1
|
Ravindranath MH, El Hilali F, Amato-Menker CJ, El Hilali H, Selvan SR, Filippone EJ. Role of HLA-I Structural Variants and the Polyreactive Antibodies They Generate in Immune Homeostasis. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030058. [PMID: 36134954 PMCID: PMC9495617 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface HLA-I molecules consisting of β2-microglobulin (β2m) associated heavy chains (HCs), referred to as Face-1, primarily present peptides to CD8+ T-cells. HCs consist of three α-domains, with selected amino acid sequences shared by all alleles of all six isoforms. The cell-surface HLA undergoes changes upon activation by pathological conditions with the expression of β2m-free HCs (Face-2) resulting in exposure of β2m-masked sequences shared by almost all alleles and the generation of HLA-polyreactive antibodies (Abs) against them. Face-2 may homodimerize or heterodimerize with the same (Face-3) or different alleles (Face-4) preventing exposure of shared epitopes. Non-allo immunized males naturally carry HLA-polyreactive Abs. The therapeutic intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) purified from plasma of thousands of donors contains HLA-polyreactive Abs, admixed with non-HLA Abs. Purified HLA-polyreactive monoclonal Abs (TFL-006/007) generated in mice after immunizing with Face-2 are documented to be immunoregulatory by suppressing or activating different human lymphocytes, much better than IVIg. Our objectives are (a) to elucidate the complexity of the HLA-I structural variants, and their Abs that bind to both shared and uncommon epitopes on different variants, and (b) to examine the roles of those Abs against HLA-variants in maintaining immune homeostasis. These may enable the development of personalized therapeutic strategies for various pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mepur H. Ravindranath
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Emeritus Research Scientist, Terasaki Foundation Laboratory, Santa Monica, CA 90064, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Fatiha El Hilali
- Medico-Surgical, Biomedicine and Infectiology Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Laayoune & Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Carly J. Amato-Menker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Hajar El Hilali
- Medico-Surgical, Biomedicine and Infectiology Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Laayoune & Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Senthamil R. Selvan
- Division of Immunology and Hematology Devices, OHT 7: Office of In Vitro Diagnostics, Office of Product Evaluation and Quality, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Edward J. Filippone
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19145, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao X, Le Stunff C, Cheung W, Kwan T, Lathrop M, Pastinen T, Bougnères P. Differentially methylated CpGs in response to growth hormone administration in children with idiopathic short stature. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:65. [PMID: 35585611 PMCID: PMC9118695 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has shown a great growth-promoting potential in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS). However, the response to rhGH differs across individuals, largely due to genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity. Since epigenetic marks on the methylome can be dynamically influenced by GH, we performed a comprehensive pharmacoepigenomics analysis of DNA methylation changes associated with long-term rhGH administration in children with ISS.
Results We measured DNA methylation profiles before and after GH treatment (with a duration of ~ 18 months in average) on 47 healthy children using customized methylC-seq capture sequencing. Their changes were compared and associated with changes in plasma IGF1 by adjusting sex, age, treatment duration and estimated blood proportions. We observed a considerable inter-individual heterogeneity of DNA methylation changes responding to GH treatment. We identified 267 response-associated differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) that were enriched in promoter regions, CpG islands and blood cell-type-specific regulatory elements. Furthermore, the genes associated with these DMCs were enriched in the biology process of “cell development,” “neuron differentiation” and “developmental growth,” and in the TGF-beta signaling pathway, PPAR Alpha pathway, endoderm differentiation pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway as well as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway. Conclusion Our study provides a first insight in DNA methylation changes associated with rhGH administration, which may help understand mechanisms of epigenetic regulation on GH-responsive genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-022-01281-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Shao
- Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Catherine Le Stunff
- UMR INSERM 1195 and Université Paris Saclay, Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Warren Cheung
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy - Kansas City and Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Tony Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill Genome Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill Genome Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy - Kansas City and Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Pierre Bougnères
- UMR INSERM 1195 and Université Paris Saclay, Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prasad M, Brzostek J, Gautam N, Balyan R, Rybakin V, Gascoigne NRJ. Themis regulates metabolic signaling and effector functions in CD4 + T cells by controlling NFAT nuclear translocation. