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Ryu J, Boylan KLM, Twigg CAI, Evans R, Skubitz APN, Thomas SN. Quantification of putative ovarian cancer serum protein biomarkers using a multiplexed targeted mass spectrometry assay. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:1. [PMID: 38172678 PMCID: PMC10762856 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in women, and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most common subtype. Currently, no clinical test has been approved by the FDA to screen the general population for ovarian cancer. This underscores the critical need for the development of a robust methodology combined with novel technology to detect diagnostic biomarkers for HGSOC in the sera of women. Targeted mass spectrometry (MS) can be used to identify and quantify specific peptides/proteins in complex biological samples with high accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility. In this study, we sought to develop and conduct analytical validation of a multiplexed Tier 2 targeted MS parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assay for the relative quantification of 23 putative ovarian cancer protein biomarkers in sera. METHODS To develop a PRM method for our target peptides in sera, we followed nationally recognized consensus guidelines for validating fit-for-purpose Tier 2 targeted MS assays. The endogenous target peptide concentrations were calculated using the calibration curves in serum for each target peptide. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the biomarker candidates. RESULTS We describe an effort to develop and analytically validate a multiplexed Tier 2 targeted PRM MS assay to quantify candidate ovarian cancer protein biomarkers in sera. Among the 64 peptides corresponding to 23 proteins in our PRM assay, 24 peptides corresponding to 16 proteins passed the assay validation acceptability criteria. A total of 6 of these peptides from insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IBP2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and TIMP metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1) were quantified in sera from a cohort of 69 patients with early-stage HGSOC, late-stage HGSOC, benign ovarian conditions, and healthy (non-cancer) controls. Confirming the results from previously published studies using orthogonal analytical approaches, IBP2 was identified as a diagnostic biomarker candidate based on its significantly increased abundance in the late-stage HGSOC patient sera compared to the healthy controls and patients with benign ovarian conditions. CONCLUSIONS A multiplexed targeted PRM MS assay was applied to detect candidate diagnostic biomarkers in HGSOC sera. To evaluate the clinical utility of the IBP2 PRM assay for HGSOC detection, further studies need to be performed using a larger patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin L M Boylan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carly A I Twigg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Richard Evans
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amy P N Skubitz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stefani N Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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2
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Zhang B, Hong C, Luo Y, Wei L, Luo Y, Peng Y, Xu Y. Prognostic value of IGFBP2 in various cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3035-3047. [PMID: 35546443 PMCID: PMC9385590 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) expression has been explored in plenty of studies in human cancers. Because of the controversial results, the meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the relevance of IGFBP2 expression with the prognosis in various tumors. METHODS The data searched from four databases (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of science) was used to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) in this meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were stratified by ethnicity, cancer type, publication year, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score, treatments, and populations. RESULTS Twenty-one studies containing 5560 patients finally met inclusion criteria. IGFBP2 expression was associated with lower overall survival (HR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.31-1.88) and progression-free survival (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04-1.34) in cancer patients, but not with disease-free survival (HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.91-2.46) or recurrence-free survival (HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.93-2.40). The subgroup analyses indicated IGFBP2 overexpression was significantly correlated with overall survival in Asian patients (HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.18-1.72), Caucasian patients (HR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.31-3.70), glioma (HR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.03-1.79), and colorectal cancer (HR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.43-4.44) and surgery subgroups (HR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.50-2.58). CONCLUSION The meta-analysis showed that IGFBP2 expression was associated with worse prognosis in several tumors, and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineCancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institutethe Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Chao‐Qun Hong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Guangdong Breast Cancer Diagnosis and TreatmentCancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yu‐Hao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineCancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Lai‐Feng Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineCancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institutethe Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineCancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institutethe Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yu‐Hui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineCancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institutethe Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yi‐Wei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineCancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institutethe Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
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3
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IGFBP2: integrative hub of developmental and oncogenic signaling network. Oncogene 2020; 39:2243-2257. [PMID: 31925333 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) was discovered and identified as an IGF system regulator, controlling the distribution, function, and activity of IGFs in the pericellular space. IGFBP2 is a developmentally regulated gene that is highly expressed in embryonic and fetal tissues and markedly decreases after birth. Studies over the last decades have shown that in solid tumors, IGFBP2 is upregulated and promotes several key oncogenic processes, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cellular migration, invasion, angiogenesis, stemness, transcriptional activation, and epigenetic programming via signaling that is often independent of IGFs. Growing evidence indicates that aberrant expression of IGFBP2 in cancer acts as a hub of an oncogenic network, integrating multiple cancer signaling pathways and serving as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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4
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Kaur G, Balasubramaniam SD, Lee YJ. IGFBP-2 in cervical cancer development. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 113:104362. [PMID: 31870856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, IGFBP-2, is associated with many cancers, though its role in cervical cancer is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of IGFBP-2 protein and the transcriptomics profile of genes involved in the IGF signaling pathway during cervical cancer development. DESIGN Immunohistochemical expression of IGFBP-2 protein was semi-quantitatively assessed in tissue microarrays containing 9 normal cervix, 10 low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (LGCIN), 10 high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HGCIN) and 42 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases. The gene expression profiles of IGFBP-2, IGF-1, IGF-1R, PTEN, MDM2, AKT1 and TP53 were determined in three cervical tissue samples each from normal cervix, human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected LGCIN, HGCIN and SCC, using Human Transcriptome Array 2.0. RESULTS IGFBP-2 protein was highly expressed in the cytoplasm of SCC cells compared to normal cervix (p = .013). The expression was not significantly associated with CIN grade or SCC stage. Transcriptomics profiling demonstrated upregulation of IGFBP-2 and TP53 in HGCIN and SCC compared to normal cervix. IGF-1, IGF-1R and PTEN genes were downregulated in all histological groups. IGF-1 gene was significantly downregulated in SCC (p = .031), while PTEN gene was significantly downregulated in HGCIN (p = .012), compared to normal cervix. MDM2 and AKT1 genes were downregulated in LGCIN and HGCIN, while upregulated in SCC. CONCLUSION In cervical carcinogenesis, IGFBP-2 appears to play an oncogenic role, probably through an IGF-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjeet Kaur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Yung Jen Lee
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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5
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Liu S, Yuan D, Li Y, Qi Q, Guo B, Yang S, Zhou J, Xu L, Chen T, Yang C, Liu J, Li B, Yao L, Jiang W. Involvement of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor-Induced Blockade of Glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1316. [PMID: 31787897 PMCID: PMC6854038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of retinoblastoma (Rb) signaling pathway have been established as a requirement for glioblastoma (GBM) initiation and progression, which suggests that blockade of CDK4/6-Rb signaling axis for GBM treatment. Palbociclib, a selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4/6, has been applied for breast cancer treatment. However, its efficacy against glioblastoma has not been well clarified. Here, effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors on various kinds of GBM cell lines are investigated and the functional mechanisms are identified. Data showed that cells with diverse PTEN status respond to palbociclib differently. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies indicated that PTEN enhanced the sensitivity of GBM cells to palbociclib in vitro and in vivo, which was associated with suppressions of Akt and ERK signaling and independent of Rb signaling inhibition. Hence, our findings support that palbociclib selectively
