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Tracing the evolution of venom phospholipases A 2 in Gloydius strauchii and related pitvipers: A tale of two acidic isozymes. Toxicon 2017; 141:65-72. [PMID: 29191388 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two acidic Asp49-PLA2s with Glu6 substitution and a neutral Lys49-PLA (designated Gst-K49) were cloned from G. strauchii venom glands, their full amino acid sequences were deduced. The predominant acidic PLA2 (designated Gst-E6a) contains 124 residues and the M18W30 substitutions, while the minor acidic PLA2 (designated Gst-E6b) contains 122 residues and the V18A30 substitutions. Their sequences are most similar to those of the respective orthologous PLA2s of G. intermedius venom. Gst-E6a and Gst-E6b appear to be paralogs and possibly have different predatory targets or functions. The LC-MS/MS results indicate the presence of only three PLA2 gene products in the crude venom, the relative expression levels were in the order of Gst-E6a ≫ Gst-E6b > Gst-K49, as confirmed by qPCR results. In contrast to other Gloydius, G. strauchii venom does not contain neurotoxic or basic anticoagulant Asp49-PLA2s, but Gst-K49 is the first Lys49-PLA2 identified in Gloydius venoms. However, its venom content is relatively low and its pI value 7.3 is much lower than those of other Lys49-PLA2s and. The Lys49-PLA2 genes appear to regress in the venom of most of Gloydius and related rattlesnake, and this evolutionary regression occurred before the dispersal of Asian pitvipers to the New World.
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Divergent functional profiles of acidic and basic phospholipases A2 in the venom of the snake Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii. Toxicon 2016; 119:289-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Structural and evolutionary insights into endogenous alpha-phospholipase A 2 inhibitors of Latin American pit vipers. Toxicon 2016; 112:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Ostrowski M, Žnidaršič PP, Raynal B, Saul F, Faure G. Human coagulation factor Xa prevents oligomerization of anti-coagulant phospholipases A2. TOXIN REV 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2013.860170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Linear B-cell epitopes in BthTX-1, BthTX-II and BthA-1, phospholipase A2's from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, recognized by therapeutically neutralizing commercial horse antivenom. Toxicon 2013; 72:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Isolation and expression of a hypotensive and anti-platelet acidic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 73:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ullah A, Souza T, Betzel C, Murakami M, Arni R. Crystallographic portrayal of different conformational states of a Lys49 phospholipase A2 homologue: Insights into structural determinants for myotoxicity and dimeric configuration. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Fernandes CAH, Gartuzo ECG, Pagotto I, Comparetti EJ, Huancahuire-Vega S, Ponce-Soto LA, Costa TR, Marangoni S, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of three myotoxic phospholipases A2 from Bothrops brazili venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:935-8. [PMID: 22869126 PMCID: PMC3412777 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112026073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two myotoxic and noncatalytic Lys49-phospholipases A(2) (braziliantoxin-II and MT-II) and a myotoxic and catalytic phospholipase A(2) (braziliantoxin-III) from the venom of the Amazonian snake Bothrops brazili were crystallized. The crystals diffracted to resolutions in the range 2.56-2.05 Å and belonged to space groups P3(1)21 (braziliantoxin-II), P6(5)22 (braziliantoxin-III) and P2(1) (MT-II). The structures were solved by molecular-replacement techniques. Both of the Lys49-phospholipases A(2) (braziliantoxin-II and MT-II) contained a dimer in the asymmetric unit, while the Asp49-phospholipase A(2) braziliantoxin-III contained a monomer in its asymmetric unit. Analysis of the quaternary assemblies of the braziliantoxin-II and MT-II structures using the PISA program indicated that both models have a dimeric conformation in solution. The same analysis of the braziliantoxin-III structure indicated that this protein does not dimerize in solution and probably acts as a monomer in vivo, similar to other snake-venom Asp49-phospholipases A(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. H. Fernandes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Elaine C. G. Gartuzo
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Ivan Pagotto
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Edson J. Comparetti
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Salomón Huancahuire-Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Tássia R. Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, FCFRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
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Huancahuire-Vega S, Ponce-Soto LA, Martins-de-Souza D, Marangoni S. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of PhTX-I a new myotoxic phospholipase A2 isolated from Porthidium hyoprora snake venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:108-19. [PMID: 21496495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the biochemical and pharmacological characterization of a new myotoxic PLA(2) (EC 3.1.1.4) called PhTX-I, purified from Porthidium hyoprora venom by one step analytical chromatography reverse phase HPLC. The homogeneity of the PhTX-I fraction and its molecular mass were initially evaluated by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by MALDI-TOF spectrometry, indicating a molecular mass of 14.249Da and constituted of a single polipeptidic chain. Amino acid sequence was determined by "de novo sequencing," in tandem mass spectrometry, belonging to D49-PLA(2) enzyme class and exhibiting high identity (44-90%) with other myotoxics PLA(2) from snake venoms. The enzymatic investigation showed maximal activity at pH 8 and 35-45°C. This activity was dependent on Ca(2+), other cations (Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Cd(2+) and Zn(2+)) reduced notably the enzymatic activity, suggesting that the arrangement of the catalytic site presents an exclusive structure for Ca(2+). Ex vivo, whole venom and PhTX-I PLA(2) caused blockade of the neuromuscular transmission in young chick biventer cervicis preparations similar to other isolated snake venom toxins from the Bothrops genus. In vivo, both induced local myotoxicity and systemic interleukin-6 response upon intramuscular injection, additionally, induced moderate footpad edema. In vitro, both induced low cytotoxicity in skeletal muscle myoblasts, however PhTX-I PLA(2) was able to lyse myotubes.
