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Rodrigues SDO, da Cunha CMC, Soares GMV, Silva PL, Silva AR, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF. Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Currently Proposed Treatments of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:979. [PMID: 34681202 PMCID: PMC8539950 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality. A hallmark of COPD is progressive airflow obstruction primarily caused by cigarette smoke (CS). CS exposure causes an imbalance favoring pro- over antioxidants (oxidative stress), leading to transcription factor activation and increased expression of inflammatory mediators and proteases. Different cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes, contribute to COPD pathophysiology. Alteration in cell functions results in the generation of an oxidative and inflammatory microenvironment, which contributes to disease progression. Current treatments include inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilator therapy. However, these therapies do not effectively halt disease progression. Due to the complexity of its pathophysiology, and the risk of exacerbating symptoms with existing therapies, other specific and effective treatment options are required. Therapies directly or indirectly targeting the oxidative imbalance may be promising alternatives. This review briefly discusses COPD pathophysiology, and provides an update on the development and clinical testing of novel COPD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Oliveira Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil; (C.M.C.d.C.); (G.M.V.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Carolina Medina Coeli da Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil; (C.M.C.d.C.); (G.M.V.S.)
| | - Giovanna Martins Valladão Soares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil; (C.M.C.d.C.); (G.M.V.S.)
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Carlos Chagas Filho, Instituto de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Ribeiro Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24020-140, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil; (C.M.C.d.C.); (G.M.V.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24020-140, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20210-010, Brazil
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Hilhorst M, Maria ATJ, Kavian N, Batteux F, Borderie D, Le Quellec A, van Paassen P, Guilpain P. Impact of MPO-ANCA-mediated oxidative imbalance on renal vasculitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1769-F1776. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00111.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is a severe complication of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), a small-vessel vasculitis associated with anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies (MPO-ANCA). We previously showed the pathogenic effects of MPO-ANCA that activate MPO to trigger an oxidative burst mainly through HOCl production, contributing to endothelial injury and lung fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between MPO-induced oxidative stress, anti-oxidant defenses and renal histological lesions in MPA patients. We therefore analyzed histological data from a prospective cohort of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Serum-mediated HOCl production, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and thiol concentration in sera were determined. From 38 patients included, histological classification noted 50% focal glomerulonephritis, 15.8% crescentic-glomerulonephritis, and 34.2% mixed-glomerulonephritis. MPA patients’ sera displayed higher HOCl production by MPO ( P < 0.001), higher AOPP ( P < 0.001) and thiol ( P < 0.01) levels, compared with healthy subjects. The presence of cellular crescents was associated with higher serum-mediated HOCl production ( P = 0.049) and lower thiol levels ( P = 0.022) at disease onset. Higher thiol concentrations were associated with focal glomerulonephritis ( P = 0.042), less interstitial fibrosis ( P = 0.039) and hyalinosis ( P = 0.066). In remission, HOCl production was decreased ( P < 0.01), and thiol concentration remained high ( P = 0.39). Our findings suggest that HOCl production by activated MPO could contribute to the very early stage of glomerulonephritis, whereas thiol may exert a protective effect against the development of renal vasculitis and glomerulosclerosis. This study highlights the importance of oxidative defenses to counteract the process of MPO-ANCA associated glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hilhorst
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre TJ Maria
- Department of Internal Medicine and Multi-Organic Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Laboratory of Immunology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Batteux
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Laboratory of Immunology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Le Quellec
- Department of Internal Medicine and Multi-Organic Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pieter van Paassen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Guilpain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Multi-Organic Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1183, Montpellier, France
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Stefanov I, Hinojosa-Caballero D, Maspoch S, Hoyo J, Tzanov T. Enzymatic synthesis of a thiolated chitosan-based wound dressing crosslinked with chicoric acid. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7943-7953. [PMID: 32255040 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the enzymatic synthesis of multifunctional hydrogels for chronic wound treatment using thiolated chitosan and the natural polyphenol chicoric acid. Gelation was achieved by laccase-catalyzed oxidation of chicoric acid, a natural compound used for the first time as a homobifunctional crosslinker, reacting subsequently with nucleophilic thiol and amino groups from the chitosan derivative. This approach allowed for twice as fast gelation at a three-fold reduced crosslinking reagent concentration, compared to reported enzymatic synthesis of hydrogels using gallic acid as a phenolic provider. Hydrogels with 600% swelling capacity, coupled with only 20% weight loss after 6 days under physiological conditions, were obtained. The clinically relevant Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa were reduced by up to 4.5 and 5.5 logs, respectively. A tunable, in the range of 20-95%, ex vivo inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in chronic wound exudate was achieved, together with control over the total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo Stefanov
