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Dumont ME, Konopka JB. Comparison of Experimental Approaches Used to Determine the Structure and Function of the Class D G Protein-Coupled Yeast α-Factor Receptor. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060761. [PMID: 35740886 PMCID: PMC9220813 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor mating pheromone receptor (Ste2p) has been studied as a model for the large medically important family of G protein-coupled receptors. Diverse yeast genetic screens and high-throughput mutagenesis of STE2 identified a large number of loss-of-function, constitutively-active, dominant-negative, and intragenic second-site suppressor mutants as well as mutations that specifically affect pheromone binding. Facile genetic manipulation of Ste2p also aided in targeted biochemical approaches, such as probing the aqueous accessibility of substituted cysteine residues in order to identify the boundaries of the seven transmembrane segments, and the use of cysteine disulfide crosslinking to identify sites of intramolecular contacts in the transmembrane helix bundle of Ste2p and sites of contacts between the monomers in a Ste2p dimer. Recent publication of a series of high-resolution cryo-EM structures of Ste2p in ligand-free, agonist-bound and antagonist-bound states now makes it possible to evaluate the results of these genetic and biochemical strategies, in comparison to three-dimensional structures showing activation-related conformational changes. The results indicate that the genetic and biochemical strategies were generally effective, and provide guidance as to how best to apply these experimental strategies to other proteins. These strategies continue to be useful in defining mechanisms of signal transduction in the context of the available structures and suggest aspects of receptor function beyond what can be discerned from the available structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Dumont
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-275-2466
| | - James B. Konopka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA;
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Ren S, Hu P, Jia J, Ni J, Jiang T, Yang H, Bai J, Tian C, Chen L, Huang Q, Lv B, Feng X, Li C. Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for sensing sweetness. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Uddin MS, Naider F, Becker JM. Dynamic roles for the N-terminus of the yeast G protein-coupled receptor Ste2p. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2058-2067. [PMID: 28754538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor receptor Ste2p has been used extensively as a model to understand the molecular mechanism of signal transduction by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Single and double cysteine mutants of Ste2p were created and served as surrogates to detect intramolecular interactions and dimerization of Ste2p using disulfide cross-linking methodology. When a mutation was introduced into the phylogenetically conserved tyrosine residue at position 26 (Y26C) in the N-terminus of Ste2p, dimerization was increased greatly. The amount of dimer formed by this Y26C mutant was greatly reduced by ligand binding even though the ligand binding site is far removed from the N-terminus; the lowering of the dimer formation was consistent with a conformational change in the N-terminus of the receptor upon activation. Dimerization was decreased by double mutations Y26C/V109C or Y26C/T114C indicating that Y26 is in close proximity to V109 and T114 of extracellular loop 1 in native Ste2p. Combined with earlier studies, these results indicate previously unrecognized roles for the N-terminus of Ste2p, and perhaps of GPCRs in general, and reveal a specific N-terminus residue or region, that is involved in GPCR signaling, intrareceptor interactions, and receptor dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seraj Uddin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assemblies Institute, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York 10314, United States; Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Becker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.