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Salvador GHM, Marchi-Salvador DP, Silveira LB, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of BmooPLA2-I, a platelet-aggregation inhibitor and hypotensive phospholipase A2 from Bothrops moojeni venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:900-2. [PMID: 21821890 PMCID: PMC3151123 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911102392x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) are enzymes that cause the liberation of fatty acids and lysophospholipids by the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. In addition to their catalytic action, a wide variety of pharmacological activities have been described for snake-venom PLA(2)s. BmooPLA(2)-I is an acidic, nontoxic and catalytic PLA(2) isolated from Bothrops moojeni snake venom which exhibits an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, an immediate decrease in blood pressure, inducing oedema at a low concentration, and an effective bactericidal effect. BmooPLA(2)-I has been crystallized and X-ray diffraction data have been collected to 1.6 Å resolution using a synchrotron-radiation source. The crystals belonged to space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 39.7, b = 53.2, c = 89.2 Å. The molecular-replacement solution of BmooPLA(2)-I indicated a monomeric conformation, which is in agreement with nondenaturing electrophoresis and dynamic light-scattering experiments. A comparative study of this enzyme with the acidic PLA(2) from B. jararacussu (BthA-I) and other toxic and nontoxic PLA(2)s may provide important insights into the functional aspects of this class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H. M. Salvador
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Daniela P. Marchi-Salvador
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, FCFRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas B. Silveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, FCFRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas - CEBio, Núcleo de Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
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11
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dos Santos JI, Cintra-Francischinelli M, Borges RJ, Fernandes CAH, Pizzo P, Cintra ACO, Braz ASK, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Structural, functional, and bioinformatics studies reveal a new snake venom homologue phospholipase A2class. Proteins 2010; 79:61-78. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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dos Santos JI, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Comparative structural studies on Lys49-phospholipases A2 from Bothrops genus reveal their myotoxic site. J Struct Biol 2009; 167:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Liu S, Zhang C, Xu YF, Yang F, Sun MZ. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a critical tool for revealing new properties of snake venom phospholipase A2. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1158-1166. [PMID: 19283785 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Results from high-performance liquid chromatography/nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/nESI-MS/MS) coupled to two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D SDS-PAGE) indicated that the monomer and dimer of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) coexisted in crude Chinese Agkistrodon blomhoffii Ussurensis snake venom (ABUSV). Then, an acidic PLA(2) with the accurate molecular mass of 13979.6 Da was purified from ABUSV (mo-ABUSV-aPLA(2)). MS/MS-derived peptides from ABUSV-aPLA(2) were compared with other homologous snake venom PLA(2)s, which in turn showed that ABUSV-aPLA(2) is a novel snake venom PLA(2). Meanwhile, the ABUSV-aPLA(2) dimer (di-ABUSV-aPLA(2)) was also obtained. MS/MS analysis identified the same peptides from di-ABUSV-aPLA(2) as from mo-ABUSV-aPLA(2), which indicates that di-ABUSV-aPLA(2) is a homodimer. One Ca(2+) ion is contained per ABUSV-aPLA(2). The Ca(2+) ion is critical for both the hydrolytic activity and the structure of ABUSV-aPLA(2). Pro-Q Emerald and Pro-Q Diamond specific glycoprotein and phosphoprotein staining combined with MS/MS analysis indicated that the ABUSV-aPLA(2) is both a glycoprotein and a phosphoprotein, which to our knowledge is the first such report for a snake venom PLA(2) and thus provides new threads for the study of the functions and structures of snake venom PLA(2)s. One phosphorylation site and the size of the glycan chain are determined by using HPLC/nESI-MS/MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS. The delicate utilization of ESI-MS can exert tremendous impact on protein sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
