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Gao L, Lam KH, Liu S, Przykopanski A, Lübke J, Qi R, Krüger M, Nowakowska MB, Selby K, Douillard FP, Dorner MB, Perry K, Lindström M, Dorner BG, Rummel A, Jin R. Crystal structures of OrfX1, OrfX2 and the OrfX1-OrfX3 complex from the orfX gene cluster of botulinum neurotoxin E1. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:524-537. [PMID: 36653893 PMCID: PMC10019085 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most lethal toxins known to humans, comprising seven established serotypes termed BoNT/A-G encoded in two types of gene clusters (ha and orfX) in BoNT-producing clostridia. The ha cluster encodes four non-toxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) that assemble with BoNTs to protect and enhance their oral toxicity. However, the structure and function of the orfX-type NAPs remain largely unknown. Here, we report the crystal structures for OrfX1, OrfX2, and an OrfX1-OrfX3 complex, which are encoded in the orfX cluster of a BoNT/E1-producing Clostridium botulinum strain associated with human foodborne botulism. These structures lay the foundation for future studies on the potential roles of OrfX proteins in oral intoxication and pathogenesis of BoNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Gao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kwok-ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Adina Przykopanski
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Lübke
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruifeng Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maren Krüger
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria B. Nowakowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Selby
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - François P. Douillard
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Polacco MA, Singleton AE, Barnes CH, Maas C, Maas CS. A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial to Determine Effects of Increasing Doses and Dose-Response Relationship of IncobotulinumtoxinA in the Treatment of Glabellar Rhytids. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:NP500-NP511. [PMID: 32722793 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IncobotulinumtoxinA is an effective neuromodulator for treating glabellar rhytids. The relationship between dose and reduction in rhytid severity is well established. However, the effects of escalating doses on the treatment duration response are less understood. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the effects of increasing doses of incobotulinumtoxinA on the treatment duration for glabellar rhytids. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, Phase IV study was conducted at a fully accredited, outpatient surgical facility. Subjects (31 female, 7 male) with moderate to severe glabellar rhytids were randomized to 1 of 3 incobotulinumtoxinA dose groups: 20, 60, or 100 U. Effect duration was determined by calculating the time to return to baseline for dynamic glabellar lines during maximal contraction. Follow-up was completed through 1 year, and adverse events were monitored. RESULTS The median duration of effect was 120 days (95% confidence interval [CI] [90, 180 days]), 180 days (95% CI [180, 210 days]), and 270 days (95% CI [240, 330 days]) for the 20-, 60-, and 100-U groups, respectively. A Wald chi-square test from the Cox regression on the primary efficacy variable indicated a statistically significant effect of dose group on time to baseline (chi square = 54.63; df = 2; P < 0.001). Hazard ratios were HR = 0.21 (95% CI [0.10; 0.43] for the 60-U vs the 20-U group, and HR = 0.06 (95% CI [0.10; 0.43]) for the 100-U vs the 20-U group, indicating a statistically longer return to baseline for both the 60- and 100-U cohorts. CONCLUSIONS There is a dose-dependent relationship between incobotulinumtoxinA and duration of effect in the glabella. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2
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Connan C, Popoff MR. Uptake of Clostridial Neurotoxins into Cells and Dissemination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 406:39-78. [PMID: 28879524 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clostridial neurotoxins, botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), are potent toxins, which are responsible for severe neurological diseases in man and animals. BoNTs induce a flaccid paralysis (botulism) by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junctions, whereas TeNT causes a spastic paralysis (tetanus) by blocking the neurotransmitter release (glycine, GABA) in inhibitory interneurons within the central nervous system. Clostridial neurotoxins recognize specific receptor(s) on the target neuronal cells and enter via a receptor-mediated endocytosis. They transit through an acidic compartment which allows the translocation of the catalytic chain into the cytosol, a prerequisite step for the intracellular activity of the neurotoxins. TeNT migrates to the central nervous system by using a motor neuron as transport cell. TeNT enters a neutral pH compartment and undergoes a retrograde axonal transport to the spinal cord or brain, where the whole undissociated toxin is delivered and interacts with target neurons. Botulism most often results from ingestion of food contaminated with BoNT. Thus, BoNT passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier mainly via a transcytotic mechanism and then diffuses or is transported to the neuromuscular junctions by the lymph or blood circulation. Indeed, clostridial neurotoxins are specific neurotoxins which transit through a transport cell to gain access to the target neuron, and use distinct trafficking pathways in both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Connan