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:2249-2261. [PMID: 33177694 PMCID: PMC8429700 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Themis is a T cell lineage-specific molecule that is involved in TCR signal transduction. The effects of germline Themis deletion on peripheral CD4+ T cell function have not been described before. In this study, we found that Themis-deficient CD4+ T cells had poor proliferative responses, reduced cytokine production in vitro and weaker inflammatory potential, as measured by their ability to cause colitis in vivo. Resting T cells are quiescent, whereas activated T cells have high metabolic demands. Fulfillment of these metabolic demands depends upon nutrient availability and upregulation of nutrient intake channels after efficient TCR signal transduction, which leads to metabolic reprogramming in T cells. We tested whether defects in effector functions were caused by impaired metabolic shifts in Themis-deficient CD4+ T cells due to inefficient TCR signal transduction, in turn caused by the lack of Themis. We found that upon TCR stimulation, Themis-deficient CD4+ T cells were unable to upregulate the expression of insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter (GLUT1), the neutral amino acid transporter CD98 and the mTOR pathway, as measured by c-Myc and pS6 expression. Mitochondrial analysis of activated Themis-deficient CD4+ T cells showed more oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) than aerobic glycolysis, indicating defective metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, we found reduced NFAT translocation in Themis-deficient CD4+ T cells upon TCR stimulation. Using previously reported ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data, we found that NFAT nuclear translocation controls IR gene expression. Together, our results describe an internal circuit between TCR signal transduction, NFAT nuclear translocation, and metabolic signaling in CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Prasad
- Translational Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Translational Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Namrata Gautam
- Translational Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.,H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Renu Balyan
- Translational Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.,Torque Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Translational Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Granja AG, Leal E, Pignatelli J, Castro R, Abós B, Kato G, Fischer U, Tafalla C. Identification of Teleost Skin CD8α+ Dendritic-like Cells, Representing a Potential Common Ancestor for Mammalian Cross-Presenting Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1825-37. [PMID: 26179908 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although fish constitute the most ancient animal group in which an acquired immune system is present, the presence of dendritic cells (DCs) in teleosts has been addressed only briefly, and the identification of a specific DC subset in teleosts remained elusive because of the lack of specific Abs. In mice, DCs expressing CD8α(+) in lymphoid tissues have the capacity to cross-present extracellular Ags to T cells through MHC I, similarly to tissue-derived CD103(+) DCs and the human CD141(+) DC population. In the current study, we identified a large and highly complex subpopulation of leukocytes coexpressing MHC class II and CD8α. This CD8α(+) MHC II(+) DC-like subpopulation constituted ∼1.2% of the total leukocyte population in the skin, showing phenotypical and functional characteristics of semimature DCs that seem to locally regulate mucosal immunity and tolerance in a species lacking lymph nodes. Furthermore, we identified trout homologs for CD141 and CD103 and demonstrated that, in trout, this skin CD8(+) DC-like subpopulation expresses both markers. To our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence of a specific DC-like subtype in nonimmune tissue in teleosts and support the hypothesis of a common origin for all mammalian cross-presenting DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor G Granja
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Esther Leal
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Rosario Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Goshi Kato
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu W, Zhang Y, McDonald DO, Jing H, Carroll B, Robertson N, Zhang Q, Griffin H, Sanderson S, Lakey JH, Morgan NV, Reynard LN, Zheng L, Murdock HM, Turvey SE, Hackett SJ, Prestidge T, Hall JM, Cant AJ, Matthews HF, Koref MFS, Simon AK, Korolchuk VI, Lenardo MJ, Hambleton S, Su HC. Dual proteolytic pathways govern glycolysis and immune competence. Cell 2015; 159:1578-90. [PMID: 25525876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes and lysosomes constitute the major cellular systems that catabolize proteins to recycle free amino acids for energy and new protein synthesis. Tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPPII) is a large cytosolic proteolytic complex that functions in tandem with the proteasome-ubiquitin protein degradation pathway. We found that autosomal recessive TPP2 mutations cause recurrent infections, autoimmunity, and neurodevelopmental delay in humans. We show that a major function of TPPII in mammalian cells is to maintain amino acid levels and that TPPII-deficient cells compensate by increasing lysosome number and proteolytic activity. However, the overabundant lysosomes derange cellular metabolism by consuming the key glycolytic enzyme hexokinase-2 through chaperone-mediated autophagy. This reduces glycolysis and impairs the production of effector cytokines, including IFN-γ and IL-1β. Thus, TPPII controls the balance between intracellular amino acid availability, lysosome number, and glycolysis, which is vital for adaptive and innate immunity and neurodevelopmental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David O McDonald
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Huie Jing
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bernadette Carroll
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nic Robertson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Helen Griffin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Sharon Sanderson
- NIHR BRC Translational Immunology Lab, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jeremy H Lakey
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Neil V Morgan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Louise N Reynard
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heardley M Murdock
- NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute and BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Scott J Hackett
- Paediatric Immunology Department, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Tim Prestidge
- Blood and Cancer Center, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julie M Hall
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Andrew J Cant
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Helen F Matthews
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Anna Katharina Simon
- NIHR BRC Translational Immunology Lab, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; MRC Unit Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK.