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingzhong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jilin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiange Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenxing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Buyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weixi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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6
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Mohammad AH, Assadian S, Couture F, Lefebvre KJ, El-Assaad W, Barrès V, Ouellet V, Boulay PL, Yang J, Latour M, Furic L, Muller W, Sonenberg N, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F, Day R, Teodoro JG. V-ATPase-associated prorenin receptor is upregulated in prostate cancer after PTEN loss. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4923-4936. [PMID: 31452834 PMCID: PMC6697641 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor protein loss is common in prostate cancer (PCa). PTEN loss increases PI3K/Akt signaling, which promotes cell growth and survival. To find secreted biomarkers of PTEN loss, a proteomic screen was used to compare secretomes of cells with and without PTEN expression. We showed that PTEN downregulates Prorenin Receptor (PRR) expression and secretion of soluble Prorenin Receptor (sPRR) in PCa cells and in mouse. PRR is an accessory protein required for assembly of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) complex. V-ATPase is required for lysosomal acidification, amino acid sensing, efficient mechanistic target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, and β-Catenin signaling. On PCa tissue microarrays, PRR expression displayed a positive correlation with Akt phosphorylation. Moreover, PRR expression was required for proliferation of PCa cells by maintaining V-ATPase function. Further, we provided evidence for a potential clinical role for PRR expression and sPRR concentration in differentiating low from high Gleason grade PCa. Overall, the current study unveils a mechanism by which PTEN can inhibit tumor growth. Lower levels of PRR result in attenuated V-ATPase activity and reduced PCa cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro H Mohammad
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Assadian
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Couture
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Surgery and Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Karen J Lefebvre
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wissal El-Assaad
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Veronique Barrès
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Veronique Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boulay
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jieyi Yang
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Latour
- Department of Pathology, CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William Muller
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Fred Saad
- Department of Surgery, CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Surgery and Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jose G Teodoro
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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7
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Sulkowski PL, Scanlon SE, Oeck S, Glazer PM. PTEN Regulates Nonhomologous End Joining By Epigenetic Induction of NHEJ1/XLF. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1241-1254. [PMID: 29739874 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most cytotoxic DNA lesions, and up to 90% of DSBs require repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Functional and genomic analyses of patient-derived melanomas revealed that PTEN loss is associated with NHEJ deficiency. In PTEN-null melanomas, PTEN complementation rescued the NHEJ defect; conversely, suppression of PTEN compromised NHEJ. Mechanistic studies revealed that PTEN promotes NHEJ through direct induction of expression of XRCC4-like factor (NHEJ1/XLF), which functions in DNA end bridging and ligation. PTEN was found to occupy the NHEJ1 gene promoter and to recruit the histone acetyltransferases, PCAF and CBP, inducing XLF expression. This recruitment activity was found to be independent of its phosphatase activity, but dependent on K128, a site of regulatory acetylation on PTEN. These findings define a novel function for PTEN in regulating NHEJ DSB repair, and therefore may assist in the design of individualized strategies for cancer therapy.Implications: PTEN is the second most frequently lost tumor suppressor gene. Here it is demonstrated that PTEN has a direct and novel regulatory role in NHEJ, a key DNA repair pathway in response to radiation and chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Res; 16(8); 1241-54. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan E Scanlon
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. .,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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8
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Tang D, Yao R, Zhao D, Zhou L, Wu Y, Yang Y, Sun Y, Lu L, Gao W. Trichostatin A reverses the chemoresistance of lung cancer with high IGFBP2 expression through enhancing autophagy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3917. [PMID: 29500455 PMCID: PMC5834489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling plays an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here, we analyzed insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-2 (IGFBP2) expression in 81 lung cancer patients and 36 controls consisting of healthy and benign pulmonary lesion participants for comparison, then validated the IGFBP2 expression in additional 84 lung cancer patients, and evaluated the prognostic and chemoresistant significance of IGFBP2 in two cohorts respectively. Next we detected the reversal effect of trichostatin A (TSA) on chemoresistance in cell lines with high IGFBP2 expression. As a result, the mean expression of IGFBP2 in lung cancer patients was significantly higher than that in controls and increased with lung cancer progressed to advanced stage. In addition, high IGFBP2 expression was independently predictive for chemoresistance; over-expressed IGFBP2 enhances cell activity and TSA can reverse the chemoresistance induced by high IGFBP2 expression through enhancing autophagy. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that lung cancer patients whose blood IGFBP2 was higher had a poor survival outcome, with a hazard ratio of 8.22 (95%CI 1.78–37.92, P = 0.007) after adjustment for stage, histopathology, EGFR mutation, age, smoking and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, HuaDong Hospital Affiliated with FuDan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruyong Yao
- Central laboratory of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Central Laboratory of Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, HuaDong Hospital Affiliated with FuDan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Central Laboratory of Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, HuaDong Hospital Affiliated with FuDan University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Li F, Li Y, Zhang K, Li Y, He P, Liu Y, Yuan H, Lu H, Liu J, Che S, Li Z, Bie L. FBLN4 as candidate gene associated with long-term and short-term survival with primary glioblastoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:387-395. [PMID: 28144153 PMCID: PMC5248947 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s117165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant and lethal type of primary central nervous system tumor in humans. In spite of its high lethality, a small percentage of patients have a relatively good prognosis, with median survival times of 36 months or longer. The identification of clinical subsets of GBM associated with distinct molecular genetic profiles has made it possible to design therapies tailored to treat individual patients. Methods We compared microarray data sets from long-term survivors (LTSs) and short-term survivors (STSs) to screen for prognostic biomarkers in GBM patients using the WebArrayDB platform. We focused on FBLN4, IGFBP-2, and CHI3L1, all members of a group of 10 of the most promising, differentially regulated gene candidates. Using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded GBM samples, we corroborated the relationship between these genes and patient outcomes using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for MGMT methylation status and quantitative reverse transcription PCR for expression of these genes. Results Expression levels of the mRNAs of these 3 genes were higher in the GBM samples than in normal brain samples and these 3 genes were significantly upregulated in STSs compared to the levels in LTS samples (P<0.01). Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the expression patterns of FBLN4 and IGFBP-2 serve as independent prognostic indicators for overall survival (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report describing FBLN4 as a prognostic factor for GBM patient survival, demonstrating that increased GBM survival time correlates with decreased FBLN4 expression. Understanding FBLN4 expression patterns could aid in the creation of powerful tools to predict clinical prognoses of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital
| | - Ping He
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine
| | - Honghua Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital
| | - Songtian Che
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Clinical Hospital
| | - Zhenju Li
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Fourth Clinical Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Bie
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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10
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Regulation of mTOR Signaling by Semaphorin 3F-Neuropilin 2 Interactions In Vitro and In Vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11789. [PMID: 26156437 PMCID: PMC4496725 DOI: 10.1038/srep11789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F) provides neuronal guidance cues via its ability to bind neuropilin 2 (NRP2) and Plexin A family molecules. Recent studies indicate that SEMA3F has biological effects in other cell types, however its mechanism(s) of function is poorly understood. Here, we analyze SEMA3F-NRP2 signaling responses in human endothelial, T cell and tumor cells using phosphokinase arrays, immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses. Consistently, SEMA3F inhibits PI-3K and Akt activity, and responses are associated with the disruption of mTOR/rictor assembly and mTOR-dependent activation of the RhoA GTPase. We also find that the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as mTOR-inducible cellular activation responses and cytoskeleton stability are inhibited by SEMA3F-NRP2 interactions in vitro. In vivo, local and systemic overproduction of SEMA3F reduces tumor growth in NRP2-expressing xenografts. Taken together, SEMA3F regulates mTOR signaling in diverse human cell types, suggesting that it has broad therapeutic implications.