- Unité Des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Unité Des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Lam KH, Jin R. Architecture of the botulinum neurotoxin complex: a molecular machine for protection and delivery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 31:89-95. [PMID: 25889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are extremely poisonous protein toxins that cause the fatal paralytic disease botulism. They are naturally produced in bacteria with several nontoxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) and together they form a progenitor toxin complex (PTC), the largest bacterial toxin complex known. In foodborne botulism, the PTC functions as a molecular machine that helps BoNT breach the host defense in the gut. Here, we discuss the substantial recent advance in elucidating the atomic structures and assembly of the 14-subunit PTC, including structures of BoNT and four NAPs. These structural studies shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which BoNT is protected against the acidic environment and proteolytic destruction in the gastrointestinal tract, and how it is delivered across the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Hayashi S, Akiyama T, Sagane Y, Miyashita SI, Watanabe T, Yajima S, Niwa K. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a novel haemagglutinin component of the toxin complex of serotype C Clostridium botulinum. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:370-3. [PMID: 24598930 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The botulinum toxin complex, the causative agent of botulism, passes through the intestinal wall via sugar-chain-dependent cell binding of a haemagglutinin of 33 kDa molecular weight (HA-33). The amino-acid sequence of the C-terminal half of HA-33 of the serotype C strain Yoichi (C-Yoichi) shares only 46% identity with those of the major serotype C strains. Additionally, C-Yoichi HA-33 exhibits a unique sugar-binding specificity. In the present work, C-Yoichi HA-33 was expressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized. Diffraction data were collected at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The crystals belonged to space group R3. The complete detailed protein structure will yield insight into how the unique HA-33 protein recognizes sugar moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hayashi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tomonori Akiyama
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Miyashita
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
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Yao G, Lee K, Gu S, Lam KH, Jin R. Botulinum neurotoxin A complex recognizes host carbohydrates through its hemagglutinin component. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:624-35. [PMID: 24525478 PMCID: PMC3942755 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent bacterial toxins. The high oral toxicity of BoNTs is largely attributed to the progenitor toxin complex (PTC), which is assembled from BoNT and nontoxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) that are produced together with BoNT in bacteria. Here, we performed ex vivo studies to examine binding of the highly homogeneous recombinant NAPs to mouse small intestine. We also carried out the first comprehensive glycan array screening with the hemagglutinin (HA) component of NAPs. Our data confirmed that intestinal binding of the PTC is partly mediated by the HA moiety through multivalent interactions between HA and host carbohydrates. The specific HA-carbohydrate recognition could be inhibited by receptor-mimicking saccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Yao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kwangkook Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Shenyan Gu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Amatsu S, Sugawara Y, Matsumura T, Kitadokoro K, Fujinaga Y. Crystal structure of Clostridium botulinum whole hemagglutinin reveals a huge triskelion-shaped molecular complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35617-25. [PMID: 24165130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum HA is a component of the large botulinum neurotoxin complex and is critical for its oral toxicity. HA plays multiple roles in toxin penetration in the gastrointestinal tract, including protection from the digestive environment, binding to the intestinal mucosal surface, and disruption of the epithelial barrier. At least two properties of HA contribute to these roles: the sugar-binding activity and the barrier-disrupting activity that depends on E-cadherin binding of HA. HA consists of three different proteins, HA1, HA2, and HA3, whose structures have been partially solved and are made up mainly of β-strands. Here, we demonstrate structural and functional reconstitution of whole HA and present the complete structure of HA of serotype B determined by x-ray crystallography at 3.5 Å resolution. This structure reveals whole HA to be a huge triskelion-shaped molecule. Our results suggest that whole HA is functionally and structurally separable into two parts: HA1, involved in recognition of cell-surface carbohydrates, and HA2-HA3, involved in paracellular barrier disruption by E-cadherin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- From the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasakigosyokaido-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 and
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Lee K, Gu S, Jin L, Le TTN, Cheng LW, Strotmeier J, Kruel AM, Yao G, Perry K, Rummel A, Jin R. Structure of a bimodular botulinum neurotoxin complex provides insights into its oral toxicity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003690. [PMID: 24130488 PMCID: PMC3795040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and cause the fatal disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle. BoNTs are released together with several auxiliary proteins as progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs) to become highly potent oral poisons. Here, we report the structure of a ∼760 kDa 14-subunit large PTC of serotype A (L-PTC/A) and reveal insight into its absorption mechanism. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and functional studies, we found that L-PTC/A consists of two structurally and functionally independent sub-complexes. A hetero-dimeric 290 kDa complex protects BoNT, while a hetero-dodecameric 470 kDa complex facilitates its absorption in the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. BoNT absorption is mediated by nine glycan-binding sites on the dodecameric sub-complex that forms multivalent interactions with carbohydrate receptors on intestinal epithelial cells. We identified monosaccharides that blocked oral BoNT intoxication in mice, which suggests a new strategy for the development of preventive countermeasures for BoNTs based on carbohydrate receptor mimicry. Food-borne botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) poisoning results in fatal muscle paralysis. But how can BoNT–a large protein released by the bacteria clostridia–survive the hostile gastrointestinal (GI) tract to gain access to neurons that control muscle contraction? Here, we report the complete structure of a bimodular ∼760 kDa BoNT/A large progenitor toxin complex (L-PTC), which is composed of BoNT and four non-toxic bacterial proteins. The architecture of this bacterial machinery mimics an Apollo lunar module, whereby the “ascent stage” (a ∼290 kDa module) protects BoNT from destruction in the GI tract and the 3-arm “descent stage” (a ∼470 kDa module) mediates absorption of BoNT by binding to host carbohydrate receptors in the small intestine. This new finding has helped us identify the carbohydrate-binding sites and the monosaccharide IPTG as a prototypical oral inhibitor, which extends survival following lethal BoNT/A intoxication of mice. Hence, pre-treatment with small molecule inhibitors based on carbohydrate receptor mimicry can provide temporary protection against BoNT entry into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangkook Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shenyan Gu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Jin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thi Tuc Nghi Le
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Jasmin Strotmeier
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Guorui Yao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (AR); (RJ)
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (RJ)
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Gu S, Jin R. Assembly and function of the botulinum neurotoxin progenitor complex. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 364:21-44. [PMID: 23239347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33570-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most poisonous substances known to man, but paradoxically, BoNT-containing medicines and cosmetics have been used with great success in the clinic. Accidental BoNT poisoning mainly occurs through oral ingestion of food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum. BoNTs are naturally produced in the form of progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs), which are high molecular weight (up to ~900 kDa) multiprotein complexes composed of BoNT and several non-toxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs). NAPs protect the inherently fragile BoNTs against the hostile environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and help BoNTs pass through the intestinal epithelial barrier before they are released into the general circulation. These events are essential for ingested BoNTs to gain access to motoneurons, where they inhibit neurotransmitter release and cause muscle paralysis. In this review, we discuss the structural basis for assembly of NAPs and BoNT into the PTC that protects BoNT and facilitate its delivery into the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyan Gu
- Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gu S, Jin R. Assembly and Function of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Progenitor Complex. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45790-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Langerholc T, Maragkoudakis PA, Wollgast J, Gradisnik L, Cencic A. Novel and established intestinal cell line models - An indispensable tool in food science and nutrition. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011; 22:S11-S20. [PMID: 32336880 PMCID: PMC7172287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the applications of intestinal cell models of human and pig origin in food and nutritional sciences and highlights their potential as in vitro platforms for preclinical research. Intestinal cell models are used in studies of bioavailability, adsorption and transport in nutritional or toxicological settings, allergic effects of food components, as well as probiotics and/or host-pathogen gut interactions. In addition, this review discusses the advantages of using specialized and functional cell models over generic cancer-derived cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Langerholc
- Dep. of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoce, Slovenia
| | - Petros A Maragkoudakis
- European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Jan Wollgast
- European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Lidija Gradisnik
- Dep. of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slomskov trg 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Avrelija Cencic
- Dep. of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoce, Slovenia
- Dep. of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slomskov trg 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Matsuo T, Miyata K, Inui K, Ito H, Horiuchi R, Suzuki T, Yoneyama T, Oguma K, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Characterization of sugar recognition by the toxin complex produced by theClostridium botulinumserotype C variant strain Yoichi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Interaction of botulinum toxin with the epithelial barrier. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:974943. [PMID: 20169001 PMCID: PMC2822237 DOI: 10.1155/2010/974943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a protein toxin (approximately 150 kDa), which possesses a metalloprotease activity. Food-borne botulism is manifested when BoNT is absorbed from the digestive tract to the blood stream and enters the peripheral nerves, where the toxin cleaves core proteins of the neuroexocytosis apparatus and elicits the inhibition of neurotransmitter release. The initial obstacle to orally ingested BoNT entering the body is the epithelial barrier of the digestive tract. Recent cell biology and molecular biology studies are beginning to elucidate the mechanism by which this large protein toxin crosses the epithelial barrier. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural features of botulinum toxins (BoNT and BoNT complex) and the interaction of these toxins with the epithelial barrier.