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Sridharan R, Connelly SM, Naider F, Dumont ME. Variable Dependence of Signaling Output on Agonist Occupancy of Ste2p, a G Protein-coupled Receptor in Yeast. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24261-24279. [PMID: 27646004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here on the relationship between ligand binding and signaling responses in the yeast pheromone response pathway, a well characterized G protein-coupled receptor system. Responses to agonist (α-factor) by cells expressing widely varying numbers of receptors depend primarily on fractional occupancy, not the absolute number of agonist-bound receptors. Furthermore, the concentration of competitive antagonist required to inhibit α-factor-dependent signaling is more than 10-fold higher than predicted based on the known ligand affinities. Thus, responses to a particular number of agonist-bound receptors can vary greatly, depending on whether there are unoccupied or antagonist-bound receptors present on the same cell surface. This behavior does not appear to be due to pre-coupling of receptors to G protein or to the Sst2p regulator of G protein signaling. The results are consistent with a signaling response that is determined by the integration of positive signals from agonist-occupied receptors and inhibitory signals from unoccupied receptors, where the inhibitory signals can be diminished by antagonist binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Sridharan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sara M Connelly
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Fred Naider
- the Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, and.,the Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mark E Dumont
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642,
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Zhao H, Chen J, Liu J, Han B. Transcriptome analysis reveals the oxidative stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A global regulatory network involving the response to the oxidation stress inSaccharomyces cerevisiaewas revealed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Beizhong Han
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
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Taslimi A, Mathew E, Celić A, Wessel S, Dumont ME. Identifying functionally important conformational changes in proteins: activation of the yeast α-factor receptor Ste2p. J Mol Biol 2012; 418:367-78. [PMID: 22387470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a procedure in which disulfide cross-links are used to identify regions of proteins that undergo functionally important intramolecular motion. The approach was applied to the identification of disulfide bonds that stabilize the active state of the yeast α-mating pheromone receptor Ste2p, a member of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Cysteine residues were introduced at random positions in targeted regions of a starting allele of Ste2p that completely lacks cysteines. Libraries of mutated receptors were then screened for alleles that exhibit constitutive signaling. Two strongly activated alleles were recovered containing cysteine residues in transmembrane (TM) segments 5 and 6. Constitutive activity of these alleles was dependent on the presence of both introduced cysteines and was sensitive to reducing agent. Cross-linked peptides derived from the mutant receptors were detected by immunoblotting. Additional sites of cross-linking between TM segments 5 and 6 that did not lead to constitutive activation were also identified. These results indicate that relative motion of the TM segments 5 and 6 in the extracellular half of the membrane is sufficient to activate the receptor and that TM segment 6, but not TM segment 5, exhibits rotational mobility that is not associated with receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Taslimi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Roles for receptors, pheromones, G proteins, and mating type genes during sexual reproduction in Neurospora crassa. Genetics 2012; 190:1389-404. [PMID: 22298702 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.136358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we characterize the relationship between the PRE-2 pheromone receptor and its ligand, CCG-4, and the general requirements for receptors, pheromones, G proteins, and mating type genes during fusion of opposite mating-type cells and sexual sporulation in the multicellular fungus Neurospora crassa. PRE-2 is highly expressed in mat a cells and is localized in male and female reproductive structures. Δpre-2 mat a females do not respond chemotropically to mat A males (conidia) or form mature fruiting bodies (perithecia) or meiotic progeny (ascospores). Strains with swapped identity due to heterologous expression of pre-2 or ccg-4 behave normally in crosses with opposite mating-type strains. Coexpression of pre-2 and ccg-4 in the mat A background leads to self-attraction and development of barren perithecia without ascospores. Further perithecial development is achieved by inactivation of Sad-1, a gene required for meiotic gene silencing. Findings from studies involving forced heterokaryons of opposite mating-type strains show that presence of one receptor and its compatible pheromone is necessary and sufficient for perithecial development and ascospore production. Taken together, the results demonstrate that although receptors and pheromones control sexual identity, the mating-type genes (mat A and mat a) must be in two different nuclei to allow meiosis and sexual sporulation to occur.