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Marchi-Salvador DP, Corrêa LC, Magro AJ, Oliveira CZ, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Insights into the role of oligomeric state on the biological activities of crotoxin: crystal structure of a tetrameric phospholipase A2 formed by two isoforms of crotoxin B from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Proteins 2008; 72:883-91. [PMID: 18275084 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Crotoxin B (CB or Cdt PLA(2)) is a basic Asp49-PLA(2) found in the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus and it is one of the subunits that constitute the crotoxin (Cro). This heterodimeric toxin, main component of the C. d. terrificus venom, is completed by an acidic, nontoxic, and nonenzymatic component (crotoxin A, CA or crotapotin), and it is related to important envenomation effects such as neurological disorders, myotoxicity, and renal failure. Although Cro has been crystallized since 1938, no crystal structure of this toxin or its subunits is currently available. In this work, the authors present the crystal structure of a novel tetrameric complex formed by two dimers of crotoxin B isoforms (CB1 and CB2). The results suggest that these assemblies are stable in solution and show that Ser1 and Glu92 of CB1 and CB2, respectively, play an important role in the oligomerization. The tetrameric and dimeric conformations resulting from the association of the isoforms may increase the neurotoxicity of the toxin CB by the creation of new binding sites, which could improve the affinity of the molecular complexes to the presynaptic membrane.
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dos Santos ML, Fagundes FHR, Teixeira BRF, Toyama MH, Aparicio R. Purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a new Lys49-PLA2 from B. Jararacussu. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:736-750. [PMID: 19325781 PMCID: PMC2635704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BjVIII is a new myotoxic Lys49-PLA2 isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom that exhibits atypical effects on human platelet aggregation. To better understand the mode of action of BjVIII, crystallographic studies were initiated. Two crystal forms were obtained, both containing two molecules in the asymmetric unit (ASU). Synchrotron radiation diffraction data were collected to 2.0 A resolution and 1.9 A resolution for crystals belonging to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (a = 48.4 A, b = 65.3 A, c = 84.3 A) and space group P3(1)21 (a = b = 55.7 A, c = 127.9 A), respectively. Refinement is currently in progress and the refined structures are expected to shed light on the unusual platelet aggregation activity observed for BjVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno R. F. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. Toyama
- Laboratório de Química de Macromoléculas, UNESP/CLP, São Vicente-SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparicio
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
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Corrêa LC, Marchi-Salvador DP, Cintra AC, Sampaio SV, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Crystal structure of a myotoxic Asp49-phospholipase A2 with low catalytic activity: Insights into Ca2+-independent catalytic mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:591-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Panfoli I, Ravera S, Calzia D, Dazzi E, Gandolfo S, Pepe IM, Morelli A. Inactivation of phospholipase A2 and metalloproteinase fromCrotalus atrox venom by direct current. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2007; 21:7-12. [PMID: 17366544 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To achieve our aim of understanding the interactions between direct current and enzymes in solution, we exposed reconstituted Crotalus atrox venom to direct electric current by immersing two platinum thread electrodes connected to a voltage generator (between 0 and 8 V) into a reaction mixture for a few seconds. Then, we assayed the residual activity of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)),metalloproteinases, and phosphodiesterases, abundant in crotaline snake venoms and relevant in the pathophysiology of envenomation, characterized by hemorrhage, pain, and tissue damage. C. atrox venom phospholipase A(2) and metalloproteinases were consistently and irreversibly inactivated by direct current (between 0 and 0.7 mA) exposure. In contrast, C. atrox venom phosphodiesterases were not affected. Total protein content and temperature of the sample remained the same. Secretory pancreatic phospholipase A(2), homologue to snake venom phospholipases A(2), was also inactivated by direct current treatment. In order to understand the structural reasoning behind PLA(2) inactivation, circular dichroism measurements were conducted on homogeneous commercial pancreatic phospholipase A(2), and it was found that the enzyme undergoes structural alterations upon direct current exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Biology, University of Genoa, V. le Bendetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Tamarozzi MB, Soares SG, Marcussi S, Giglio JR, Barbosa JE. Expression of recombinant human antibody fragments capable of inhibiting the phospholipase and myotoxic activities of Bothrops jararacussu venom. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1450-7. [PMID: 16828972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) are components of Bothrops venoms responsible for disruption of cell membrane integrity via hydrolysis of its phospholipids. This study used a large nonimmune human scFv library named Griffin.1 (MRC, Cambridge, UK) for selection of recombinant antibodies against antigens present in Bothrops jararacussu venom and identification of specific antibodies able to inhibit phospholipase activity. Four clones were identified as capable of inhibiting this activity in vitro. These clones were able to reduce in vivo the myotoxic activity of BthTX-I and BthTX-II PLA(2), but had no effect on the in vitro anticoagulant activity of BthTX-II. This work shows the potential of using recombinant scFv libraries in the search for antibodies that neutralize relevant venom components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Tamarozzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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19