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11
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Stachelek GC, Peterson-Roth E, Liu Y, Fernandez RJ, Pike LRG, Qian JM, Abriola L, Hoyer D, Hungerford W, Merkel J, Glazer PM. YU238259 Is a Novel Inhibitor of Homology-Dependent DNA Repair That Exhibits Synthetic Lethality and Radiosensitization in Repair-Deficient Tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1389-97. [PMID: 26116172 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Radiotherapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapy are frequently utilized in the treatment of solid tumors. Innate or acquired resistance to these therapies remains a major clinical challenge in oncology. The development of small molecules that sensitize cancers to established therapies represents an attractive approach to extending survival and quality of life in patients. Here, we demonstrate that YU238259, a member of a novel class of DNA double-strand break repair inhibitors, exhibits potent synthetic lethality in the setting of DNA damage response and DNA repair defects. YU238259 specifically inhibits homology-dependent DNA repair, but not non-homologous end-joining, in cell-based GFP reporter assays. Treatment with YU238259 is not only synergistic with ionizing radiation, etoposide, and PARP inhibition, but this synergism is heightened by BRCA2 deficiency. Further, growth of BRCA2-deficient human tumor xenografts in nude mice is significantly delayed by YU238259 treatment even in the absence of concomitant DNA-damaging therapy. The cytotoxicity of these small molecules in repair-deficient cells results from an accumulation of unresolved DNA double-strand breaks. These findings suggest that YU238259 or related small molecules may have clinical benefit to patients with advanced BRCA2-negative tumors, either as a monotherapy or as an adjuvant to radiotherapy and certain chemotherapies. IMPLICATIONS We have identified a novel series of compounds that demonstrate synthetic lethality in DNA repair-deficient cell and animal models and have strong potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Stachelek
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Yanfeng Liu
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rafael J Fernandez
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luke R G Pike
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jack M Qian
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura Abriola
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Denton Hoyer
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, West Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Janie Merkel
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Wilhelm F, Kässner F, Schmid G, Kratzsch J, Laner A, Wabitsch M, Körner A, Kiess W, Garten A. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling regulates insulin-like-growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) production in human adipocytes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:115-120. [PMID: 25900365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like-growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) is thought to be a marker for the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) status and activity of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We aimed to evaluate whether or not lipoma cells of a patient with a heterozygous deletion in the PTEN gene would produce more IGFBP-2 than PTEN non deficient control cells. Moreover, we analysed the influence of pharmacological inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway on IGFBP-2 production. DESIGN PTEN deficient preadipocytes and control PTEN non deficient preadipocytes were differentiated in vitro and treated with the respective inhibitors. PTEN was transiently down regulated by siRNA in human preadipocytes. IGFBP-2 mRNA and protein expression and IGFBP-2 in culture supernatant were measured. RESULTS PTEN deficient lipoma cells were found to produce IGFBP-2 during in vitro differentiation in comparable amounts to PTEN non deficient cells. In contrast, acute down regulation of PTEN in preadipocytes resulted in enhanced production of IGFBP-2. Incubation with the PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin decreased IGFBP-2 mRNA and protein. Neither the mTOR complex 1 inhibitor rapamycin nor PD98059, an inhibitor of MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase), showed a significant effect on IGFBP-2 production. CONCLUSION IGFBP-2 production in PTEN deficient preadipocytes was not influenced by PTEN deficiency or by inhibition of mTORC1 and MAPK. In contrast, inhibition of PI3K decreased IGFBP-2 expression and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wilhelm
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Kässner
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Germany
| | - Gordian Schmid
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ulm, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Germany.
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13
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IGFBP-2: The dark horse in metabolism and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:329-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Mu Q, Wang L, Yu F, Gao H, Lei T, Li P, Liu P, Zheng X, Hu X, Chen Y, Jiang Z, Sayari AJ, Shen J, Huang H. Imp2 regulates GBM progression by activating IGF2/PI3K/Akt pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:623-33. [PMID: 25719943 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1019185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas multiforme (GBM) are the most frequently occurring malignant brain cancers. Treatment for GBM consists of surgical resection and subsequent adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Despite this, GBM patient survival is limited to 12-15 months, and researchers are continually trying to develop improved therapy options. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (Imp2) is known to be upregulated in many cancers and is known to regulate the signaling activity of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). However, relatively little is known about its role in malignant development of GBM. In this study, we first found Imp2 is upregulated in GBM tissues by using clinical samples and public database search. Studies with loss and gain of Imp2 expression in in vitro GBM cell culture system demonstrated the role of Imp2 in promoting GBM cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, our results show that Imp2 regulates the activity of IGF2, which further activates PI3K/Akt signaling, thereby to promote GBM malignancy. Inhibition of Imp2 was also found to sensitize GBM to temozolomide treatment. These observations add to the current knowledge of GBM biology, and may prove useful in development of more effective GBM therapy.