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial (GBMI), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - (UPC), Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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Najafpour A, Azizizadeh H. Interaperitoneal Administration of Αlpha-Tocopherol Loaded Nanoparticles Improves Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat Ovaries Torsion and Detorsion Model. Bull Emerg Trauma 2018; 6:207-216. [PMID: 30090815 PMCID: PMC6078481 DOI: 10.29252/beat-060304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate effects of intraperitoneally administration of α-tocopherol loaded nanoparticles (TNP) on ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovaries. Methods: Thirty-five healthy female Wistar rats ~250g were randomized into seven experimental groups (n = 5): Group SHAM: The rats underwent only laparotomy. Group Ischemia: A 3- hour ischemia only. Group I/R: A 3-hour ischemia and a 3-hour reperfusion. Group I/T: A 3-hour ischemia only and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration (IP) of α-tocopherol 2.5 hours after induction of ischemia. Group I/R/T: A 3-hour ischemia, a 3-hour reperfusion and 100 mg/kg IP of α-tocopherol 2.5 hours after induction of ischemia. Group I/TNP: A 3-hour ischemia only and 1 mg/kg IP of TNP 2.5 hours after induction of ischemia. Group I/R/TNP: A 3-hour ischemia, a 3-hour reperfusion and 1 mg/kg IP of TNP 2.5 hours after induction of ischemia. Results: Animals treated with αTNP showed significantly ameliorated development of ischemia and reperfusion tissue injury compared to those of other groups (p=0.001). The significant higher values of SOD, tGSH, GPO, GSHRd and GST were observed in I/R/NC animals compared to those of other groups (p=0.001). Damage indicators (NOS, MDA, MPO and DNA damage level) were significantly lower in I/R/NC animal compared to those of other groups (p=0.001). Conclusion: Intraperitoneal administration of TNP could be helpful in minimizing ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian tissue exposed to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Najafpour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Houman Azizizadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
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Behroozi-Lak T, Ebrahimpour M, Zarei L, Pourjabali M, Farhad N, Mohaddesi H. Systemic administration of curcumin nanoparticles protects ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovaries: An animal model study. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2018; 64:22-31. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.64.01.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leila Zarei
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Soubhye J, Chikh Alard I, Aldib I, Prévost M, Gelbcke M, De Carvalho A, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Flemmig J, Tadrent S, Meyer F, Rousseau A, Nève J, Mathieu V, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Dufrasne F, Van Antwerpen P. Discovery of Novel Potent Reversible and Irreversible Myeloperoxidase Inhibitors Using Virtual Screening Procedure. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6563-6586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ibaa Chikh Alard
- Laboratoire
de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Iyas Aldib
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire
de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michel Gelbcke
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Annelise De Carvalho
- Laboratoire
de Cancérologie et Toxicologie Expérimentale, Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department
of Chemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute
for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16−18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sara Tadrent
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Franck Meyer
- Laboratory
of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory
of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vsale Hospital, and Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Véronique Mathieu
- Laboratoire
de Cancérologie et Toxicologie Expérimentale, Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory
of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vsale Hospital, and Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Analytical
Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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7
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Stefanov I, Pérez-Rafael S, Hoyo J, Cailloux J, Santana Pérez OO, Hinojosa-Caballero D, Tzanov T. Multifunctional Enzymatically Generated Hydrogels for Chronic Wound Application. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1544-1555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo Stefanov
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial (GBMI), Department of Chemical
Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya − (UPC), Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Pérez-Rafael
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial (GBMI), Department of Chemical
Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya − (UPC), Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Hoyo
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial (GBMI), Department of Chemical
Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya − (UPC), Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan Cailloux
- Centre
Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona - (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom, 114. Edifici Vapor Universitari, Terrassa 08222, Spain
| | - Orlando O. Santana Pérez
- Centre
Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona - (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom, 114. Edifici Vapor Universitari, Terrassa 08222, Spain
| | - Dolores Hinojosa-Caballero
- Unitat
de ferides Complexes, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa Hospital de Terrassa, Ctra. Torrebonica, s/n, 08227 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tzanko Tzanov
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial (GBMI), Department of Chemical
Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya − (UPC), Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Behroozi-Lak T, Zarei L, Moloody-Tapeh M, Farhad N, Mohammadi R. Protective effects of intraperitoneal administration of nimodipine on ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovaries: Histological and biochemical assessments in a rat model. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:602-608. [PMID: 28277298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian torsion must be diagnosed and treated as much early as possible. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of intraperitoneal administration of nimodipine on ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovaries. METHODS Thirty healthy male Wistar rats weighing approximately 250g were randomized into six experimental groups (n=5): Group Sham: The rats underwent only laparotomy. Group I: A 3-h ischemia only. Group I/R: A 3-h ischemia and a 3-h reperfusion. Group I/Nimodipine: A 3-h ischemia only and 1mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of nimodipine 2.5h after induction of ischemia. Group I/R/Nimodipine: A 3-h ischemia, a 3-h reperfusion and 1mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of nimodipine 2.5h after induction of ischemia. RESULTS Nimodipine treated animals showed significantly ameliorated development of ischemia and reperfusion tissue injury compared to those of other groups (P<0.05). The significant higher values of SOD, tGSH, GPO, GSHRd and GST were observed in I/R/Nimodipine animals compared to those of other groups (P<0.05). The damage indicators (NOS, MDA, MPO and DNA damage level) were significantly lower in I/R/Nimodipine animal compared to those of other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal administration of nimodipine could be helpful in minimizing ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian tissue exposed to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Behroozi-Lak
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Infertility, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Zarei
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mones Moloody-Tapeh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negin Farhad
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rahim Mohammadi
- Department of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Soliman NA, Zineldeen DH, Katary MA, Ali DA. N-acetylcysteine a possible protector against indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer: crosstalk between antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:396-403. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the gastroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Ulceration was induced by a single oral administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg). 50 male albino rats were allocated into 5 equal groups: control group received normal saline orally, indomethacin group rats received normal saline orally for 5 days and indomethacin (50 mg/kg) on the last day, ranitidine group received ranitidine (reference drug) orally for 5 days (50 mg/kg) before receiving indomethacin (50 mg/kg) on the last day, and NAC groups received NAC orally at 300 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, for 5 days before receiving indomethacin (50 mg/kg) on the last day. Gastric tissue interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and caspase-3 levels were immunoassayed. Total thiol (T-SH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were determined by spectrophotometry. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2α (CINC-2α) gene expression was evaluated in addition to Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry. Pretreatment with NAC improved the inflammatory, apoptotic, and redox status in a dose-dependent manner particularly in NAC 500 mg/kg pretreated group. These results show a role for NAC in improving indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration via antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory interactive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema Ali Soliman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Alaa Katary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Darin Abd Ali
- Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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El-Fakharany EM, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Comparative Analysis of the Antiviral Activity of Camel, Bovine, and Human Lactoperoxidases Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:294-310. [PMID: 27854033 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Nie X, Lowe DW, Rollins LG, Bentzley J, Fraser JL, Martin R, Singh I, Jenkins D. Sex-specific effects of N-acetylcysteine in neonatal rats treated with hypothermia after severe hypoxia-ischemia. Neurosci Res 2016; 108:24-33. [PMID: 26851769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of moderate to severely hypoxic-ischemic (HI) newborns do not respond to hypothermia, the only proven neuroprotective treatment. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and glutathione precursor, shows promise for neuroprotection in combination with hypothermia, mitigating post-HI neuroinflammation due to oxidative stress. As mechanisms of HI injury and cell death differ in males and females, sex differences must be considered in translational research of neuroprotection. We assessed the potential toxicity and efficacy of NAC in combination with hypothermia, in male and female neonatal rats after severe HI injury. NAC 50mg/kg/d administered 1h after initiation of hypothermia significantly decreased iNOS expression and caspase 3 activation in the injured hemisphere versus hypothermia alone. However, only females treated with hypothermia +NAC 50mg/kg showed improvement in short-term infarct volumes compared with saline treated animals. Hypothermia alone had no effect in this severe model. When NAC was continued for 6 weeks, significant improvement in long-term neuromotor outcomes over hypothermia treatment alone was observed, controlling for sex. Antioxidants may provide insufficient neuroprotection after HI for neonatal males in the short term, while long-term therapy may benefit both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Nie
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Danielle W Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Laura Grace Rollins
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, United States.
| | - Jessica Bentzley
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Jamie L Fraser
- Medical Genetics Training Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2152, United States.