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Potetinova Z, Tantry S, Cohen LS, Caroccia KE, Arshava B, Becker JM, Naider F. Large multiple transmembrane domain fragments of a G protein-coupled receptor: biosynthesis, purification, and biophysical studies. Biopolymers 2012; 98:485-500. [PMID: 23203693 PMCID: PMC3542537 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To conduct biophysical analyses on large domains of GPCRs, multimilligram quantities of highly homogeneous proteins are necessary. This communication discusses the biosynthesis of four transmembrane and five transmembrane-containing fragments of Ste2p, a GPCR recognizing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tridecapeptide pheromone α-factor. The target fragments contained the predicted four N-terminal Ste2p[G(31) -A(198) ] (4TMN), four C-terminal Ste2p[T(155) -L(340) ] (4TMC), or five C-terminal Ste2p[I(120) -L(340) ] (5TMC) transmembrane segments of Ste2p. 4TMN was expressed as a fusion protein using a modified pMMHa vector in L-arabinose-induced Escherichia coli BL21-AI, and cleaved with cyanogen bromide. 4TMC and 5TMC were obtained by direct expression using a pET21a vector in IPTG-induced E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. 4TMC and 5TMC were biosynthesized on a preparative scale, isolated in multimilligram amounts, characterized by MS and investigated by biophysical methods. CD spectroscopy indicated the expected highly α-helical content for 4TMC and 5TMC in membrane mimetic environments. Tryptophan fluorescence showed that 5TMC integrated into the nonpolar region of 1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) micelles. HSQC-TROSY investigations revealed that [(15) N]-labeled 5TMC in 50% trifluoroethanol-d(2) /H(2) O/0.05%-trifluoroacetic acid was stable enough to conduct long multidimensional NMR measurements. The entire Ste2p GPCR was not readily reconstituted from the first two and last five or first three and last four transmembrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Potetinova
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Kim H, Lee BK, Naider F, Becker JM. Identification of specific transmembrane residues and ligand-induced interface changes involved in homo-dimer formation of a yeast G protein-coupled receptor. Biochemistry 2009; 48:10976-87. [PMID: 19839649 DOI: 10.1021/bi901291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor pheromone receptor, Ste2p, has been studied as a model for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structure and function. Dimerization has been demonstrated for many GPCRs, although the role(s) of dimerization in receptor function is disputed. Transmembrane domains one (TM1) and four (TM4) of Ste2p were shown previously to play a role in dimerization. In this study, single cysteine substitutions were introduced into a Cys-less Ste2p, and disulfide-mediated dimerization was assessed. Six residues in TM1 (L64 to M69) that had not been previously investigated and 19 residues in TM7 (T278 to A296) of which 15 were not previously investigated were mutated to create 25 single Cys-containing Ste2p molecules. Ste2p mutants V68C in TM1 and nine mutants in TM7 (cysteine substituted into residues 278, 285, 289, and 291 to 296) showed increased dimerization upon addition of an oxidizing agent in comparison to the background dimers formed by the Cys-less receptor. The formation of dimers was decreased for TM7 mutant receptors in the presence of alpha-factor indicating that ligand binding resulted in a conformational change that influenced dimerization. The effect of ligand on dimer formation suggests that dimers are formed in the resting state and the activated state of the receptor by different TM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Zou C, Naider F, Zerbe O. Biosynthesis and NMR-studies of a double transmembrane domain from the Y4 receptor, a human GPCR. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2008; 42:257-269. [PMID: 18937032 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-008-9281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The human Y4 receptor, a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) primarily targeted by the pancreatic polypeptide (PP), is involved in a large number of physiologically important functions. This paper investigates a Y4 receptor fragment (N-TM1-TM2) comprising the N-terminal domain, the first two transmembrane (TM) helices and the first extracellular loop followed by a (His)(6) tag, and addresses synthetic problems encountered when recombinantly producing such fragments from GPCRs in Escherichia coli. Rigorous purification and usage of the optimized detergent mixture 28 mM dodecylphosphocholine (DPC)/118 mM% 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (LPPG) resulted in high quality TROSY spectra indicating protein conformational homogeneity. Almost complete assignment of the backbone, including all TM residue resonances was obtained. Data on internal backbone dynamics revealed a high secondary structure content for N-TM1-TM2. Secondary chemical shifts and sequential amide proton nuclear Overhauser effects defined the TM helices. Interestingly, the properties of the N-terminal domain of this large fragment are highly similar to those determined on the isolated N-terminal domain in the presence of DPC micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zou
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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In vitro characterization of ligand-induced oligomerization of the S. cerevisiae G-protein coupled receptor, Ste2p. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:1-7. [PMID: 18996443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The S. cerevisiae alpha-factor receptor, Ste2p, is a G-protein coupled receptor that plays key roles in yeast signaling and mating. Oligomerization of Ste2p has previously been shown to be important for intracellular trafficking, receptor processing and endocytosis. However the role of ligand in receptor oligomerization remains enigmatic. METHODS Using functional recombinant forms of purified Ste2p, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering and chemical crosslinking are applied to investigate the role of ligand in Ste2p oligomerization. RESULTS Atomic force microscopy images indicate a molecular height for recombinant Ste2p in the presence of alpha-factor nearly double that of Ste2p alone. This observation is supported by complementary dynamic light scattering measurements which indicate a ligand-induced increase in the polydispersity of the Ste2p hydrodynamic radius. Finally, chemical cross-linking of HEK293 plasma membranes presenting recombinant Ste2p indicates alpha-factor induced stabilization of the dimeric form and higher order oligomeric forms of the receptor upon SDS-PAGE analysis. CONCLUSIONS alpha-factor induces oligomerization of Ste2p in vitro and in membrane. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These results provide additional evidence of a possible role for ligand in mediation of Ste2p oligomerization in vivo.