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Key Words
- Akt
- E-cadherin
- EMT
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- GBM
- GBM, glioblastomas multiforme
- GBM-P, semi-established GBM primary cells
- GBM-RE, semi-established recurrent TMZ-resistant GBM primary cells
- IGF2
- IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2
- Imp2
- Imp2, insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2
- KD, knockdown
- N-cadherin
- OE, overexpressing
- PI3K
- PI3K, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase
- TMZ, temozolomide
- Temozolomide
- Vimentin
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Mu
- a Department of Neurosurgery; The First Hospital of Jilin University ; Changchun , Jilin , China
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15
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Yau SW, Azar WJ, Sabin MA, Werther GA, Russo VC. IGFBP-2 - taking the lead in growth, metabolism and cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:125-42. [PMID: 25617050 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) ligands elicited via their receptors and transduced by various intracellular signal pathways is modulated by the IGF Binding Proteins (IGFBPs). Among all the IGFBPs, IGFBP-2 has been implicated in the regulation of IGF activity in most tissue and organs. Besides binding to IGFs in the circulation these IGF-regulatory activities of IGFBP-2 involve interactions with components of the extracellular matrix, cell surface proteoglycans and integrin receptors. In addition to these local peri-cellular activities, IGFBP-2 exerts other key functions within the nucleus, where IGFBP-2 directly or indirectly promotes transcriptional activation of specific genes. All of these IGFBP-2 activities, intrinsic or dependent on IGFs, contribute to its functional roles in growth/development, metabolism and malignancy as evidenced by studies in IGFBP-2 animal models and also by many in vitro studies. Finally, preclinical studies have demonstrated that IGFBP-2 administration can be beneficial in improving metabolic responses (inhibition of adipogenesis and enhanced insulin sensitivity), while blockade of IGFBP-2 appears to be an effective approach to inhibiting tumour growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Yau
- Deparment of Cell Biology, Hormone Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Pickard A, McCance DJ. IGF-Binding Protein 2 - Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:25. [PMID: 25774149 PMCID: PMC4343188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in cancer is unclear. In general, IGFBP2 is considered to be oncogenic and its expression is often observed to be elevated in cancer. However, there are a number of conflicting reports in vitro and in vivo where IGFBP2 acts in a tumor suppressor manner. In this mini-review, we discuss the factors influencing the variation in IGFBP2 expression in cancer and our interpretation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pickard
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
- *Correspondence: Adam Pickard, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT7 9BL, UK e-mail:
| | - Dennis J. McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
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17
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Aljada A, Saleh AM, Al Suwaidan S. Modulation of insulin/IGFs pathways by sirtuin-7 inhibition in drug-induced chemoreistance. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:94. [PMID: 24885964 PMCID: PMC4229859 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are key regulators of metabolism and growth. Recent evidences suggest a key role of these pathways in non-classical tissues and the metabolic pathways by which these hormones exert their effects in neoplasia is unclear. Aims To study insulin/IGFs pathways in drug sensitive and resistant cancer cells representing breast cancer (MCF-7), osteosarcoma (SaOS-2), and ovarian cancer (A2780) and to examine the effect of Sirtuin-7 (Sirt7) inhibition on insulin/IGFs pathways in MCF-7 cell line. Methods Drug resistant cells were generated by continuous incubation of parental cell lines with stepwise increases in Doxorubicin or Cisplatin over a period of 3 to 6 months. MCF-7 cells were transfected with cloned hairpin siRNA template for Sirt7 using the Amaxa GmbH transfection system. mRNA expression of Sirt7, INSR, IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-4, IGF-1, IGF-2, MDR-1, MRP-1, BCRP was measured by qPCR and Sirt7 by standard Western blotting. FITC-insulin uptake was imaged with Leica Confocal Microscope. Results Insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) were inhibited in drug-induced resistance, whereas IRS-2 was significantly induced in all the chemoresistant cells tested when compared to their parental counterparts. IGF-1 and IGF-2 were also upregulated in all the drug resistant cells tested. Sirt7 was significantly reduced in all chemoresistant cells tested. Knockdown of Sirt7 expression in human breast MCF-7 cell line by siRNA induced premature senescence-like phenotype and multi-drug resistance, suggesting that this gene may play an active role in regulating cancer cell response to stress. Suppression of Sirt7 selectively inhibited INSR and IRS-1, whereas it had minimal effect on that of IRS-2. Sirt7 suppression in MCF-7 also inhibited insulin uptake. Additionally, Sirt7 inhibition upregulated IGF-1, IGF-2 and IGFR expression. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that stress-induced Sirt7 inhibition significantly increases stress resistance and modulates insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathways. More importantly, this study links Sir2 family proteins to insulin/IGF signaling in drug-induced stress resistance in neoplasia. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1135426681234493
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P, O, Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Abstract
The six members of the family of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) were originally characterized as passive reservoirs of circulating IGFs, but they are now understood to have many actions beyond their endocrine role in IGF transport. IGFBPs also function in the pericellular and intracellular compartments to regulate cell growth and survival - they interact with many proteins, in addition to their canonical ligands IGF-I and IGF-II. Intranuclear roles of IGFBPs in transcriptional regulation, induction of apoptosis and DNA damage repair point to their intimate involvement in tumour development, progression and resistance to treatment. Tissue or circulating IGFBPs might also be useful as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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19
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Dean SJR, Perks CM, Holly JMP, Bhoo-Pathy N, Looi LM, Mohammed NAT, Mun KS, Teo SH, Koobotse MO, Yip CH, Rhodes A. Loss of PTEN expression is associated with IGFBP2 expression, younger age, and late stage in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:323-33. [PMID: 24515759 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpr11deayptusl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between PTEN loss and IGFBP2 expression in a series of triple-negative breast cancers and to relate this expression to basal cytokeratin expression and clinicopathologic features. METHODS One hundred and one formalin-fixed and paraffin-processed triple-negative breast cancer cases from the University of Malaya Medical Centre were tested immunohistochemically for cytokeratins 5/6 and 14, PTEN, and IGFBP2. The resulting slides were scored for proportion and intensity of staining. RESULTS Loss of tumor nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for PTEN occurred in 48.3% of cases and was significantly associated with younger age at diagnosis (47 years compared with 57 years in those without PTEN loss; P = .005). Independent predictors of PTEN loss were late stage at presentation (P = .026), cytokeratin 5/6 positivity (P = .028), and IGFBP2 expression (P = .042). High levels of IGFBP2 expression were seen in 32% of cases; an independent predictor of high levels was cytokeratin 14 negativity (P = .005). PTEN loss and high levels of IGFBP2 expression were associated with poorer survival, but neither of these trends was significant. CONCLUSIONS PTEN loss is a frequent event in triple-negative breast cancers and is significantly associated with younger age at onset of breast cancer, late stage, and IGFBP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. R. Dean
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, England
| | - Claire M. Perks
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- National Clinical Research Centre, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lai-Meng Looi
- Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kein-Seong Mun
- Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Departments of Surgery, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Moses O. Koobotse