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Corrêa LC, Marchi-Salvador DP, Cintra ACO, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of BthTX-II, a myotoxic Asp49-phospholipase A2 with low catalytic activity from Bothrops jararacussu venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:765-7. [PMID: 16880551 PMCID: PMC2242931 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106025164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a complete X-ray diffraction data set has been collected from a myotoxic Asp49-phospholipase A2 (Asp49-PLA2) with low catalytic activity (BthTX-II from Bothrops jararacussu venom) and a molecular-replacement solution has been obtained with a dimer in the asymmetric unit. The quaternary structure of BthTX-II resembles the myotoxin Asp49-PLA2 PrTX-III (piratoxin III from B. pirajai venom) and all non-catalytic and myotoxic dimeric Lys49-PLA2s. In contrast, the oligomeric structure of BthTX-II is different from the highly catalytic and non-myotoxic BthA-I (acidic PLA2 from B. jararacussu). Thus, comparison between these structures should add insight into the catalytic and myotoxic activities of bothropic PLA2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Corrêa
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, CP 510, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - D. P. Marchi-Salvador
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, CP 510, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - A. C. O. Cintra
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, FCFRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - A. M. Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, FCFRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - M. R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, CP 510, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
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Murakami MT, Gabdoulkhakov A, Genov N, Cintra ACO, Betzel C, Arni RK. Insights into metal ion binding in phospholipases A2: ultra high-resolution crystal structures of an acidic phospholipase A2 in the Ca2+ free and bound states. Biochimie 2006; 88:543-9. [PMID: 16376474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The electrophile Ca(2+) is an essential multifunctional co-factor in the phospholipase A(2) mediated hydrolysis of phospholipids. Crystal structures of an acidic phospholipase A(2) from the venom of Bothrops jararacussu have been determined both in the Ca(2+) free and bound states at 0.97 and 1.60 A resolutions, respectively. In the Ca(2+) bound state, the Ca(2+) ion is penta-coordinated by a distorted pyramidal cage of oxygen and nitrogen atoms that is significantly different to that observed in structures of other Group I/II phospholipases A(2). In the absence of Ca(2+), a water molecule occupies the position of the Ca(2+) ion and the side chain of Asp49 and the calcium-binding loop adopts a different conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Murakami
- Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
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Jabeen T, Singh N, Singh RK, Ethayathulla AS, Sharma S, Srinivasan A, Singh TP. Crystal structure of a novel phospholipase A2 from Naja naja sagittifera with a strong anticoagulant activity. Toxicon 2005; 46:865-75. [PMID: 16269164 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This is the first PLA(2) crystal structure from group I that shows a strong anticoagulant property. The monomeric PLA(2) was purified from the venom of Naja naja sagittifera (Indian cobra). Its amino acid sequence has been determined using cDNA technique. The amino acid sequence of sPLA(2) contains three positively charged and two negatively charged residues in the segment 54-71 (numbering scheme of sPLA(2)) thus giving this region an overall cationic amphiphilic surface. This suggested the presence of an anticoagulant activity in sPLA(2). The enzyme was crystallized using hanging drop vapour diffusion method in the presence of calcium chloride. The crystals belong to space group P4(1) with cell dimensions of a=b=42.0A, c=65.9A. The X-ray crystal structure was determined at 1.8A resolution using molecular replacement method and refined to an R value of 0.179 for 10,023 reflections. The overall scaffolding of sPLA(2) is essentially similar to those observed for other group I PLA(2)s. However, the conformations of various surface loops were found to be significantly different. The most significant observation pertains to the anticoagulant loop in which both the acidic residues are engaged in intramolecular interactions whereas all the three basic residues are free to interact with other molecules. This makes the sPLA(2) a potentially strong anticoagulating molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Jabeen
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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