly-Pro-Arg-Arg-Phe(48) (AChE human sequence). The antibodies, however, also reacted with the proline-containing sequences Pro(78)-Gly-Phe-Glu-Gly-Thr-Glu(84) and Pro(88)-Asn-Arg-Glu-Leu-Ser-Glu-Asp(95). Antibodies that recognized other features of the PAS area but not the Arg(90)-Gly-Leu-Ser-Glu-Asp(95) motif interfered neither with laminin binding nor with cell adhesion. These results define sites for the interaction of AChE and laminin and suggest that the interaction plays a role in cell adhesion. They also suggest the strong probability of functional redundancy between AChE and other molecules in early development, particularly heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which may explain the survival of the AChE-knockout mouse.
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Johnson G, Moore SW. Acetylcholinesterase readthrough peptide shares sequence similarity to the 28-53 peptide sequence of the acetylcholinesterase adhesion-mediating site and competes for ligand binding in vitro. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 31:113-26. [PMID: 17478885 DOI: 10.1385/jmn/31:02:113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that unlike the more commonly expressed splice variants, the embryonic and stress-associated readthrough form of acetylcholinesterase (AChE-R) is unable to promote cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth. We investigated the possibility that the unique AChE-R C-terminal peptide (ARP) might be responsible for this difference, either by binding to AChE itself and inactivating the adhesion-mediating site or by competing with AChE for ligand binding. Synthetic peptides representing the ARP, a scrambled version of the ARP, and sequences of the previously identified adhesion-mediating site on AChE were used in in vitro binding and neuroblastoma cell-spreading assays. It was observed that the ARP was able to bind to laminin-1, identified previously as an in vitro AChE ligand and, to a lesser extent, to collagen IV and to AChE itself. ARP-AChE binding was, however, of very low affinity and was not significantly affected by peripheral site inhibitors, suggesting that inactivation of the AChE adhesion site is not the reason for AChE-R's antiadhesive character. On the other hand, the ARP competed with AChE and the adhesion site peptides for binding to laminin in vitro, and the ARP was observed to inhibit cell spreading in neuroblastoma cells grown on laminin. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing the known AChE adhesion site reacted with the ARP, suggesting structural similarities. These were borne out by an examination of sequence alignments of the ARP and the 28-53 AChE sequence. The ARP contains part of the PPxxxxRFxPPEP motif seen in AChEs and cholinesterase-domain proteins, and both it and the 37-53 sequence bear some resemblance to collagen and collagen-like proteins. It therefore appears likely that the ARP's structural similarity to the AChE adhesion-mediating site is the basis for the observed competition for ligand binding and might account for the antiadhesive characteristics of AChE-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Johnson
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Jing P, Jin Q, Wu J, Zhang XJ. GSK3beta mediates the induced expression of synaptic acetylcholinesterase during apoptosis. J Neurochem 2007; 104:409-19. [PMID: 17949411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Besides its role in terminating acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is found to be expressed and participate in the process of apoptosis in various cell types. However, the mechanisms underlying AChE up-regulation in neuronal cells remain elusive. Herein we demonstrated that glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) mediates induced AChE-S expression during apoptosis. In this study, A23187 and thapsigargin (TG) were employed to induce apoptosis in neuroendocrine PC12 cells. The results showed that exposure of PC12 cells to A23187 and TG up-regulated AChE activity significantly. The same treatment also led to activation of GSK3beta. Two different inhibitors of GSK3beta (lithium and GSK3beta-specific inhibitor VIII) could block A23187- or TG-induced up-regulation of AChE activity, AChE-S mRNA level and protein expression. However, lithium could not inhibit the induction of AChE-R mRNA and protein under similar conditions. Taken together, our results show that GSK3beta is specifically involved in the induction of AChE-S expression in PC12 cells during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jing
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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34
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Ko SO, Kim TH, Lee HK, Lee JC, Cho ES. Temporospatial localization of acetylcholinesterase activity in the dental epithelium during mouse tooth development. Life Sci 2007; 81:1235-40. [PMID: 17905311 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a principal modulator of cholinergic neurotransmission, also has been demonstrated to be involved in the morphogenetic processes of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. This study shows that AChE exhibits temporospatial activity in the dental epithelium of the developing mouse tooth. To identify the AChE activity in the mouse tooth during development, we performed enzyme histochemistry on the mouse embryos from embryonic day 13 (E13) to E18 and on the incisors and molars of the neonatal mouse at 10 days after birth (P10). In the developing molars of mouse embryos, AChE activity was not found in the dental epithelium at E13 (bud stage). AChE activity first appeared in the developing cervical loops of the enamel organ at E14 (cap stage), but was not found in the enamel knot. At E18 (bell stage), AChE activity was localized in the inner enamel epithelium except the cervical-loop area. In the incisors and molars of neonatal mice (P10), AChE activity was localized in the inner enamel epithelium of the cervical-loop and enamel-free area. Overall, AChE activity was localized in the differentiating dental epithelium while the activity of butyrylcholinesterse, another cholinesterase, was located primarily in the cells of the dental follicle. The results suggest that AChE may play a role in the histo- and cytodifferentiation of dental epithelium during tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-O Ko