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, England
| | - Cheng-Har Yip
- Departments of Surgery, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anthony Rhodes
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, England
- Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Haisa M. The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling system and targeted tyrosine kinase inhibition in cancer. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:253-64. [PMID: 23569026 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513476585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) signalling plays a critical role in normal cell growth, and in cancer development and progression. IGF1R and the insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2) are involved in various aspects of the malignant phenotype, suggesting that IGF1R is a potential target for cancer therapy. IGF1R is particularly important in the establishment and maintenance of the transformed phenotype, in mediating proliferation, and for the survival of tumour cells with anchorage-independent growth. IGF1R also exerts antiapoptotic activity and has a substantial influence on the control of the cell and body size. This property enables transformed cells to form macroscopic tumours and to survive the process of detachment required for metastasis. Pharmaceutical companies are investigating molecules that target IGF1R, including specific low molecular weight tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, both of which possess various advantages and display different activity profiles. This review article focuses on the preclinical and clinical development of low molecular weight IGF1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It is critical to pursue a thorough molecular analysis of the metabolic activity of IGF1R to avoid possible side-effects of its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Haisa
- Department of Surgery, Okayama City Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
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21
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Li Z, Miard S, Laplante M, Sonenberg N, Picard F. Insulin stimulates IGFBP-2 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:63-8. [PMID: 22410287 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) has been implicated in the etiology of several diseases, including the metabolic syndrome. Although IGFBP-2 derives mostly from the liver, recent evidence in mice and humans indicate that aging and obesity are associated with altered IGFBP-2 levels in white adipocytes. The present study was aimed at determining the mechanisms that control IGFBP-2 expression in mature adipocytes. IGFBP-2 mRNA and protein expression in serum-deprived 3T3-L1 adipocytes were twofold increased by acute insulin treatment. Co-treatments with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin or the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin blunted the effects of insulin. Coherently, IGFBP-2 mRNA levels were robustly increased in adipocytes lacking either TSC2 or 4E-BP1. Insulin triggered the recruitment of CAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) to the IGFBP-2 proximal promoter. These findings suggest that insulin upregulates IGFBP-2 expression through a PI3K/mTOR/C/EBPα pathway in white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
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Dunn GP, Rinne ML, Wykosky J, Genovese G, Quayle SN, Dunn IF, Agarwalla PK, Chheda MG, Campos B, Wang A, Brennan C, Ligon KL, Furnari F, Cavenee WK, Depinho RA, Chin L, Hahn WC. Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2012. [PMID: 22508724 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187922.112.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is both the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Extensive multiplatform genomic characterization has provided a higher-resolution picture of the molecular alterations underlying this disease. These studies provide the emerging view that "glioblastoma" represents several histologically similar yet molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which influences taxonomic classification systems, prognosis, and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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23
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Dunn GP, Rinne ML, Wykosky J, Genovese G, Quayle SN, Dunn IF, Agarwalla PK, Chheda MG, Campos B, Wang A, Brennan C, Ligon KL, Furnari F, Cavenee WK, Depinho RA, Chin L, Hahn WC. Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2012; 26:756-84. [PMID: 22508724 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187922.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is both the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Extensive multiplatform genomic characterization has provided a higher-resolution picture of the molecular alterations underlying this disease. These studies provide the emerging view that "glioblastoma" represents several histologically similar yet molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which influences taxonomic classification systems, prognosis, and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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24
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Zheng S, Houseman EA, Morrison Z, Wrensch MR, Patoka JS, Ramos C, Haas-Kogan DA, McBride S, Marsit CJ, Christensen BC, Nelson HH, Stokoe D, Wiemels JL, Chang SM, Prados MD, Tihan T, Vandenberg SR, Kelsey KT, Berger MS, Wiencke JK. DNA hypermethylation profiles associated with glioma subtypes and EZH2 and IGFBP2 mRNA expression. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:280-9. [PMID: 21339190 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the associations of aberrant DNA methylation patterns in 12 candidate genes with adult glioma subtype, patient survival, and gene expression of enhancer of zeste human homolog 2 (EZH2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). We analyzed 154 primary glioma tumors (37 astrocytoma II and III, 52 primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), 11 secondary GBM, 54 oligodendroglioma/oligoastrocytoma II and III) and 13 nonmalignant brain tissues for aberrant methylation with quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMS-PCR) and for EZH2 and IGFBP2 expression with quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Global methylation was assessed by measuring long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE1) methylation. Unsupervised clustering analyses yielded 3 methylation patterns (classes). Class 1 (MGMT, PTEN, RASSF1A, TMS1, ZNF342, EMP3, SOCS1, RFX1) was highly methylated in 82% (75/91) of lower-grade astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors, 73% (8/11) of secondary GBMs, and 12% (6/52) of primary GBMs. The primary GBMs in this class were early onset (median age 37 years). Class 2 (HOXA9 and SLIT2) was highly methylated in 37% (19/52) of primary GBMs. None of the 10 genes for class 3 that were differentially methylated in classes 1 and 2 were hypermethylated in 92% (12/13) of nonmalignant brain tissues and 52% (27/52) of primary GBMs. Class 1 tumors had elevated EZH2 expression but not elevated IGFBP2; class 2 tumors had both high IGFBP2 and high EZH2 expressions. The gene-specific hypermethylation class correlated with higher levels of global LINE1 methylation and longer patient survival times. These findings indicate a generalized hypermethylation phenotype in glioma linked to improved survival and low IGFBP2. DNA methylation markers are useful in characterizing distinct glioma subtypes and may hold promise for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Zheng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Dokmanovic M, Shen Y, Bonacci TM, Hirsch DS, Wu WJ. Trastuzumab regulates IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 to mediate growth inhibition: implications for the development of predictive biomarkers for trastuzumab resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:917-28. [PMID: 21487052 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling is an important mechanism for trastuzumab resistance. IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) modulate IGF-IR signaling and play important roles in the control of breast cancer progression. In this article, we report that trastuzumab treatment enhances the expression and secretion of IGFBP-3 in SKBR3 cells, a trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cell line, and that this upregulation of IGFBP-3 induced by trastuzumab correlates with trastuzumab-mediated growth inhibition. We describe a new role for IGFBP-3 in the regulation of IGF-I-mediated cross-talk between IGF-IR and ErbB2 signaling pathways. In particular, treatment of SKBR3 cells with recombinant IGFBP-3 blocks IGF-I-induced activation of IGF-IR and ErbB2, and stable expression of IGFBP-3 inhibits SKBR3 cell growth. We find an inverse relationship in the levels of secreted IGFBP-3 such that high levels of IGFBP-3 are associated with trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cells (SKBR3 and BT-474), whereas low levels of IGFBP-3 are found in trastuzumab-resistant cells (clone 3 and JIMT-1). In contrast to IGFBP-3, the secretion and expression of IGFBP-2 are upregulated in trastuzumab-resistant SKBR3 cells. Furthermore, we show that IGFBP-2 stimulates activation of ErbB2 and that trastuzumab reduces IGFBP-2-stimulated ErbB2 activation. Based on our data, we propose a novel mechanism of action whereby trastuzumab enhances the expression and secretion of IGFBP-3, which interferes with IGF-I-mediated mitogenic signaling via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and reduces IGFBP-2-induced ErbB2 activation to mediate growth inhibition. Changes in secretion profiles of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant cells may promote the development of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 as predictive biomarkers for trastuzumab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Dokmanovic