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fracchia KM, Walsh CM. Metabolic mysteries of the inflammatory response: T cell polarization and plasticity. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:3-18. [PMID: 25398050 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.974748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While simultaneously maintaining homeostasis and reducing further harm to the host, the immune system is equipped to eliminate both tumors and pathogenic microorganisms. Bifurcated into cell-mediated and humoral immunity, the adaptive immune system requires a series of complex and coordinated signals to drive the proliferation and differentiation of appropriate subsets. These include signals that modulate cellular metabolism. When first published in the 1920s, "the Warburg effect" was used to describe a phenomenon in which most cancer cells relied on aerobic glycolysis to meet their biosynthetic demands. Despite the early observations of Warburg and his colleagues, targeting cancer cell metabolism for therapeutic purposes still remains theoretical. Notably, many T cells exhibit the same Warburg metabolism as cancer cells and the therapeutic benefit of targeting their metabolic pathways has since been reexamined. Emerging evidence suggests that specific metabolic alterations associated with T cells may be ancillary to their subset differentiation and influential in their inflammatory response. Thus, T cell lymphocyte activation leads to skewing in metabolic plasticity, and issue that will be the subject of this review.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ravindranath MH, Terasaki PI, Pham T, Jucaud V, Kawakita S. Suppression of blastogenesis and proliferation of activated CD4(+) T cells: intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) versus novel anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-E monoclonal antibodies mimicking HLA-I reactivity of IVIg. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:154-77. [PMID: 24889882 PMCID: PMC4360205 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated CD4(+) T cells undergo blastogenesis and proliferation and they express several surface receptors, including β2-microglobulin-free human leucocyte antigen (HLA) heavy chains (open conformers). Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) suppresses activated T cells, but the mechanism is unclear. IVIg reacts with HLA-Ia/Ib antigens but its reactivity is lost when the anti-HLA-E Ab is adsorbed out. Anti-HLA-E antibodies may bind to the peptides shared by HLA-E and the HLA-I alleles. These shared peptides are cryptic in intact HLA, but exposed in open conformers. The hypothesis that anti-HLA-E monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that mimic HLA-I reactivity of IVIg may suppress activated T cells by binding to the shared peptides of the open conformers on the T cell surface was tested by examining the relative binding affinity of those mAbs for open conformers coated on regular beads and for intact HLA coated on iBeads, and by comparing the effects on the suppression of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated T cells of three entities: IVIg, anti-HLA-E mAbs that mimic IVIg [Terasaki Foundation Laboratory (TFL)-006 and (TFL)-007]; and anti-HLA-E antibodies that do not mimic IVIg (TFL-033 and TFL-037). Suppression of blastogenesis and proliferation of those T cells by both IVIg and the anti-HLA-E mAbs was dose-dependent, the dose required with mAbs 50-150-fold lower than with IVIg. TFL-006 and TFL-007 significantly suppressed blastogenesis and proliferation of activated CD4(+) T cells, but neither the non-IVIg-mimicking mAbs nor control antibodies did so. The suppression may be mediated by Fab-binding of TFL-006/TFL-007 to the exposed shared peptides. The mAb binding to the open conformer may signal T cell deactivation because the open conformers have an elongated cytoplasmic tail with phosphorylation sites (tryosine(320)/serine(335)).