| | - Renee Martin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Dorothea Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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Fernandes MM, Rivera D, Francesko A, Šližytė R, Mozuraitytė R, Rommi K, Lantto R, Tzanov T. Bio/sonochemical conversion of fish backbones into bioactive nanospheres. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Konradi J, Mollenhauer M, Baldus S, Klinke A. Redox-sensitive mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in heart failure. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:721-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1027200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Van Antwerpen P, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K. Rational drug design applied to myeloperoxidase inhibition. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:711-20. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Jaccob AA. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer: A pharmacological assessment in mice. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015; 4:90-5. [PMID: 26401392 PMCID: PMC4566772 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20150212103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Since there is an increasing need for gastric ulcer therapies with optimum benefit-risk profile. This study was conducted to investigate gastro-protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models in mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 mice were allocated into six groups consisted of 7 mice each. Groups 1 (normal control) and 2 (ulcer control) received distilled water at a dose of 10 ml/kg, groups 3, 4 and 5 were given NAC at doses 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, and the 6th group received ranitidine (50 mg/kg). All drugs administered orally once daily for 7 days, on the 8th day absolute ethanol (7 ml/kg) was administrated orally to all mice to induce the acute ulcer except normal control group. Then 3 h after, all animals were sacrificed then consequently the stomachs were excised for examination. Results: NAC administration at the tested doses showed a dose-related potent gastro-protective effect with significant increase in curative ratio, PH of gastric juice and mucus content viscosity seen with the highest dose of NAC and it is comparable with that observed in ranitidine group. Conclusion: The present findings demonstrate that, oral NAC shows significant gastro-protective effects comparable to ranitidine confirmed by anti-secretory, cytoprotective, histological and biochemical data, but the molecular mechanisms behind such protection are complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausama Ayoob Jaccob
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Basra, Basra, Iraq
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Bensalem S, Soubhye J, Aldib I, Bournine L, Nguyen AT, Vanhaeverbeek M, Rousseau A, Boudjeltia KZ, Sarakbi A, Kauffmann JM, Nève J, Prévost M, Stévigny C, Maiza-Benabdesselam F, Bedjou F, Van Antwerpen P, Duez P. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase activity by the alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:361-369. [PMID: 24746482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Seeds and aerial parts of Peganum harmala L. are widely used in Algeria as anti-inflammatory remedies. Evaluation of Peganum harmala total alkaloids extracts and pure β-carboline compounds as an anti-inflammatory treatment by the inhibition of an enzyme key of inflammatory, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and HPLC quantification of the alkaloids from the different parts of plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS MPO inhibition was tested using taurine chloramine test. The inhibition of LDL oxidation induced by MPO was carried out. The molecular docking analysis of Peganum harmala alkaloids on MPO was performed using the Glide XP docking protocol and scoring function and the redox potential of alkaloids was determined using an Epsilon potentiostat. The concentration of harmala alkaloids was determined using HPLC analysis. RESULTS The HPLC profiling of the active total alkaloids indicates that β-carboline e.g. harmine, harmaline, harmane, harmol and harmalol are major components. As β-carbolines resemble tryptamine, of which derivatives are efficient inhibitors of MPO, the harmala alkaloids were tested for their activity on this enzyme. Total alkaloids of the seeds and of the aerial parts strongly inhibited MPO at 20µg/mL (97±5% and 43±4%, respectively) whereas, at the same concentration, those of the roots showed very low inhibition (15±6%). Harmine, harmaline and harmane demonstrated a significant inhibition of MPO at IC50 of 0.26, 0.08 and 0.72µM respectively. These alkaloids exerted a similar inhibition effects on MPO-induced LDL oxidation. Molecular docking analysis of Peganum harmala alkaloids on MPO showed that all active Peganum harmala alkaloids have a high affinity on the active site of MPO (predicted free energies of binding up to -3.1kcal/mol). Measurement of redox potentials versus the normal hydrogen electrode clearly differentiated (i) the high MPO inhibitory activity of harmine, harmaline and harmane (+1014, 1014 and 1003mV, respectively); and (ii) the low activity of harmalol and harmol (+629/778 and 532/644mV, respectively). A reverse phase HPLC method has been developed to determine simultaneously five alkaloids of Peganum harmala. Seeds contained all five β-carboline derivatives with the main active alkaloids, harmaline and harmine, being up to 3.8% and 2.9%, respectively. Up to 3.2% of harmine was determined in the roots. The four β-carboline derivatives, harmine, harmaline, harmane and harmalol were identified in the aerial parts. The highest inhibitory effect observed in seeds and the moderate effect of aerial parts could be explained by their harmine and harmaline content. In contrast, the very weak inhibition of the root extract, despite the presence of harmine, may tentatively be explained by the high concentration of harmol which can reduce Compound II of MPO to the native form. CONCLUSION The inhibition of MPO by Peganum harmala β-carboline alkaloids, herein reported for the first time, may explain the anti-inflammatory effect traditionally attributed to its herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Bensalem
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie; Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Bromatologie et Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
| | - Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
| | - Iyas Aldib
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Lamine Bournine
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Anh Tho Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Bromatologie et Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Laboratoire de Médicine Expérimentale, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgique
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratoire de Médicine Expérimentale, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgique
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratoire de Médicine Expérimentale, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgique
| | - Ahmad Sarakbi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Instrumentale et Bioélectrochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Jean Michel Kauffmann
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Instrumentale et Bioélectrochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Bromatologie et Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Fadila Maiza-Benabdesselam
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Fatiha Bedjou
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique; Plateforme Analytique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Bromatologie et Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
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Boufadi YM, Soubhye J, Riazi A, Rousseau A, Vanhaeverbeek M, Nève J, Boudjeltia KZ, Van Antwerpen P. Characterization and antioxidant properties of six Algerian propolis extracts: ethyl acetate extracts inhibit myeloperoxidase activity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2327-45. [PMID: 24514562 PMCID: PMC3958853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because propolis contains many types of antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids, it can be useful in preventing oxidative damages. Ethyl acetate extracts of propolis from several Algerian regions show high activity by scavenging free radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation and inhibiting myeloperoxidase (MPO). By fractioning and assaying ethyl acetate extracts, it was observed that both polyphenols and flavonoids contribute to these activities. A correlation was observed between the polyphenol content and the MPO inhibition. However, it seems that kaempferol, a flavonoid, contributes mainly to the MPO inhibition. This molecule is in a high amount in the ethyl acetate extract and demonstrates the best efficiency towards the enzyme with an inhibiting concentration at 50% of 4 ± 2 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Mokhtaria Boufadi
- Laboratory of Beneficial Microorganisms, Functional Food and Health (LMBAFS), Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria.
| | - Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Ali Riazi
- Laboratory of Beneficial Microorganisms, Functional Food and Health (LMBAFS), Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria.
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul 6110, Belgium.
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul 6110, Belgium.
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul 6110, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
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18
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Flavonoids and 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibit the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:710239. [PMID: 24381411 PMCID: PMC3871909 DOI: 10.1155/2013/710239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been suggested to play a pathophysiological role in several autoimmune diseases. Since NET-formation in response to several biological and chemical stimuli is mostly ROS dependent, in theory any substance that inhibits or scavenges ROS could prevent ROS-dependent NET release. Therefore, in the present comprehensive study, several antioxidative substances were assessed for their capacity to inhibit NET formation of primary human neutrophils in vitro. We could show that the flavonoids (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin hydrate, and rutin trihydrate as well as vitamin C and the pharmacological substances N-acetyl-L-cysteine and 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibited PMA induced ROS production and NET formation. Therefore, a broad spectrum of antioxidative substances that reduce ROS production of primary human neutrophils also inhibits ROS-dependent NET formation. It is tempting to speculate that such antioxidants can have beneficial therapeutic effects in diseases associated with ROS-dependent NET formation.
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Soubhye J, Aldib I, Elfving B, Gelbcke M, Furtmüller PG, Podrecca M, Conotte R, Colet JM, Rousseau A, Reye F, Sarakbi A, Vanhaeverbeek M, Kauffmann JM, Obinger C, Nève J, Prévost M, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Dufrasne F, Van Antwerpen P. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel 3-alkylindole derivatives as selective and highly potent myeloperoxidase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3943-58. [PMID: 23581551 DOI: 10.1021/jm4001538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to its production of potent antimicrobial oxidants including hypochlorous acid, human myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays a critical role in innate immunity and inflammatory diseases. Thus MPO is an attractive target in drug design. (Aminoalkyl)fluoroindole derivatives were detected to be very potent MPO inhibitors; however, they also promote inhibition of the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) at the same concentration range. Via structure-based drug design, a new series of MPO inhibitors derived from 3-alkylindole were synthesized and their effects were assessed on MPO-mediated taurine chlorination and low-density lipoprotein oxidation as well as on inhibition of SERT. The fluoroindole compound with three carbons in the side chain and one amide group exhibited a selectivity index of 35 (Ki/IC50) with high inhibition of MPO activity (IC50 = 18 nM), whereas its effect on SERT was in the micromolar range. Structure-function relationships, mechanism of action, and safety of the molecule are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Aldib I, Soubhye J, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Vanhaeverbeek M, Rousseau A, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Dufrasne F, Nève J, Van Antwerpen P, Prévost M. Evaluation of New Scaffolds of Myeloperoxidase Inhibitors by Rational Design Combined with High-Throughput Virtual Screening. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7208-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3007245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iyas Aldib
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Laboratory of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry at the Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry at the Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna
| | - Francois Dufrasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Francesko A, Soares da Costa D, Lisboa P, Reis RL, Pashkuleva I, Tzanov T. GAGs-thiolated chitosan assemblies for chronic wounds treatment: control of enzyme activity and cell attachment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Schreier SM, Steinkellner H, Jirovetz L, Hermann M, Exner M, Gmeiner BMK, Kapiotis S, Laggner H. S-carbamoylation impairs the oxidant scavenging activity of cysteine: its possible impact on increased LDL modification in uraemia. Biochimie 2011; 93:772-7. [PMID: 21277933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoylation is the non-enzymatic reaction of cyanate with amino-, hydroxy- or thiol groups. In vivo, amino group modification (N-carbamoylation) resulting in altered function of proteins/amino acids has been observed in patients suffering from uraemia due to urea-derived cyanate. Uraemia has been linked to impaired antioxidant defense. As thiol-compounds like cysteine, N-acetyl cysteine and GSH have oxidant scavenging properties one may speculate that thiol-group carbamoylation (S-carbamoylation) may impair their protective activity. Here we report on the effect of S-carbamoylation on the ABTS free radical and HOCl scavenging property of cysteine as well on its ability to protect LDL from atherogenic modification induced by AAPH generated peroxylradicals or HOCl. The results show that S-carbamoylation impaired the ABTS free radical and HOCl scavenging property of the thiol-compounds tested. The ability of the thiols to protect LDL from lipid oxidation and apolipoprotein modification was strongly diminished by S-carbamoylation. The data indicate that S-carbamoylation could impair the free radical and HOCl scavenging of thiol-amino acids reducing their protective property against LDL atherogenic modification by these oxidant species. As S-carbamoylation is most effective at pH 7 to 5 in vivo thiol-carbamoylation may especially occur at sites of acidic extracellular pH as in hypoxic/inflammatory macrophage rich areas like the atherosclerotic plaque where increased LDL oxidation has been found and may contribute to the higher oxidative stress in uraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Schreier