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFD-123, 29 Lincoln Dr., NIH Bldg 29B, Room 3 NN-15, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Mireuta M, Hancock MA, Pollak M. Binding between insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 is not influenced by glucose or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16567-73. [PMID: 21388950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.213033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent report (Zhong, D., Xiong, L., Liu, T., Liu, X., Liu, X., Chen, J., Sun, S. Y., Khuri, F. R., Zong, Y., Zhou, Q., and Zhou, W. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 23225-23233) details that 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a well known inhibitor of glycolysis and a candidate antineoplastic agent, also induces insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling through the inhibition of insulin-like growth factor 1-insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGF-1-IGFBP-3) complex formation. Zhong et al. hypothesized that disrupted IGF-1/IGFBP-3 binding by 2-DG led to increased free IGF-1 concentrations and, consequently, activation of IGF-1R downstream pathways. Because their report suggests unprecedented off-target effects of 2-DG, this has profound implications for the fields of metabolism and oncology. Using ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, and novel "intensity-fading" mass spectrometry, we now provide a detailed characterization of complex formation between IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. All three of these independent methods demonstrated that there was no effect of glucose or 2-DG on the interaction between IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. Furthermore, we show examples of 2-DG exposure associated with reduced rather than increased IGF-1R and AKT activation, providing further evidence against a 2-DG increase in IGF-1R activation by IGF-1-IGFBP-3 complex disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matei Mireuta
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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Kawai M, Breggia AC, DeMambro VE, Shen X, Canalis E, Bouxsein ML, Beamer WG, Clemmons DR, Rosen CJ. The heparin-binding domain of IGFBP-2 has insulin-like growth factor binding-independent biologic activity in the growing skeleton. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14670-80. [PMID: 21372140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) is a member of a family of six highly conserved IGFBPs that are carriers for the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). IGFBP-2 levels rise during rapid neonatal growth and at the time of peak bone acquisition. In contrast, Igfbp2(-/-) mice have low bone mass accompanied by reduced osteoblast numbers, low bone formation rates, and increased PTEN expression. In the current study, we postulated that IGFBP-2 increased bone mass partly through the activity of its heparin-binding domain (HBD). We synthesized a HBD peptide specific for IGFBP-2 and demonstrated in vitro that it rescued the mineralization phenotype of Igfbp2(-/-) bone marrow stromal cells and calvarial osteoblasts. Consistent with its cellular actions, the HBD peptide ex vivo stimulated metacarpal periosteal expansion. Furthermore, administration of HBD peptide to Igfbp2(-/-) mice increased osteoblast number, suppressed marrow adipogenesis, restored trabecular bone mass, and reduced bone resorption. Skeletal rescue in the Igfbp2(-/-) mice was characterized by reduced PTEN expression followed by enhanced Akt phosphorylation in response to IGF-I and increased β-catenin signaling through two mechanisms: 1) stimulation of its cytosolic accumulation and 2) increased phosphorylation of serine 552. We conclude that the HBD peptide of IGFBP-2 has anabolic activity by activating IGF-I/Akt and β-catenin signaling pathways. These data support a growing body of evidence that IGFBP-2 is not just a transport protein but rather that it functions coordinately with IGF-I to stimulate growth and skeletal acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kawai
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
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Mireuta M, Darnel A, Pollak M. IGFBP-2 expression in MCF-7 cells is regulated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway through Sp1-induced increase in transcription. Growth Factors 2010; 28:243-55. [PMID: 20370577 DOI: 10.3109/08977191003745472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neoplasia. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has recently been shown to be a predominant regulator of IGFBP-2 at the protein level in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. However, there are gaps in knowledge with respect to the molecular mechanisms that underlie this regulation. Here, we show that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates IGFBP-2 protein levels by modulating IGFBP-2 mRNA abundance in MCF-7 cells. This change is achieved by regulating transcription through a critical region present in the first 200 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site where Sp1 transcription factor binds and drives transcription. IGF-1 treatment leads to increased nuclear abundance of Sp1 and increased IGFBP-2 mRNA and protein levels. Rapamycin and LY294002 induce a decline in Sp1 nuclear abundance and IGFBP-2 mRNA and protein levels. This work provides a mechanistic explanation for the observed effects of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway on IGFBP-2 levels in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matei Mireuta
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal SMBD Jewish General Hospital, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3T 1E2
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C2 and C2C12 murine skeletal myoblast models of atrophic and hypertrophic potential: Relevance to disease and ageing? J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:240-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
This article focuses on the latest data about the role of the gene for phosphatase and tensin homologue located on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in malignant gliomas. PTEN acts as a tumour suppressor gene and plays a critical role in cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, migration, invasions and stem cell regulation. Furthermore, there is an interaction with other tumour suppressor genes. We discuss the role of miRNAs in modulating PTEN expression and also PTEN's role in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Alexiou
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Ioannia, Ioannina, Greece.
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Abstract
Growth factors are low molecular peptides active in the stimulation of cell proliferation and in the regulation of embryonic development and cellular differentiation. Significant progress has been made in developing effective strategies to treat human malignancies with new chemical compounds based on a rationale directed against various components of signaling pathways. Many of these drugs target a growth factor receptor--for instance, in the form of monoclonal antibodies or inhibitors of tyrosine kinases, such as monoclonal antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptors used in treating certain types of breast cancer. Imatinib mesylate [Gleevec]) is an excellent example of mediators of signal transduction, such as tyrosine kinases. Growth factors proper are used to ameliorate various and sometimes fatal side effects of cytotoxic and/or myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Basic characteristics of several growth families are discussed with therapeutic modalities based on growth factor activity or, more often, inhibition of such activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Halper
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7388, USA.