Collapse
|
8
|
Maciolek JA, Pasternak JA, Wilson HL. Metabolism of activated T lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 27:60-74. [PMID: 24556090 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activated T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming which promotes glycolytic flux and lactate production as well as elevated production of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other carbohydrates (i.e. induction of biomass) even in the presence of oxygen. Activated T cells show induced expression of, among other things, Glucose Transporter 1 and several glycolytic enzymes, including ADP-Dependent Glucokinase and the low affinity isoform Pyruvate Kinase-M2 (which promote glycolytic flux), as well Glutamine Transporters and Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase 2 which make available glutamate and glycerol-3-phosphate as mitochondrial energy sources. Intracellular leucine concentrations critically regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to promote Th1, Th2, and Th17 CD4(+) T effector cell differentiation. In contrast, T regulatory (Treg) cells are generated when AMP-Activating Protein Kinase signaling is activated and mTOR activation is suppressed. Unlike effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Tregs and memory T cells oxidize fatty acids for fuel. Effector and memory T cells perform different functions and thus show distinct metabolic profiles which are exquisitely controlled by cellular signaling. Upon activation, T cells express the insulin and leptin receptors on their surface and become sensitive to insulin signaling and nutrient availability and show changes in differentiation. Thus, metabolism and nutrient availability influence T cell activation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Maciolek
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ewis AA, Zhelev Z, Bakalova R, Fukuoka S, Shinohara Y, Ishikawa M, Baba Y. A history of microarrays in biomedicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 5:315-28. [PMID: 15934810 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental strategy of the current postgenomic era or the era of functional genomics is to expand the scale of biologic research from studying single genes or proteins to studying all genes or proteins simultaneously using a systematic approach. As recently developed methods for obtaining genome-wide mRNA expression data, oligonucleotide and DNA microarrays are particularly powerful in the context of knowing the entire genome sequence and can provide a global view of changes in gene expression patterns in response to physiologic alterations or manipulation of transcriptional regulators. In biomedical research, such an approach will ultimately determine biologic behavior of both normal and diseased tissues, which may provide insights into disease mechanisms and identify novel markers and candidates for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic intervention. However, microarray technology is still in a continuous state of evolution and development, and it may take time to implement microarrays as a routine medical device. Many limitations exist and many challenges remain to be achieved to help inclusion of microarrays in clinical medicine. In this review, a brief history of microarrays in biomedical research is provided, including experimental overview, limitations, challenges and future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Ewis
- Single-Molecule Bioanalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture, 761-0395 Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moindrot B, Audit B, Klous P, Baker A, Thermes C, de Laat W, Bouvet P, Mongelard F, Arneodo A. 3D chromatin conformation correlates with replication timing and is conserved in resting cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9470-81. [PMID: 22879376 PMCID: PMC3479194 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chromatin folding is known to be of functional importance to control the gene expression program, less is known regarding its interplay with DNA replication. Here, using Circular Chromatin Conformation Capture combined with high-throughput sequencing, we identified megabase-sized self-interacting domains in the nucleus of a human lymphoblastoid cell line, as well as in cycling and resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Strikingly, the boundaries of those domains coincide with early-initiation zones in every cell types. Preferential interactions have been observed between the consecutive early-initiation zones, but also between those separated by several tens of megabases. Thus, the 3D conformation of chromatin is strongly correlated with the replication timing along the whole chromosome. We furthermore provide direct clues that, in addition to the timing value per se, the shape of the timing profile at a given locus defines its set of genomic contacts. As this timing-related scheme of chromatin organization exists in lymphoblastoid cells, resting and cycling PBMC, this indicates that it is maintained several weeks or months after the previous S-phase. Lastly, our work highlights that the major chromatin changes accompanying PBMC entry into cell cycle occur while keeping largely unchanged the long-range chromatin contacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Moindrot
- Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Finoulst I, Vink P, Rovers E, Pieterse M, Pinkse M, Bos E, Verhaert P. Identification of low abundant secreted proteins and peptides from primary culture supernatants of human T-cells. J Proteomics 2011; 75:23-33. [PMID: 21515429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Live cells continually communicate with their surroundings by the secretion of biomolecules, among which proteins and/or peptides are an important class. As such, these protein/peptide signals which end up in the extracellular medium, reflect the state of a cell in a certain condition, and as by definition are potential biomarkers indicative for specific physiological/pathological processes. We here report on a mass spectrometry based method for the detection and analysis of peptides and proteins secreted in a highly complex background, such as cell culture supernatant. Our method, which combines chromatography, high duty cycle tandem mass spectrometry and bio-informatics, enables the detection of interleukin-2 (IL-2), a cytokine secreted by activated T-cells, present in cell supernatant while representing only 0.006‰ of the total protein content. Moreover, the method allows the mass spectrometric analysis of signaling proteins in a non-targeted way and without any prior immunodepletion of the highest abundant cell culture medium proteins. In this study this is exemplified by the detection of yet two other secretory peptides, i.e., the granulins A and B, in the primary culture supernatant of non-activated T-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inez Finoulst
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Analytical Biotechnology Section, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blood-related proteomics. J Proteomics 2009; 73:483-507. [PMID: 19567275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood-related proteomics is an emerging field, recently gaining momentum. Indeed, a wealth of data is now available and a plethora of groups has contributed to add pieces to the jigsaw puzzle of protein complexity within plasma and blood cells. In this review article we purported to sail across the mare magnum of the actual knowledge in this research endeavour. The main strides in proteomic investigations on red blood cells, platelets, plasma and white blood cells are hereby presented in a chronological order. Moreover, a glance is given at prospective studies which promise to shift the focus of attention from the end product to its provider, the donor, in a sort of Kantian "Copernican revolution". A well-rounded portrait of the usefulness of proteomics in blood-related research is accurately given. In particular, proteomic tools could be adopted to follow the main steps of the blood-banking production processes (a comparison of collection methods, pathogen inactivation techniques, storage protocols). Thus proteomics has been recently transformed from a mere basic-research extremely-expensive toy into a dramatically-sensitive and efficient eye-lens to either delve into the depths of the molecular mechanisms of blood and blood components or to establish quality parameters in the blood-banking production chain totally anew.