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Department of Medical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Soubhye J, Prévost M, Van Antwerpen P, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Rousseau A, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Vanhaeverbeek M, Ducobu J, Nève J, Gelbcke M, Dufrasne F. Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 3-(Aminoalkyl)-5-fluoroindoles as Myeloperoxidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8747-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1009988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Ducobu
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Gelbcke
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Franc¸ois Dufrasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Van Antwerpen P, Slomianny MC, Boudjeltia KZ, Delporte C, Faid V, Calay D, Rousseau A, Moguilevsky N, Raes M, Vanhamme L, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Vanhaeverbeek M, Nève J, Michalski JC. Glycosylation pattern of mature dimeric leukocyte and recombinant monomeric myeloperoxidase: glycosylation is required for optimal enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16351-9. [PMID: 20332087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.089748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in various inflammatory conditions has been the scope of many recent studies. Besides its well studied catalytic activity, the role of its overall structure and glycosylation pattern in biological function is barely known. Here, the N-glycan composition of native dimeric human MPO purified from neutrophils and of monomeric MPO recombinantly expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells has been investigated. Analyses showed the presence of five N-glycans at positions 323, 355, 391, 483, 729 in both proteins. Site by site analysis demonstrated a well conserved micro- and macro-heterogeneity and more complex-type N-glycans for the recombinant form. Comparison of biological functionality of glycosylated and deglycosylated recombinant MPO suggests that glycosylation is required for optimal enzymatic activity. Data are discussed with regard to biosynthesis and the three-dimensional structure of MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Analytical Platform of Institute of Pharmacy, UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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25
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Laggner H, Muellner MK, Schreier S, Sturm B, Hermann M, Exner M, Gmeiner BMK, Kapiotis S. Hydrogen sulphide: A novel physiological inhibitor of LDL atherogenic modification by HOCl. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:741-7. [PMID: 17577734 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701263265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorite (HOCl), the product of the activated myeloperoxidase/H(2)O(2)/chloride (MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(- )) system is favored as a trigger of LDL modifications, which may play a pivotal role in early atherogenesis. As HOCl has been shown to react with thiol-containing compounds like glutathione and N-acetylcysteine protecting LDL from HOCl modification, we have tested the ability of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) - which has recently been identified as an endogenous vasorelaxant - to counteract the action of HOCl on LDL. The results show that H(2)S could inhibit the atherogenic modification of LDL induced by HOCl, as measured by apolipoprotein alterations. Beside its HOCl scavenging potential, H(2)S was found to inhibit MPO (one may speculate that this occurs via H(2)S/heme interaction) and destroy H(2)O(2). Thus, H(2)S may interfere with the reactants and reaction products of the activated MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(- ) system. Our data add to the evidence of an anti-atherosclerotic action of this gasotransmitter taking the role of HOCl in the atherogenic modification of LDL into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Laggner
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Centre of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL, Pattison DI, Rees MD. Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1199-234. [PMID: 18331199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A marked increase in interest has occurred over the last few years in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, may play in both disease prevention and human pathologies. This increased interest has been sparked by developments in our understanding of polymorphisms that control the levels of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of specific biomarkers that can be used in vivo to detect damage induced by these oxidants, the detection of active forms of these peroxidases at most, if not all, sites of inflammation, and a correlation between the levels of these enzymes and a number of major human pathologies. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the enzymology, chemistry, biochemistry and biologic roles of mammalian peroxidases and the oxidants that they generate, the potential role of these oxidants in human disease, and the use of the levels of these enzymes in disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia., Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Parthasarathy S, Litvinov D, Selvarajan K, Garelnabi M. Lipid peroxidation and decomposition--conflicting roles in plaque vulnerability and stability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:221-31. [PMID: 18406361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation hypothesis has generated considerable interest in oxidative stress and how it might affect atherosclerosis. However, the failure of antioxidants, particularly vitamin E, to affect the progression of the disease in humans has convinced even staunch supporters of the hypothesis to take a step backwards and reconsider alternatives. Preponderant evidence for the hypothesis came from animal antioxidant intervention studies. In this review we point out basic differences between animal and human atherosclerosis development and suggest that human disease starts where animal studies end. While initial oxidative steps in the generation of early fatty streak lesions might be common, the differences might be in the steps involved in the decomposition of peroxidized lipids into aldehydes and their further oxidation into carboxylic acids. We suggest that these steps may not be amenable to attenuation by antioxidants and antioxidants might actually counter the stabilization of plaque by preventing the formation of carboxylic acids which are anti-inflammatory in nature. The formation of such dicarboxylic acids may also be conducive to plaque stabilization by trapping calcium. We suggest that agents that would prevent the decomposition of lipid peroxides and promote the formation and removal of lipid hydroxides, such as paraoxonase (PON 1) or apo A1/high density lipoprotein (HDL) might be more conducive to plaque regression.