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van Duijn PW, Ziel-van der Made ACJ, van der Korput JAG, Trapman J. PTEN-mediated G1 cell-cycle arrest in LNCaP prostate cancer cells is associated with altered expression of cell-cycle regulators. Prostate 2010; 70:135-46. [PMID: 19784964 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor suppressor PTEN regulates many biological processes. A well-known downstream effector of PTEN is phospho-Akt. Although PTEN is the most frequently inactivated gene in prostate cancer, its mode of action is not fully understood. We studied the association of regulated PTEN expression with changes in biological function and gene expression profiles. METHODS PTEN-negative LNCaP cells were stably transfected with wild-type PTEN cDNA under inducible control, resulting in LNCaP/PTEN cells. Microarray analysis was used to monitor gene expression changes upon induction of PTEN. Expression of selected individual genes was studied in Q-PCR and siRNA experiments. Cell-cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Induced expression of PTEN in LNCaP/PTEN cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, at least partly due to cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Expression profiling combined with pathway analysis revealed that PTEN-dependent G1 growth arrest was associated with an altered mRNA expression of the G1 cell-cycle regulators Cdc25a, E2F2, cyclin G2, and RBL2/p130. Specific inhibition of Akt signaling by siRNA resulted in downregulation of both E2F2 and Cdc25a mRNA expression and upregulation of the FOXO target cyclin G2, similar to the effect observed by PTEN induction. However, Akt did not mediate the PTEN-dependent RBL2/p130 mRNA expression in LNCaP/PTEN cells. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that PTEN dependent gene expression is important in cell-cycle regulation and is mediated by both Akt-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W van Duijn
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Blouin MJ, Zhao Y, Zakikhani M, Algire C, Piura E, Pollak M. Loss of function of PTEN alters the relationship between glucose concentration and cell proliferation, increases glycolysis, and sensitizes cells to 2-deoxyglucose. Cancer Lett 2009; 289:246-53. [PMID: 19744772 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PTEN loss of function enhances proliferation, but effects on cellular energy metabolism are less well characterized. We used an inducible PTEN expression vector in a PTEN-null glioma cell line to examine this issue. While proliferation of PTEN-positive cells was insensitive to increases in glucose concentration beyond 2.5mM, PTEN-null cells significantly increased proliferation with increasing glucose concentration across the normal physiologic range to approximately 10mM, coinciding with a shift to glycolysis and "glucose addiction". This demonstrates that the impact of loss of function of PTEN is modified by glucose concentration, and may be relevant to epidemiologic results linking hyperglycemia to cancer risk and cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Blouin
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2.
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Tate MC, Aghi MK. Biology of angiogenesis and invasion in glioma. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:447-57. [PMID: 19560735 PMCID: PMC5084181 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of adult brain tumors, in particular glioblastoma, remains a significant clinical challenge, despite modest advances in surgical technique, radiation, and chemotherapeutics. The formation of abnormal, dysfunctional tumor vasculature and glioma cell invasion along white matter tracts are believed to be major components of the inability to treat these tumors effectively. Recent insight into the fundamental processes governing glioma angiogenesis and invasion provide a renewed hope for development of novel strategies aimed at reducing the morbidity of this uniformly fatal disease. In this review, we discuss background biology of the blood brain barrier and its pertinence to blood vessel formation and tumor invasion. We will then focus our attention on the biology of glioma angiogenesis and invasion, and the key mediators of these processes. Last, we will briefly discuss recent and ongoing clinical trials targeting mediators of angiogenesis or invasion in glioma patients. The findings provide a renewed hope for those endeavoring to improve treatment of patients with glioma by providing a novel set of rational targets for translational drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Tate
- grid.266102.10000000122976811Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Room M779, 94143-0112 San Francisco, CA
| | - Manish K. Aghi
- grid.266102.10000000122976811Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Room M779, 94143-0112 San Francisco, CA
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Rorive S, Berton A, D'haene N, Takacs CN, Debeir O, Decaestecker C, Salmon I. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 interplays with the IGFBP2-IGFII complex to promote cell growth and motility in astrocytomas. Glia 2009; 56:1679-90. [PMID: 18563800 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII) acts as a potent mitogen for several tumor types and has been reported to positively influence astrocytoma cell growth and motility. In the central nervous system, IGFII bioavailability is mainly modulated by insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), which sequestrates IGFII and therefore prevents its interaction with the type-1 IGF receptor (IGF-IR). Proteolysis of IGFBP2 is the predominant mechanism recognized to reduce the binding affinity of IGFBP2 for IGFII, thus favoring dissociation of IGFII from the IGFBP2-IGFII complex. It is known that certain proteases involved in astrocytoma malignancy, such as matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), plasmin, and cathepsin D, are able to proteolyze IGFBP2 in vitro. The present study aims to investigate whether other proteases expressed by astrocytomas, specifically MMP-2, MMP-9, and membrane-type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP), are able to proteolyze the IGFBP2-IGFII complex. Our results show the following: (i) MMP-9 proteolyzes the IGFBP2-IGFII complex in vitro, while MMP-2 and MT1-MMP do not; (ii) this MMP-9-induced IGFBP2-IGFII complex proteolysis releases free IGFII, which contributes to enhance the motility and the growth of LN229 astrocytoma cells. Furthermore, this study also highlights that the formation of the IGFBP2-IGFII complex inhibits IGFBP2's cell motility promoting effect by reducing the pool of free IGFBP2. In conclusion, MMP-9-induced IGFBP2 proteolysis may be regarded as an important post-translational event involved in astrocytoma aggressiveness. These new findings support drug targeting of MMP-9 as an interesting approach in the treatment of astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Rorive
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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So AI, Levitt RJ, Eigl B, Fazli L, Muramaki M, Leung S, Cheang MCU, Nielsen TO, Gleave M, Pollak M. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 is a novel therapeutic target associated with breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6944-54. [PMID: 18980989 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBP) modulate interactions of IGF ligands with the IGF-I receptor. The role of IGFBPs, and specifically IGFBP-2, in breast cancer progression has been poorly defined. This study assesses the effect of IGFBP-2 on the behavior of human breast cancer using clinical specimens as well as in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 4,181 primary invasive breast cancers and 120 benign breast tissue samples were identified for tumor tissue microarray construction and immunostained with IGFBP-2 antibody. Estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 cells constitutively overexpressing IGFBP-2 (MDA-MB-231BP-2) were created to assess the effect of IGFBP-2 gain-of-function. MDA-MB-468 cells, naturally expressing IGFBP-2, were used to determine the effect of IGFBP-2 loss-of-function using OGX-225, an antisense oligonucleotide drug candidate. RESULTS IGFBP-2 expression was significantly higher in breast cancer tissue compared with benign breast tissue. MDA-MB-231BP-2 cells grew more rapidly and were more resistant to paclitaxel both in vitro and in vivo compared with parental cells. OGX-225 decreased IGFBP-2 expression and attenuated the associated aggressive phenotype of MDA-MB-231BP-2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, OGX-225 inhibited the in vitro and in vivo growth of MDA-MB-468 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that IGFBP-2 expression is associated with breast cancer. Novel therapeutics targeting IGFBP-2, such as OGX-225, merit further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan I So
- The Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are well known as key regulators of energy metabolism and growth. There is now considerable evidence that these hormones and the signal transduction networks they regulate have important roles in neoplasia. Epidermiological, clinical and laboratory research methods are being used to investigate novel cancer prevention and treatment strategies related to insulin and IGF signalling. Pharmacological strategies under study include the use of novel receptor-specific antibodies, receptor kinase inhibitors and AMP-activated protein kinase activators such as metformin. There is evidence that insulin and IGF signalling may also be relevant to dietary and lifestyle factors that influence cancer risk and cancer prognosis. Recent results are encouraging and have justified the expansion of many translational research programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pollak
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, dozens of epidemiological studies and laboratory experiments have provided evidence for relationships between insulin-like growth factor (IGF) physiology and neoplasia. Population studies provide evidence for a modestly increased risk of a subsequent cancer diagnosis in subjects with IGF-I levels at the high end of the broad normal range, as compared to those at the low end of the normal range. At the cellular level, IGF-I receptor signalling has been shown to play an important role in facilitating the transforming action of a variety of oncogenes. Reducing receptor function with anti-receptor antibodies or specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduces the proliferation of many cancers in vitro and in vivo. At present, clinical relevance of the relationship between circulating IGF-I level and cancer risk is limited, but in terms of experimental therapeutics, many clinical trials have been initiated to investigate the possibility that the paradigm of hormonal treatment of cancer may be extended from targeting gonadal steroids to targeting the growth hormone-IGF-I axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pollak
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, 3755 Chemin Cote Sainte Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Rapamycin treatment for a child with germline PTEN mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:357-61. [PMID: 18431376 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 9-month-old boy with Proteus syndrome and a de novo germline mutation in the tumor suppressor PTEN was referred to a specialist centre for management. Over the first years of life, the patient developed life-threatening respiratory dysfunction and malnutrition because of progressive growth of hamartomas affecting the chest, mediastinum, abdomen and pelvis. INVESTIGATIONS Physical examination, CT scans of the mediastinum, pelvis and abdomen, measurement of serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2, and investigation of the effect of the PTEN mutation on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in an in vitro cell model. DIAGNOSIS PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, specifically Proteus syndrome. MANAGEMENT Oral rapamycin.