- Laboratory for Craniofacial Biology, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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35
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Zhu H, Gao W, Jiang H, Jin QH, Shi YF, Tsim KWK, Zhang XJ. Regulation of acetylcholinesterase expression by calcium signaling during calcium ionophore A23187- and thapsigargin-induced apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:93-108. [PMID: 17000130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that acetylcholinesterase expression was induced during apoptosis in various cell types. In the current study we provide evidence to suggest that the induction of acetylcholinesterase expression during apoptosis is regulated by the mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+). During apoptosis, treatment of HeLa and MDA-MB-435s cells with the calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in a significant increase in acetylcholinesterase mRNA and protein levels. Chelation of intracellular Ca(2+) by BAPTA-AM (1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester), an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, inhibited acetylcholinesterase expression. A23187 also enhanced the stability of acetylcholinesterase mRNA and increased the activity of acetylcholinesterase promoter, effects that were blocked by BAPTA-AM. Perturbations of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis by thapsigargin resulted in the increase of acetylcholinesterase expression as well as acetylcholinesterase promoter activity during thapsigargin induced apoptosis in HeLa and MDA-MB-435s cells, effects that were also inhibited by BAPTA-AM. We further demonstrated that the transactivation of the human acetylcholinesterase promoter by A23187 and thapsigargin was partially mediated by a CCAAT motif within the -1270 to -1248 fragment of the human acetylcholinesterase promoter. This motif was able to bind to CCAAT binding factor (CBF/NF-Y). These results strongly suggest that cytosolic Ca(2+) plays a key role in acetylcholinesterase regulation during apoptosis induced by A23187 and thapsigargin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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36
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Abstract
The non-neuronal cholinergic system of human epidermis includes the keratinocyte (KC) acetylcholine (ACh) axis composed of the enzymes mediating ACh synthesis and degradation, and two classes of ACh receptors, the nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors, mediating biological effects of the cutaneous cytotransmitter ACh. Regulation of KC cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion is one of the important biological functions of cutaneous ACh. The downstream targets of ACh effects mediated by distinct ACh receptor subtypes include both the intercellular adhesion molecules, such as classical and desmosomal cadherins, and integrins mediating KC adhesion to a substrate. The signaling pathways include activation or inhibition of kinase cascades resulting in either up- or down-regulation of the expression of cell adhesion molecules or changes in their phosphorylation status, or both. The components of the KC ACh axis are involved in cutaneous blistering in patients with autoimmune pemphigus, junctional and dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa, thermal burns, and mustard-induced vesication. Recent progress with the development of antiacantholytic therapies of patients with pemphigus using cholinomimetics indicates that cholinergic drugs may be a promising approach for other cutaneous blistering disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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37
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Thullbery MD, Cox HD, Schule T, Thompson CM, George KM. Differential localization of acetylcholinesterase in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:599-610. [PMID: 16052514 PMCID: PMC1853316 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression is regulated in cell types at the transcriptional and translational levels. In this study, we characterized and compared AChE catalytic activity, mRNA, protein expression, and protein localization in a variety of neuronal (SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and primary cerebellar granule neurons (CGN)) and non-neuronal (LLC-MK2, HeLa, THP-1, and primary astrocytes) cell types. All cell lines expressed AChE catalytic activity; however the levels of AChE-specific activity were higher in neuronal cells than in the non-neuronal cell types. CGN expressed significantly more AChE activity than SH-SY5Y cells. All cell lines analyzed expressed AChE protein at equivalent levels, as well as mRNA splice variants. Localization of AChE was characterized by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. SH-SY5Y, CGN, and nerve-growth factor-differentiated PC-12 cells exhibited a pattern of AChE localization characterized as diffuse in the cytoplasm and punctate staining along neurites and on the plasma membrane. The localization in HeLa, LLC-MK2, fibroblasts, and undifferentiated PC-12 cells was significantly different than in neuronal cells-AChE was intensely localized in the perinuclear region, without staining near or on the plasma membrane. Based on the evidence presented here, we hypothesize that the presence of AChE protein doesn't correlate with catalytic activity, and the diffuse cytoplasmic and plasma membrane localization of AChE is a property of neuronal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Thullbery