Collapse
|
13
|
Das K, Siebert U, Gillet A, Dupont A, Di-Poï C, Fonfara S, Mazzucchelli G, De Pauw E, De Pauw-Gillet MC. Mercury immune toxicity in harbour seals: links to in vitro toxicity. Environ Health 2008; 7:52. [PMID: 18959786 PMCID: PMC2600635 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercury is known to bioaccumulate and to magnify in marine mammals, which is a cause of great concern in terms of their general health. In particular, the immune system is known to be susceptible to long-term mercury exposure. The aims of the present study were (1) to determine the mercury level in the blood of free-ranging harbour seals from the North Sea and (2) to examine the link between methylmercury in vitro exposure and immune functions using seal and human mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (T-lymphocytes). METHODS Total mercury was analysed in the blood of 22 harbour seals. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from seals (n = 11) and from humans (n = 9). Stimulated lymphocytes of both species were exposed to functional tests (proliferation, metabolic activity, radioactive precursor incorporation) under increasing doses of methylmercury (0.1 to 10 microM). The expression of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4 and TGF-beta) was investigated in seal lymphocytes by RT-PCR and by real time quantitative PCR (n = 5) at methylmercury concentrations of 0.2 and 1 microM. Finally, proteomics analysis was attempted on human lymphocytes (cytoplasmic fraction) in order to identify biochemical pathways of toxicity at concentration of 1 microM (n = 3). RESULTS The results showed that the number of seal lymphocytes, viability, metabolic activity, DNA and RNA synthesis were reduced in vitro, suggesting deleterious effects of methylmercury concentrations naturally encountered in free-ranging seals. Similar results were found for human lymphocytes. Functional tests showed that a 1 microM concentration was the critical concentration above which lymphocyte activity, proliferation and survival were compromised. The expression of IL-2 and TGF-beta mRNA was weaker in exposed seal lymphocytes compared to control cells (0.2 and 1 microM). Proteomics showed some variation in the protein expression profile (e.g. vimentin). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that seal and human PBMCs react in a comparable way to MeHg in vitro exposure with, however, larger inter-individual variations. MeHg could be an additional cofactor in the immunosuppressive pollutant cocktail generally described in the blood of seals and this therefore raises the possibility of additional additive effects in the marine mammal immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Das
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie, Centre de Recherche MARE, B6C, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Research and Technology Center Westcoast, University of Kiel, 25761 Buesum, Germany
| | - Audrey Gillet
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie, Centre de Recherche MARE, B6C, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Dupont
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie, Centre de Recherche MARE, B6C, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carole Di-Poï
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie, Centre de Recherche MARE, B6C, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Research and Technology Center Westcoast, University of Kiel, 25761 Buesum, Germany
- GKSS Research Centre, Institute for Coastal Research, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, B6C Liège, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, B6C Liège, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stentz FB, Kitabchi AE. Transcriptome and proteome expressions involved in insulin resistance in muscle and activated T-lymphocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2008; 5:216-35. [PMID: 18267303 PMCID: PMC5054231 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(08)60009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the genes expressed (transcriptomes) and the proteins translated (pro- teomes) in muscle tissues and activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes (T-cells) of five Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects using Affymetrix microarrays and mass spectrometry, and compared them with matched non-diabetic controls. Gene expressions of insulin receptor (INSR), vitamin D receptor, insulin degrading enzyme, Akt, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), IRS-2, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and enzymes of the glycolytic pathway were decreased at least 50% in T2DM than in controls. However, there was greater than two-fold gene upregulation of plasma cell glycoprotein-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, and gluconeogenic enzymes in T2DM than in controls. The gene silencing for INSR or TNFalpha resulted in the inhibition or stimulation of GLUT4, respectively. Proteome profiles corresponding to molecular weights of the above translated transcriptomes showed different patterns of changes between T2DM and controls. Meanwhile, changes in transcriptomes and proteomes between muscle and activated T-cells of T2DM were comparable. Activated T-cells, analogous to muscle cells, expressed insulin signaling and glucose metabolism genes and gene products. In conclusion, T-cells and muscle in T2DM exhibited differences in expression of certain genes and gene products relative to non-diabetic controls. These alterations in transcriptomes and proteomes in T2DM may be involved in insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frankie B Stentz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Youngren JF, Reaven G, Accili D, Trischitta V, Vigneri R, Frittitta L. The role of membrane glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1/ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and related abnormalities. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:62-75. [PMID: 18199690 PMCID: PMC2244935 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major feature of most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A number of laboratories have observed that PC-1 (membrane [corrected] glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1; also termed [corrected] ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 or ENPP1) [corrected] is either overexpressed or overactive in muscle, adipose tissue, fibroblasts, and other tissues of insulin-resistant individuals, both nondiabetic and diabetic. Moreover, PC-1 (ENPP1) overexpression [corrected] in cultured cells in vitro and in transgenic mice in vivo, [corrected] impairs insulin stimulation of insulin receptor (IR) activation and downstream signaling. PC-1 binds to the connecting domain of the IR alpha-subunit that is located in residues 485-599. The connecting domain transmits insulin binding in the alpha-subunit to activation of tyrosine kinase activation in the beta-subunit. When PC-1 is overexpressed, it inhibits insulin [corrected]induced IR beta-subunit tyrosine kinase activity. In addition, a polymorphism of PC-1 (K121Q) in various ethnic populations is closely associated with insulin resistance, T2D, and cardio [corrected] and nephrovascular diseases. The product of this polymorphism has a 2- to 3-fold increased binding affinity for the IR and is more potent than the wild-type PC-1 protein (K121K) in inhibiting the IR. These data suggest therefore that PC-1 is a candidate protein that may play a role in human insulin resistance and T2D by its overexpression, its overactivity, or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ira D Goldfine
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Grant MM, Scheel-Toellner D, Griffiths HR. Contributions to our understanding of T cell physiology through unveiling the T cell proteome. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:9-15. [PMID: 17488298 PMCID: PMC1942030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the sequencing of the human genome was completed, attention has turned to examining the functionality of the molecular machinery, in particular of protein expression. Differential proteome analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis has been adopted to study changes in T cell proteomes during T cell activation, and this work is increasing our understanding of the complexity of signals elicited across multiple pathways. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available evidence in the application of proteomic techniques and methodologies to understand T cell receptor activation from lipid raft and cytoskeletal rearrangements, through to signalling cascades, transcription factor modulation and changes in protein expression patterns. These include post-translational modifications, which are not encoded by the genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Grant
- School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Viardot A, Grey ST, Mackay F, Chisholm D. Potential antiinflammatory role of insulin via the preferential polarization of effector T cells toward a T helper 2 phenotype. Endocrinology 2007; 148:346-53. [PMID: 17008395 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia in critical illness is a common complication and a strong independent risk factor for morbidity and death. Intensive insulin therapy decreases this risk by up to 50%. It is unclear to what extent this benefit is due to reversal of glucotoxicity or to a direct effect of insulin, because antiinflammatory effects of insulin have already been described, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. The insulin receptor is expressed on resting neutrophils, monocytes, and B cells, but is not detectable on T cells. However, significant up-regulation of insulin receptor expression is observed on activated T cells, which suggests an important role during T cell activation. Exogenous insulin in vitro induced a shift in T cell differentiation toward a T helper type 2 (Th2)-type response, decreasing the T helper type 1 to Th2 ratio by 36%. This result correlated with a corresponding change in cytokine secretion, with the interferon-gamma to IL-4 ratio being decreased by 33%. These changes were associated with increased Th2-promoting ERK phosphorylation in the presence of insulin. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that insulin treatment influences T cell differentiation promoting a shift toward a Th2-type response. This effect of insulin in changing T cell polarization may contribute to its antiinflammatory role not only in sepsis, but also in chronic inflammation associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Viardot