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Martin JL, Baxter RC. Expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 by MCF-7 breast cancer cells is regulated through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2532-41. [PMID: 17289850 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) has been implicated in the development and spread of a number of tumor types, and its abrogation in experimental models of cancer is associated with decreased tumor growth. This suggests that targeted inhibition of IGFBP-2 expression in some cancers may have therapeutic benefit. In this study, we investigated signaling pathways involved in extracellular IGFBP-2 expression in an IGF- and estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. IGFBP-2 was present at approximately 150 ng per 10(6) cells in serum-free MCF-7-conditioned medium and constituted the predominant IGFBP. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway using LY294002, or the downstream signaling intermediate mammalian target of rapamycin using rapamycin, markedly reduced IGFBP-2 in conditioned medium to approximately 25% of untreated levels (P < 0.001); there was no effect of inhibition of p38 MAPK, and an inhibitor of p44/42 MAPK activation, PD98059, caused only a slight reduction in extracellular IGFBP-2. IGFBP-2 levels were increased 25-30% by estradiol, whereas IGF-I (100 ng/ml) increased IGFBP-2 levels 2-fold (P < 0.001) by a type 1 IGF receptor (IGFR1)-dependent mechanism. Estradiol enhanced the effect of IGF-I on IGFBP-2 levels, and this was associated with increased phosphorylation of IGFR1. Basal, IGF-, or estradiol-stimulated IGFBP-2 was abrogated by LY294002 and rapamycin and an inhibitor of IGFR1 tyrosine kinase activity, AG1024. Modulation of intracellular hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha had no effect on IGFBP-2 expression. These findings indicate that IGFBP-2 is regulated predominantly through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, the target of a number of anticancer agents currently in clinical trial and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Martin
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
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Mehrian-Shai R, Chen CD, Shi T, Horvath S, Nelson SF, Reichardt JKV, Sawyers CL. Insulin growth factor-binding protein 2 is a candidate biomarker for PTEN status and PI3K/Akt pathway activation in glioblastoma and prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5563-8. [PMID: 17372210 PMCID: PMC1838515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609139104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is an important tumor-suppressor gene associated with many cancers. Through expression profiling of glioblastoma tissue samples and prostate cancer xenografts, we identified a molecular signature for loss of the PTEN tumor suppressor in glioblastoma and prostate tumors. The PTEN signature consists of a minimum of nine genes, several of which are involved in various pathways already implicated in tumor formation. Among these signature genes, the most significant was an increase in insulin growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) mRNA. Up-regulation of IGFBP-2 was confirmed at the protein level by Western blot analysis and validated in samples not included in the microarray analysis. The link between IGFBP-2 and PTEN was of particular interest because elevated serum IGFBP-2 levels have been reported in patients with prostate and brain tumors. To further investigate this link, we determined that IGFBP-2 expression is negatively regulated by PTEN and positively regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt activation. In addition, Akt-driven transformation is impaired in IGFBP2(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts, implicating a functional role for IGFBP-2 in PTEN signaling. Collectively, these studies establish that PTEN and IGFBP-2 expression are inversely correlated in human brain and prostate cancers and implicate serum IGFBP-2 levels as a potential serum biomarker of PTEN status and PI3K Akt pathway activation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mehrian-Shai
- *Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - C. D. Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - T. Shi
- Department of Human Genetics and Biostatistics, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - S. Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics and Biostatistics, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - S. F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics and Biostatistics, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - J. K. V. Reichardt
- **Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - C. L. Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021; and
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Perks CM, Vernon EG, Rosendahl AH, Tonge D, Holly JMP. IGF-II and IGFBP-2 differentially regulate PTEN in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2007; 26:5966-72. [PMID: 17369847 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The dual-function phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is the second most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. PTEN counteracts the functions of many growth factors, the most prevalent of which is insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). PTEN expression is stimulated by IGF-II forming a feedback loop. Investigating IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) modulation of IGF-II actions on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, we found that IGFBP-2 also regulates PTEN. The MCF-7 cells were not responsive to high doses of IGF-II due to induction of PTEN, which was not observed with an IGF-II-analog that does not bind to IGFBPs or in the presence of an inhibitor that prevents IGFs associating with IGFBPs. These cells predominantly produce IGFBP-2: blocking IGFBP-2 with a specific antibody, or preventing IGFBP-2 binding to integrins, restored the induction of PTEN and the cells were non-responsive to high doses of the IGF-II-analog. Our findings indicate that breast cancer cells do not respond to high doses of IGF-II due to induction of PTEN, but IGFBP-2, when free from IGF-II can suppress PTEN. Levels of IGFBP-2 are elevated frequently in human tumors: its ability to regulate PTEN could have important implications in relation to therapeutic strategies targeting growth factor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Department of Clinical Sciences at North Bristol, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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