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Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Pena GPDA, Azevedo VN, Machado LFA, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. JC virus/human immunodeficiency virus 1 co-infection in the Brazilian Amazonian region. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:360-4. [PMID: 27266589 PMCID: PMC9427546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a member of the Polyomaviridae family and is associated to a severe disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PML, which is gradually increasing in incidence as an opportunistic infection among AIDS patients. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of JCV among HIV-1 carriers including their types and molecular subtypes and the possible association with disease. Urine samples from 66 HIV-1 infected subjects were investigated for the presence of the virus by amplifying VP1 (215bp) and IG (610bp) regions using the polymerase chain reaction. JCV was detected in 32% of the samples. The results confirmed the occurrence of type B (subtype Af2); in addition, another polyomavirus, BKV, was also detected in 1.5% of samples of the HIV-1 infected subjects. Apparently, there was no significant difference between mono- (HIV-1 only) and co-infected (HIV-1/JCV) subjects regarding their TCD4(+)/TCD8(+) lymphocyte counts or HIV-1 plasma viral load. Self admitted seizures, hearing and visual loses were not significantly different between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vânia Nakauth Azevedo
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Vírus, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Vírus, Belem, Para, Brazil
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Haley SA, O'Hara BA, Nelson CDS, Brittingham FLP, Henriksen KJ, Stopa EG, Atwood WJ. Human polyomavirus receptor distribution in brain parenchyma contrasts with receptor distribution in kidney and choroid plexus. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2246-58. [PMID: 26056932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human polyomavirus, JCPyV, is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a rare demyelinating disease that occurs in the setting of prolonged immunosuppression. After initial asymptomatic infection, the virus establishes lifelong persistence in the kidney and possibly other extraneural sites. In rare instances, the virus traffics to the central nervous system, where oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and glial precursors are susceptible to lytic infection, resulting in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The mechanisms by which the virus traffics to the central nervous system from peripheral sites remain unknown. Lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc), a pentasaccharide containing a terminal α2,6-linked sialic acid, is the major attachment receptor for polyomavirus. In addition to LSTc, type 2 serotonin receptors are required for facilitating virus entry into susceptible cells. We studied the distribution of virus receptors in kidney and brain using lectins, antibodies, and labeled virus. The distribution of LSTc, serotonin receptors, and virus binding sites overlapped in kidney and in the choroid plexus. In brain parenchyma, serotonin receptors were expressed on oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, but these cells were negative for LSTc and did not bind virus. LSTc was instead found on microglia and vascular endothelium, to which virus bound abundantly. Receptor distribution was not changed in the brains of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Virus infection of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes during disease progression is LSTc independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Bethany A O'Hara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Christian D S Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Frances L P Brittingham
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kammi J Henriksen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Edward G Stopa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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Kachuck NJ. Challenges and opportunities: what we are learning from the clinical natalizumab experience. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 5:605-15. [PMID: 16162084 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.5.5.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The approval of natalizumab for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, and the subsequent voluntary suspension of its use due to an unexpected viral infection, is a cautionary tale of how much we have to learn about how to prioritize and perform the necessary research and development of novel therapeutics for human diseases, the ethics of placebo-controlled trials and the relationships between researchers, regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Kachuck
- USC Keck School of Medicine, 1520 San Pablo Street, 3000 Los Angeles CA 90033, USA.