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Kohnen S, Franck T, Van Antwerpen P, Boudjeltia KZ, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Deby C, Moguilevsky N, Deby-Dupont G, Lamy M, Serteyn D. Resveratrol inhibits the activity of equine neutrophil myeloperoxidase by a direct interaction with the enzyme. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8080-7. [PMID: 17844991 DOI: 10.1021/jf071741n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic antioxidant present in beverage and food known for its multiple protective effects. We report the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on equine myeloperoxidase (MPO), a hemic peroxidase present in the granules of the neutrophils involved in the inflammatory response. Resveratrol inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by stimulated equine neutrophils by acting as a direct scavenger of the ROS released by the cells but did not modify the degranulation of the stimulated neutrophils as the amounts of released MPO were unchanged. Resveratrol strongly inhibited the chlorination, oxidation, and nitration activities of MPO in a dose-dependent manner. By an original technique of specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection (SIEFED), we demonstrated that resveratrol inhibited the peroxidasic activity of the MPO measured by a direct interaction such as the fixation of resveratrol on the enzyme. The observation of a decrease of the accumulation of compound II suggested that resveratrol acts as an electron donor for MPO reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kohnen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Van Antwerpen P, Néve J, Moreau P, Boudjeltia KZ, Vanhaeverbeek M, Prévost M, Babar S, Legssyer I, Moguilevsky N, Ducobu J. Probucol Does not Inhibit Myeloperoxidase-Dependent Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation as a Potent Protective Effect in Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50:350-1. [PMID: 17878766 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31809501dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Van Antwerpen P, Dufrasne F, Lequeux M, Boudjeltia KZ, Lessgyer I, Babar S, Moreau P, Moguilevsky N, Vanhaeverbeek M, Ducobu J, Nève J. Inhibition of the myeloperoxidase chlorinating activity by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Flufenamic acid and its 5-chloro-derivative directly interact with a recombinant human myeloperoxidase to inhibit the synthesis of hypochlorous acid. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570:235-43. [PMID: 17610876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro study was designed to assess the inhibition of the myeloperoxidase (MPO)/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system by several non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) of the oxicam family and of nimesulide and to compare their effect with flufenamic acid in order to investigate their influence on the chlorinating activity of MPO as a protective mechanism during chronic inflammatory syndromes. The inhibition of the system was assessed by measurement of the taurine chlorination while the accumulation of compound II was used to investigate the mechanism of inhibition. The oxidation products of NSAIDs by the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system were identified and flufenamic acid and derivatives were also assessed in the inhibition of LDL oxidation in two models. Flufenamic acid (IC(50) = 1.1+/-0.3 microM) is the most efficient inhibitor of the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system and nimesulide (IC(50) = 2.1+/-0.3 microM) is more active than the other NSAIDs of the oxicam family (IC(50) = 8-12 microM). The accumulation of compound II revealed that flufenamic acid acts as an electron donor while the other NSAIDs are antagonists of chloride anions. The identification of the oxidation products confirms that flufenamic behaves like an electron donor and is directly oxidized in the 5-hydroxy-derivative but gives also the 5-chloro-derivative which similarly inhibits the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system. Flufenamic acid has the best inhibiting activity towards the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system. However, in models that assess the LDL oxidation, flufenamic acid and its derivatives were unable to properly inhibit MPO activity as the enzyme is adsorbed on macrostructures such as LDL molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine 205-5, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Rysz J, Stolarek RA, Luczynski R, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Kasielski M, Nowak D. Increased hydrogen peroxide concentration in the exhaled breath condensate of stable COPD patients after nebulized N-acetylcysteine. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007; 20:281-9. [PMID: 16753318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidative burden in the airways is a hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). AIMS This prospective, cross-over, placebo (PL)-controlled study was designed to investigate the effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) on hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), nitrites and nitrates (NO(2)(-)+NO(3)(-)), and thiol (RSH) concentrations in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in stable COPD patients (n=19, aged 52.6+/-15.6 years, 10 females, mean FEV(1) 95.2+/-23.8%, FEV(1)/FVC 69.1+/-11.4%). METHODS H(2)O(2), NO(2)(-)+NO(3)(-) and RSH concentrations in EBC were determined with homovanillic acid, NADPH-nitrite reductase assays and Ellman's reaction, respectively. RESULTS Thirty minutes after nebulization, H(2)O(2) concentration increased if levels after NAC (0.45+/-0.25microM) and PL (0.17+/-0.17microM) were compared in COPD patients (p=0.002). This increased H(2)O(2) level in EBC was no longer observed either after 90min: 0.16+/-0.09microM (PL 0.17+/-0.15microM) or 3h: 0.12+/-0.07microM (PL 0.21+/-0.23microM) (p=0.5 and 0.2, respectively). The levels of NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) did not differ between NAC and PL. There was no significant difference in RSH levels between nebulized NAC and PL. After nebulized NAC, however, exhaled RSH increased from 1.42+/-1.69microM (0min) to 2.49+/-2.00microM (30min), and 1.71+/-1.83microM (180min) (p=0.009 and 0.03, respectively, compared with 0min). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that nebulized NAC transiently increases exhaled H(2)O(2) level, whereas it has no effect on other oxidative parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Rysz
- 2nd Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego St. 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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Van Antwerpen P, Boudjeltia KZ, Vaes M, Babar S, Madhoun P, Moguilevsky N, Vanhaeverbeek M, Néve J, Ducobu J. The pleiotropic effect of statins in haemodialysis patients is not the consequence of an inhibition of LDL oxidation by myeloperoxidase. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:2672-4. [PMID: 16574674 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfl143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Van Antwerpen P, Legssyer I, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Babar S, Moreau P, Moguilevsky N, Vanhaeverbeek M, Ducobu J, Nève J. Captopril inhibits the oxidative modification of apolipoprotein B-100 caused by myeloperoxydase in a comparative in vitro assay of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 537:31-6. [PMID: 16631159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is a key event in the formation of atheromatous lesions. Indeed, oxidized derivatives accumulate in the vascular wall and promote a local inflammatory process which triggers the progression of the atheromatous plaque. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) has been mentioned as a major contributor to this oxidative process. It takes part in the oxidation both of lipids by chlorination and peroxidation and of apolipoprotein B-100. Based on recent observations with several anti-inflammatory and thiol-containing drugs, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that anti-hypertensive agents from the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors group inhibit the oxidative modifications of Apo B-100 caused by MPO. Captopril, ramipril, enalapril, lisinopril and fosinopril were assessed by measuring: their inhibiting effect on the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system, the accumulation of compound II, which reflects the inhibition of the synthesis of HOCl and the LDL oxidation by MPO in presence of several concentrations of ACE inhibitors. Only captopril, a thiol-containing ACE inhibitor, was able to significantly decrease the oxidative modification of LDL in a dose dependent manner and this by scavenging HOCl. This efficient anti-hypertensive drug therefore appears to also protect against the atherosclerotic process by this newly documented mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine 205-5, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Sadowska AM, Verbraecken J, Darquennes K, De Backer WA. Role of N-acetylcysteine in the management of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2006; 1:425-34. [PMID: 18044098 PMCID: PMC2707813 DOI: 10.2147/copd.2006.1.4.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the underlying local and systemic oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has long been established. In view of the lack of therapy that might inhibit the progress of the disease, there is an urgent need for a successful therapeutic approach that, through affecting the pathological processes, will influence the subsequent issues in COPD management such as lung function, airway clearance, dyspnoea, exacerbation, and quality of life. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic and antioxidant drug that may also influence several inflammatory pathways. It provides the sulfhydryl groups and acts both as a precursor of reduced glutathione and as a direct reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, hence regulating the redox status in the cells. The changed redox status may, in turn, influence the inflammation-controlling pathways. Moreover, as a mucolytic drug, it may, by means of decreasing viscosity of the sputum, clean the bronchi leading to a decrease in dyspnoea and improved lung function. Nevertheless, as successful as it is in the in vitro studies and in vivo studies with high dosage, its actions at the dosages used in COPD management are debatable. It seems to influence exacerbation rate and limit the number of hospitalization days, however, with little or no influence on the lung function parameters. Despite these considerations and in view of the present lack of effective therapies to inhibit disease progression in COPD, NAC and its derivatives with their multiple molecular modes of action remain promising medication once doses and route of administration are optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Sadowska
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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