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INUI K, ITO H, MIYATA K, MATSUO T, HORIUCHI R, IKEDA T, WATANABE T, OHYAMA T, NIWA K. Involvement of Sialic Acid in Transport of Serotype C1 Botulinum Toxins through Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1251-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken INUI
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hiroaki ITO
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Keita MIYATA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Tomohito MATSUO
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Ryohta HORIUCHI
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | | | - Toshihiro WATANABE
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Tohru OHYAMA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Koichi NIWA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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Sialic acid-dependent binding and transcytosis of serotype D botulinum neurotoxin and toxin complex in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:312-20. [PMID: 19786330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A large toxin complex (L-TC) produced by Clostridium botulinum is composed of neurotoxin (BoNT), non-toxic non-hemagglutinin (NTNHA) and hemagglutinin subcomponents (HA-70, -33 and -17). In animal botulism, BoNT or L-TC is internalized by intestinal epithelial cells. Previous studies showed that L-TC binds to intestinal cells via sugar chains on the cell surface, but the role of toxin binding to sugar chains in the toxin absorption from intestine is unclear. To clarify whether the toxin binding to sugar chains on intestinal cell surface leads to its transcytosis across the cells, we examined binding and permeation of BoNT and L-TC of C. botulinum serotype D strain 4947 to the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6 in semi-permeable filters in Transwell systems. Both BoNT and L-TC bound to and permeated the cell monolayers, with L-TC showing greater binding and permeation. In addition, both binding and permeation of toxins were potently inhibited by N-acetyl neuraminic acid in the cell culture medium or by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. However, neither galactose, lactose nor N-acetyl galactosamine inhibited binding or permeation of toxins. These results support the idea that permeation of both BoNT and L-TC through the intestinal cell layer depends on prior binding to sialic acid on the cell surface. This is the first report demonstrating that the binding of botulinum toxins to cell surface sialic acid leads to their transcytosis through intestinal epithelial cells.
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Jin Y, Takegahara Y, Sugawara Y, Matsumura T, Fujinaga Y. Disruption of the epithelial barrier by botulinum haemagglutinin (HA) proteins – differences in cell tropism and the mechanism of action between HA proteins of types A or B, and HA proteins of type C. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:35-45. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.021246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally ingested botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes food-borne botulism, but BoNT must pass through the gut lining and enter the bloodstream. We have previously found that type B haemagglutinin (HA) proteins in the toxin complex play an important role in the intestinal absorption of BoNT by disrupting the paracellular barrier of the intestinal epithelium, and therefore facilitating the transepithelial delivery of BoNT. Here, we show that type A HA proteins in the toxin complex have a similar disruptive activity and a greater potency than type B HA proteins in the human intestinal epithelial cell lines Caco-2 and T84 and in the canine kidney epithelial cell line MDCK I. In contrast, type C HA proteins in the toxin complex (up to 300 nM) have no detectable effect on the paracellular barrier in these human cell lines, but do show a barrier-disrupting activity and potent cytotoxicity in MDCK I. These findings may indicate that type A and B HA proteins contribute to the development of food-borne botulism, at least in humans, by facilitating the intestinal transepithelial delivery of BoNTs, and that the relative inability of type C HA proteins to disrupt the paracellular barrier of the human intestinal epithelium is one of the reasons for the relative absence of food-borne human botulism caused by type C BoNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingji Jin
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Takegahara
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yo Sugawara
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
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Fujinaga Y. HOW BACTERIAL TOXINS PENETRATE THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER: STRATEGIES TAKEN BY CHOLERA TOXIN AND BOTULINUM PROGENITOR TOXIN. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540500320904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yoneyama T, Miyata K, Chikai T, Mikami A, Suzuki T, Hasegawa K, Ikeda T, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Niwa K. Clostridium botulinum serotype D neurotoxin and toxin complex bind to bovine aortic endothelial cells via sialic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 54:290-8. [PMID: 18801042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced as a large toxin complex (L-TC) associated with nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) and three hemagglutinin subcomponents (HA-70, -33 and -17). The binding properties of BoNT to neurons and L-TC to intestinal epithelial cells are well documented, while those to other tissues are largely unknown. Here, to obtain novel insights into the pathogenesis of foodborne botulism, we examine whether botulinum toxins bind to vascular endothelial cells. BoNT and 750 kDa L-TC (a complex of BoNT, NTNHA and HAs) of Clostridium botulinum serotype D were incubated with bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs), and binding to the cells was assessed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot. Both BoNT and L-TC bound to BAECs, with L-TC showing stronger binding. Binding of BoNT and L-TC to BAECs was significantly inhibited by N-acetyl neuraminic acid in the cell culture medium or by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. However, galactose, lactose or N-acetyl galactosamine did not significantly inhibit toxin binding to the cells. This is the first report demonstrating that BoNT and L-TC bind to BAECs via sialic acid, and this mechanism may be important in the trafficking pathway of BoNT in foodborne botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yoneyama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
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Niwa K, Koyama K, Inoue SI, Suzuki T, Hasegawa K, Watanabe T, Ikeda T, Ohyama T. Role of nontoxic components of serotype D botulinum toxin complex in permeation through a Caco-2 cell monolayer, a model for intestinal epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 49:346-52. [PMID: 17378898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced as a large toxin complex (TC) associated with nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) and three hemagglutinin subcomponents (HA-70, -33 and -17). To assess the role of nontoxic components in the oral intoxication of botulinum TCs, we investigated the permeability of serotype D strain 4947 BoNT and its various TC species through cultured Caco-2 cell monolayers. The L-TC species (complexes composed of BoNT, NTNHA, HA-70, HA-33 and HA-17) showed potent permeability through the cell layer, whereas free BoNT, M-TC (BoNT and NTNHA complexes) and M-TC/HA-70 showed little or no permeability. Cell binding tests demonstrated that HA-33/HA-17 complexes bound to cells, whereas other components did not. These findings suggest that BoNT in the 650-kDa L-TC permeates into the cell mainly in an HA-33/HA-17-mediated manner, although free BoNT can permeate into the cell. As free BoNT and M-TC were susceptible to digestion with gastrointestinal juice, it is likely that L-TC species containing HA-33 caused higher oral toxicity in mice than others. We conclude that the HA-33 subcomponent plays a critical role in the permeation of TCs into intestinal epithelium, and that other HA subcomponents protect BoNT against gastrointestinal digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan.
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Matsumura T, Fujinaga Y, Jin Y, Kabumoto Y, Oguma K. Human milk SIgA binds to botulinum type B 16S toxin and limits toxin adherence on T84 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 352:867-72. [PMID: 17156748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type B is in the form of a complex of 12S and 16S toxins. Food-borne botulism is caused by these complex toxins which are ingested orally and absorbed from the digestive tract. Here, we show that the human milk SIgA binds to the type B16S toxin. The binding of SIgA to 16S toxin and HA was inhibited by carbohydrates such as galactose, suggesting that the interaction of carbohydrate side chain of the SIgA with the HA of the 16S toxin is important for SIgA-16S complex formation. We also demonstrate that SIgA inhibits the attachment of 16S toxin to intestinal epithelial cells. These data suggest that the interaction of antigen nonspecific SIgA with 16S toxin has a large influence on the absorption of 16S toxin from the intestinal epithelium, and that SIgA may provide insight into developing a therapeutic agent for type B food-borne botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Nakamura T, Takada N, Tonozuka T, Sakano Y, Oguma K, Nishikawa A. Binding properties of Clostridium botulinum type C progenitor toxin to mucins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1770:551-5. [PMID: 17196748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that Clostridium botulinum type C 16S progenitor toxin (C16S toxin) first binds to the sialic acid on the cell surface of mucin before invading cells [A. Nishikawa, N. Uotsu, H. Arimitsu, J.C. Lee, Y. Miura, Y. Fujinaga, H. Nakada, T. Watanabe, T. Ohyama, Y. Sakano, K. Oguma, The receptor and transporter for internalization of Clostridium botulinum type C progenitor toxin into HT-29 cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319 (2004) 327-333]. In this study we investigated the binding properties of the C16S toxin to glycoproteins. Although the toxin bound to membrane blotted mucin derived from the bovine submaxillary gland (BSM), which contains a lot of sialyl oligosaccharides, it did not bind to neuraminidase-treated BSM. The binding of the toxin to BSM was inhibited by N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and sialyl oligosaccharides strongly, but was not inhibited by neutral oligosaccharides. Both sialyl alpha2-3 lactose and sialyl alpha2-6 lactose prevented binding similarly. On the other hand, the toxin also bound well to porcine gastric mucin. In this case, neutral oligosaccharides might play an important role as ligand, since galactose and lactose inhibited binding. These results suggest that the toxin is capable of recognizing a wide variety of oligosaccharide structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science and Department of Biotechnology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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