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Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Azevedo VN, Machado LFA, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. Human JCV infections as a bio-anthropological marker of the formation of Brazilian Amazonian populations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46523. [PMID: 23071582 PMCID: PMC3470572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCV) is a member of the Polyomaviridae family. It presents a tropism to kidney cells, and the infection occurs in a variety of human population groups of different ethnic background. The present study investigated the prevalence of JCV infection among human populations from the Brazilian Amazon region, and describes the molecular and phylogenetic features of the virus. Urine samples from two urban groups of Belém (healthy subjects), one Brazilian Afro-descendant “quilombo” from the Rio Trombetas region, and native Indians from the Wai-Wai, Urubu-Kaapor, Tembé, Assurini, Arara do Laranjal, Aukre, Parakanã, Surui and Munduruku villages were investigated for the presence of the virus by amplifying VP1 (230 bp) and IG (610 bp) regions using a polymerase chain reaction. Nucleotide sequences (440 nucleotides, nt) from 48 samples were submitted to phylogenetic analysis. The results confirmed the occurrence of types A (subtype EU), B (subtypes Af-2, African and MY, Asiatic) and C (subtype Af-1) among healthy subjects; type B, subtypes Af-2 and MY, among the Afro-Brazilians; and type B, subtype MY, within the Surui Indians. An unexpected result was the detection of another polyomavirus, the BKV, among Afro-descendants. The present study shows, for the first time, the occurrence of JC and BK polyomaviruses infecting humans from the Brazilian Amazon region. The results show a large genetic variability of strains circulating in the region, infecting a large group of individuals. The presence of European, Asiatic and African subtypes associated to the ethnic origin of the population samples investigated herein, highlights the idea that JCV is a fairly good marker for studying the early migration of human populations, reflecting their early and late history. Furthermore, the identification of the specific mutations associated to the virus subtypes, suggests that these mutations have occurred after the entrance of the virus in the Amazon region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Mizusawa H, Kishida S, Saijo M, Yukishita M, Shishido-Hara Y, Sawa H, Nagashima K, Nukuzuma S, Yamada M. [Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2011; 51:1051-1057. [PMID: 22277475 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.51.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by reactivation of latently infected JCV when hosts' immune system is impaired by HIV infection, hematologic diseases, collagen diseases, immunemodulatory therapy and so on. PML was rare but HIV infection and Natalizumab have made it much more common while the prognosis is much better than other PML. PML patients present with various signs and symptoms including hemiparesis, dementia, aphasia, visual disturbance, cranial nerve paresis, cerebellar signs and bladder bowel disturbance. Brain MRI reveals characteristic demyelinating lesions in the CNS white matter and CSF mild increase of protein with or without mild mononuclear pleocytosis. Detection of JCV genome from CSF is crucial for the clinical diagnosis of PML. PML was once thought to be fatal but some HIV infected PML patients showed halting progression or even recovery after introduction of HAART. In addition, anti-malarial drug mefloquine was found to be effective. Recovery of immunity may provoke some inflammatory responses known as immune reconstruction inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) which requires high dose corticosteroid. In Japan, we are providing free test of CSF-JCV genome and organized a unique system for surveillance and clinical research of PML. Using this system we hope to improve diagnosis and therapy of PML in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
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Sunden Y, Suzuki T, Orba Y, Umemura T, Asamoto M, Nagashima K, Tanaka S, Sawa H. Characterization and application of polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognize JC virus large T antigen. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 111:379-87. [PMID: 16479389 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-0025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Similar to other polyomaviruses, such as simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40) and BK virus (BKV), JCV is also associated with human tumours. The Polyomavirus early protein large T antigen (TAg) plays a crucial role in tumour pathogenesis. An antibody to SV40 TAg (PAb416), which cross-reacts with TAgs of both JCV and BKV, has been used widely for the detection of JCV and BKV TAgs. As a consequence, it is difficult to discriminate between the TAgs of SV40, BKV and JCV by immunohistochemical analyses. In the present study, we generated JCV TAg-specific polyclonal antibodies (JCT629 and JCT652) by immunization of New Zealand white rabbits with synthetic peptides reproducing the JCV TAg carboxyl-terminal region as immunogens. Immunoblotting analyses indicated that the new antibodies bind specifically to JCV TAg, and not to those of SV40 or BKV. We also demonstrated that these antibodies can be used for immunoprecipitation, immunocytochemical analyses and immunohistochemical staining of routinely processed specimens. In conclusion, the newly generated JCV-specific TAg antibodies may be useful both in the investigation of the pathophysiological function of JCV TAg and in discriminating between Polyomavirus-related clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N15, W7, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
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