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney-Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shu L, Yin W, Zhuang H, Hua Z. Comparison of gene expression profiles in mouse primary T cells under normal and prolonged activation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 37:64-75. [PMID: 16740399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the global transcriptional change of mouse primary T cells after prolonged activation, we took advantage of a Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array to assess and compare the overall gene expression profiles of mouse T cells after activated with anti-CD3/CD28 for 18 or 48 h. The results demonstrated that most activation-related genes were preferentially up-regulated in mouse primary T cells after stimulated for 18 h; some apoptotic genes, however, were also found to be moderately up-regulated simultaneously. After the activation of T cells for 48 h, lots of apoptosis-related genes were dramatically up-regulated, followed by the augmentation of activation-induced cell death. In general, the number of differentially expressed genes in T cells after activation over 48 h declined almost in half as compared to that of 18 h. Both microarray and cytokine content analyses revealed that Th1 cytokines, rather than Th2 cytokines, were specifically up-regulated in activated mouse primary T cells. The present study also identified a number of genes that were dramatically up or down-regulated in T cells activated for 48 h for the first time, although the exact functions of these proteins are not known. Our studies provide detailed information on genes expression profiles of mouse primary T cells after normal (18 h) and prolonged activation (48 h); these data may accelerate the understanding of the T cell activation process and offer clues to the therapy of immune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan Shu
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jin P, Wang E, Provenzano M, Deola S, Selleri S, Ren J, Voiculescu S, Stroncek D, Panelli MC, Marincola FM. Molecular signatures induced by interleukin-2 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cell subsets. J Transl Med 2006; 4:26. [PMID: 16805915 PMCID: PMC1557669 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally, interleukin-2 (IL-2) exerts complex immunological functions promoting the proliferation, survival and activation of T cells on one hand and inducing immune regulatory mechanisms on the other. This complexity results from a cross talk among immune cells which sways the effects of IL-2 according to the experimental or clinical condition tested. Recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 47 donors of different genetic background induced generalized T cell activation and anti-apoptotic effects. Most effects were dependent upon interactions among immune cells. Specialized functions of CD4 and CD8 T cells were less dependent upon and often dampened by the presence of other PBMC populations. In particular, cytotoxic T cell effector function was variably affected with a component strictly dependent upon the direct stimulation of CD8 T cells in the absence of other PBMC. This observation may provide a roadmap for the interpretation of the discrepant biological activities of rIL-2 observed in distinct pathological conditions or treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Immune Oncology Section, Department of Surgery, University Hospital ZLF, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Deola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Silvia Selleri
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Ren
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Sonia Voiculescu
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - David Stroncek
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Monica C Panelli
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stentz FB, Kitabchi AE. Palmitic acid-induced activation of human T-lymphocytes and aortic endothelial cells with production of insulin receptors, reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and lipid peroxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:721-6. [PMID: 16782068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic conditions are associated with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, but the role of saturated fatty acids (SFA) vs. unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in activation of T-lymphocytes and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) is not known. We investigated in vitro effects of various concentrations of SFA (palmitate) and UFA (oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic) acids in activation of these cells. These cells in presence of palmitate, but not UFA, exhibited time, and concentration-dependent emergence of insulin receptors, GLUT 4 expression, generation of ROS, cytokines, lipid peroxidation, and IRS-1. We conclude that both T-lymphocytes and HAEC share common characteristics in exhibiting activation of these cells to palmitate, but not to UFA, by developing insulin receptors and becoming insulin responsive tissues, a hitherto unknown response to palmitate. We hypothesize that these events may serve as protective defense mechanisms against acute effects of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frankie B Stentz
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Du X, Tang Y, Xu H, Lit L, Walker W, Ashwood P, Gregg JP, Sharp FR. Genomic profiles for human peripheral blood T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells: comparisons to ischemic stroke, migraine, and Tourette syndrome. Genomics 2006; 87:693-703. [PMID: 16546348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood genomic profiling has been applied to disorders of the blood and various organ systems including brain to elucidate disease mechanisms and identify surrogate disease markers. Since most studies have not examined specific cell types, we performed a preliminary genomic survey of major blood cell types from normal individuals using microarrays. CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD56+ natural killer cells, and CD14+ monocytes were negatively selected using the RosetteSep antibody cocktail, while polymorphonuclear leukocytes were separated with density gradient media. Genes differentially expressed by each cell type were identified. To demonstrate the potential use of such cell subtype-specific genomic expression data, a number of the major genes previously reported to be regulated in ischemic stroke, migraine, and Tourette syndrome are shown to be associated with distinct cell populations in blood. These specific gene expression, cell-type-related profiles will need to be confirmed in larger data sets and could be used to study these and many other neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Du