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Holly D. Cox
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Travis Schule
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Charles M. Thompson
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Kathleen M. George
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
- *Correspondence to: Kathleen M. George, PhD, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812. E-mail:
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38
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Abstract
Functions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) other than hydrolysis of acetylcholine, e.g. related to cell differentiation, synaptogenesis, neuronal signaling and diseases are well documented, but mechanisms supporting them are not understood. Therefore, we searched for AChE ligands in the central nervous system using a yeast two-hybrid screen (Y2H). 18 independent candidates were identified. One of the membrane or extracellular proteins was laminin-1, an extracellular matrix protein involved in neuronal differentiation and adhesion. The laminin-1 fragment found to interact with AChE contains 898 bp from the 1beta-chain. Moreover, we identified the region containing amino acid residues 240-503 of AChE as essential for interaction with laminin-1beta. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the yeast two-hybrid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Paraoanu
- Darmstadt University of Technology, Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Schnittspahnstr. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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39
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Layer PG, Allebrandt K, Andermann P, Bodur E, Boopathy R, Bytyqi AH, Paraoanu LE. On the multifunctionality of cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 157-158:37-41. [PMID: 16246318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we present novel information on non-classical functions of cholinesterases and on a cross-talk linking the two enzymes AChE and BChE. The first part of the article is focussed on the regulation of ChEs and the effects acquired when one of the proteins is knocked down (siRNA for BChE, AChE knock-out mouse). In the second part evidence is presented showing that AChE may exert adhesive properties through its binding to laminin, thus being involved in cell-matrix or cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Layer
- Darmstadt University of Technology, Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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40
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Abstract
The association between the congenital absence of colonic ganglion cells and an increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression in the affected tissue is of diagnostic importance in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Investigation of AChE's function in development may also help unravel some of the complex pathophysiology in HSCR. Normal nerves do not stain for AChE, but increased AChE expression is associated with the hypertrophied extrinsic nerve fibres of the aganglionic segment in HSCR. Although a high degree of histochemical diagnostic accuracy exists, results are not always uniform, and false positives and false negatives are reported. False negative results are primarily related to age, and an absence of AChE reaction does not exclude HSCR in neonates within the first 3 weeks after birth. AChE staining results may lack uniformity, resulting in a number of technical modifications that have been made to improve standardization of AChE staining. At least two distinct histological patterns are described, types A and B. The interpretation of increased AChE staining patterns in ganglionated bowel at the time of surgical pull-through remains a problem in patients with HSCR. The development of rapid staining techniques has helped to identify normal ganglionated bowel with greater certainty. The presence of fine AChE neurofibrils in the ganglionated segment has contributed to the debate surrounding intestinal neuronal dysplasia. Quantitative assay of cholinesterase activity confirms the pattern of histochemical staining. AChE is particularly increased in relation to butrylcholinesterase, with one molecular form, the G4 tetrameric form, predominating. It is likely that the raised levels of AChE in aganglionic tissue are the transcriptional consequence of the abnormalities in signalling molecules that characterize HSCR. Evidence suggests that this AChE is functioning in a nonenzymatic capacity to promote cell adhesion and differentiation and that the hypertrophied nerves and neurofibrils may be the result of this increased AChE expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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