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Yin D, Shumay E, Wang HY, Malbon CC. Yeast Ste2 receptors as tools for study of mammalian protein kinases and adaptors involved in receptor trafficking. J Mol Signal 2006; 1:2. [PMID: 17224079 PMCID: PMC1761140 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian receptors that couple to effectors via heterotrimeric G proteins (e.g., beta 2-adrenergic receptors) and receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity (e.g., insulin and IGF-I receptors) constitute the proximal points of two dominant cell signaling pathways. Receptors coupled to G proteins can be substrates for tyrosine kinases, integrating signals from both pathways. Yeast cells, in contrast, display G protein-coupled receptors (e.g., alpha-factor pheromone receptor Ste2) that have evolved in the absence of receptor tyrosine kinases, such as those found in higher organisms. We sought to understand the motifs in G protein-coupled receptors that act as substrates for receptor tyrosine kinases and the functional consequence of such phosphorylation on receptor biology. We expressed in human HEK 293 cells yeast wild-type Ste2 as well as a Ste2 chimera engineered with cytoplasmic domains of the beta2-adrenergic receptor and tested receptor sequestration in response to activation of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Results The yeast Ste2 was successfully expressed in HEK 293 cells. In response to alpha-factor, Ste2 signals to the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and internalizes. Wash out of agonist and addition of antagonist does not lead to Ste2 recycling to the cell membrane. Internalized Ste2 is not significantly degraded. Beta2-adrenergic receptors display internalization in response to agonist (isoproterenol), but rapidly recycle to the cell membrane following wash out of agonist and addition of antagonist. Beta2-adrenergic receptors display internalization in response to activation of insulin receptors (i.e., cross-regulation), whereas Ste2 does not. Substitution of the cytoplasmic domains of the β2-adrenergic receptor for those of Ste2 creates a Ste2/beta2-adrenergic receptor chimera displaying insulin-stimulated internalization. Conclusion Chimera composed of yeast Ste2 into which domains of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors have been substituted, when expressed in animal cells, provide a unique tool for study of the regulation of G protein-coupled receptor trafficking by mammalian receptor tyrosine kinases and adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, SUNY/Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Elena Shumay
- Department of Pharmacology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, SUNY/Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Hsien-yu Wang
- Physiology & Biophysics, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, SUNY/Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Craig C Malbon
- Department of Pharmacology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, SUNY/Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
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Parker LL, Kurutz JW, Kent SBH, Kron SJ. Control of the Yeast Cell Cycle with a Photocleavable α-Factor Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parker LL, Kurutz JW, Kent SBH, Kron SJ. Control of the yeast cell cycle with a photocleavable alpha-factor analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6322-5. [PMID: 16937420 PMCID: PMC2788609 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, CIS W201A, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Josh W. Kurutz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, CIS W201A, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Stephen B. H. Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, CIS W201A, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Stephen J. Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Knapp R322, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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