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gosmanov AR, Stentz FB, Kitabchi AE. De novo emergence of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in human aortic endothelial cells incubated with high glucose. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E516-22. [PMID: 16249253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated glucose concentrations have profound effects on cell function. We hypothesized that incubation of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) with high glucose increases insulin signaling and develops the appearance of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by the cells. Compared with 5 mM glucose, incubation of HAEC with 30 mM glucose for up to 48 h increased in a time-dependent manner expression of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, and GLUT1 proteins. High glucose also increased the specific binding of (125)I-labeled insulin in HAEC accompanied by accelerated production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Short-term stimulation by 50 microU/ml insulin did not activate [(14)C]glucose uptake by HAEC incubated in 5 mM glucose. However, an addition of insulin to high glucose-exposed endothelial cells led to a significant increase in [(14)C]glucose uptake in a glucose concentration- and time-dependent fashion, reaching a plateau at 48 h of incubation. Furthermore, incubation of HAEC with 30 mM glucose resulted in a new insulin-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and increased lipid peroxidation and production of reactive oxygen species. These studies show for the first time that high glucose increases expression of insulin receptors and downstream elements of the insulin-signaling pathway and transforms "insulin-resistant" aortic endothelial cells into "insulin-sensitive" tissue regarding glucose uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aidar R Gosmanov
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Ave., Suite D334, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thadikkaran L, Siegenthaler MA, Crettaz D, Queloz PA, Schneider P, Tissot JD. Recent advances in blood-related proteomics. Proteomics 2005; 5:3019-34. [PMID: 16041673 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200402053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood is divided in two compartments, namely, plasma and cells. The latter contain red blood cells, leukocytes, and platelets. From a descriptive medical discipline, hematology has evolved towards a pioneering discipline where molecular biology has permitted the development of prognostic and diagnostic indicators for disease. The recent advance in MS and protein separation now allows similar progress in the analysis of proteins. Proteomics offers great promise for the study of proteins in plasma/serum, indeed a number of proteomics databases for plasma/serum have been established. This is a very complex body fluid containing lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, nucleic acids, hormones, and proteins. About 1500 different proteins have recently been identified, and a number of potential new markers of diseases have been characterized. Here, examples of the enormous promise of plasma/serum proteomic analysis for diagnostic/prognostic markers and information on disease mechanism are given. Within the blood are also a large number of different blood cell types that potentially hold similar information. Proteomics of red blood cells, until now, has not improved our knowledge of these cells, in contrast to the major progresses achieved while studying platelets and leukocytes. In the future, proteomics will change several aspects of hematology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Thadikkaran
- Service régional vaudois de transfusion sanguine, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kronfeld K, Hochleitner E, Mendler S, Goldschmidt J, Lichtenfels R, Lottspeich F, Abken H, Seliger B. B7/CD28 costimulation of T cells induces a distinct proteome pattern. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1876-87. [PMID: 16113399 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500194-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective immune strategies for the eradication of human tumors require a detailed understanding of the interaction of tumor cells with the immune system, which might lead to an optimization of T cell responses. To understand the impact of B7-mediated costimulation on T cell activation comprehensive proteome analysis of B7-primed T cell populations were performed. Using this approach we identified different classes of proteins in T cells whose expression is either elevated or reduced upon B7-1- or B7-2-mediated CD28 costimulation. The altered proteins include regulators of the cell cycle and cell proliferation, signal transducers, components of the antigen processing machinery, transporters, cytoskeletal proteins, and metabolic enzymes. A number of differentially expressed proteins are further modified by phosphorylation. Our results provide novel insights into the complexity of the CD28 costimulatory pathway of T cells and will help to identify potential targets of therapeutic interventions for modulating anti-tumor T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kronfeld
- IIIrd Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2005. [PMCID: PMC2447482 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|