1
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Cultrera NGM. Genetics of Plant Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086890. [PMID: 37108054 PMCID: PMC10138566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue is aimed to collect scientific papers that support holistic methodological approaches, both top-down and horizontal, for the correct application of various omics sciences because, when well-integrated, they can contribute to our understanding of the genotypic plasticity of plant species [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò G M Cultrera
- CNR-IBBR Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
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2
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Paiva P, Medina FE, Viegas M, Ferreira P, Neves RPP, Sousa JPM, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Animal Fatty Acid Synthase: A Chemical Nanofactory. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9502-9553. [PMID: 34156235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are crucial molecules for most living beings, very well spread and conserved across species. These molecules play a role in energy storage, cell membrane architecture, and cell signaling, the latter through their derivative metabolites. De novo synthesis of fatty acids is a complex chemical process that can be achieved either by a metabolic pathway built by a sequence of individual enzymes, such as in most bacteria, or by a single, large multi-enzyme, which incorporates all the chemical capabilities of the metabolic pathway, such as in animals and fungi, and in some bacteria. Here we focus on the multi-enzymes, specifically in the animal fatty acid synthase (FAS). We start by providing a historical overview of this vast field of research. We follow by describing the extraordinary architecture of animal FAS, a homodimeric multi-enzyme with seven different active sites per dimer, including a carrier protein that carries the intermediates from one active site to the next. We then delve into this multi-enzyme's detailed chemistry and critically discuss the current knowledge on the chemical mechanism of each of the steps necessary to synthesize a single fatty acid molecule with atomic detail. In line with this, we discuss the potential and achieved FAS applications in biotechnology, as biosynthetic machines, and compare them with their homologous polyketide synthases, which are also finding wide applications in the same field. Finally, we discuss some open questions on the architecture of FAS, such as their peculiar substrate-shuttling arm, and describe possible reasons for the emergence of large megasynthases during evolution, questions that have fascinated biochemists from long ago but are still far from answered and understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabiola E Medina
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 7100 Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Matilde Viegas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui P P Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P M Sousa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Deciphering the Binding Interactions between Acinetobacter baumannii ACP and β-ketoacyl ACP Synthase III to Improve Antibiotic Targeting Using NMR Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073317. [PMID: 33805050 PMCID: PMC8036411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthesis is essential for bacterial viability. Thus, fatty acid synthases (FASs) represent effective targets for antibiotics. Nevertheless, multidrug-resistant bacteria, including the human opportunistic bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii, are emerging threats. Meanwhile, the FAS pathway of A. baumannii is relatively unexplored. Considering that acyl carrier protein (ACP) has an important role in the delivery of fatty acyl intermediates to other FAS enzymes, we elucidated the solution structure of A. baumannii ACP (AbACP) and, using NMR spectroscopy, investigated its interactions with β-ketoacyl ACP synthase III (AbKAS III), which initiates fatty acid elongation. The results show that AbACP comprises four helices, while Ca2+ reduces the electrostatic repulsion between acid residues, and the unconserved F47 plays a key role in thermal stability. Moreover, AbACP exhibits flexibility near the hydrophobic cavity entrance from D59 to T65, as well as in the α1α2 loop region. Further, F29 and A69 participate in slow exchanges, which may be related to shuttling of the growing acyl chain. Additionally, electrostatic interactions occur between the α2 and α3-helix of ACP and AbKAS III, while the hydrophobic interactions through the ACP α2-helix are seemingly important. Our study provides insights for development of potent antibiotics capable of inhibiting A. baumannii FAS protein–protein interactions.
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4
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Bartholow TG, Sztain T, Patel A, Lee DJ, Young MA, Abagyan R, Burkart MD. Elucidation of transient protein-protein interactions within carrier protein-dependent biosynthesis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:340. [PMID: 33727677 PMCID: PMC7966745 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) is an essential and highly conserved metabolic pathway. In bacteria, this process is mediated by an elaborate network of protein•protein interactions (PPIs) involving a small, dynamic acyl carrier protein that interacts with dozens of other partner proteins (PPs). These PPIs have remained poorly characterized due to their dynamic and transient nature. Using a combination of solution-phase NMR spectroscopy and protein-protein docking simulations, we report a comprehensive residue-by-residue comparison of the PPIs formed during FAB in Escherichia coli. This technique describes and compares the molecular basis of six discrete binding events responsible for E. coli FAB and offers insights into a method to characterize these events and those in related carrier protein-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Bartholow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Terra Sztain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ashay Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D John Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan A Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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5
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Thongkawphueak T, Winter AJ, Williams C, Maple HJ, Soontaranon S, Kaewhan C, Campopiano DJ, Crump MP, Wattana-Amorn P. Solution Structure and Conformational Dynamics of a Doublet Acyl Carrier Protein from Prodigiosin Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2021; 60:219-230. [PMID: 33416314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is an indispensable component of both fatty acid and polyketide synthases and is primarily responsible for delivering acyl intermediates to enzymatic partners. At present, increasing numbers of multidomain ACPs have been discovered with roles in molecular recognition of trans-acting enzymatic partners as well as increasing metabolic flux. Further structural information is required to provide insight into their function, yet to date, the only high-resolution structure of this class to be determined is that of the doublet ACP (two continuous ACP domains) from mupirocin synthase. Here we report the solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the doublet ACP domains from PigH (PigH ACP1-ACP2), which is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the bipyrrolic intermediate of prodigiosin, a potent anticancer compound with a variety of biological activities. The PigH ACP1-ACP2 structure shows each ACP domain consists of three conserved helices connected by a linker that is partially restricted by interactions with the ACP1 domain. Analysis of the holo (4'-phosphopantetheine, 4'-PP) form of PigH ACP1-ACP2 by NMR revealed conformational exchange found predominantly in the ACP2 domain reflecting the inherent plasticity of this ACP. Furthermore, ensemble models obtained from SAXS data reveal two distinct conformers, bent and extended, of both apo (unmodified) and holo PigH ACP1-ACP2 mediated by the central linker. The bent conformer appears to be a result of linker-ACP1 interactions detected by NMR and might be important for intradomain communication during the biosynthesis. These results provide new insights into the behavior of the interdomain linker of multiple ACP domains that may modulate protein-protein interactions. This is likely to become an increasingly important consideration for metabolic engineering in prodigiosin and other related biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitapa Thongkawphueak
- Department of Chemistry, Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ashley J Winter
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Christopher Williams
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.,BrisSynBio, Centre for Synthetic Biology Research, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, U.K
| | - Hannah J Maple
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, U.K
| | - Siriwat Soontaranon
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chonthicha Kaewhan
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Dominic J Campopiano
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.,BrisSynBio, Centre for Synthetic Biology Research, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, U.K
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Department of Chemistry, Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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6
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Bunnak W, Winter AJ, Lazarus CM, Crump MP, Race PR, Wattana-Amorn P. SAXS reveals highly flexible interdomain linkers of tandem acyl carrier protein-thioesterase domains from a fungal nonreducing polyketide synthase. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:133-144. [PMID: 33043457 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Menisporopsin A is a fungal bioactive macrocyclic polylactone, the biosynthesis of which requires only reducing (R) and nonreducing (NR) polyketide synthases (PKSs) to guide a series of esterification and cyclolactonization reactions. There is no structural information pertaining to these PKSs. Here, we report the solution characterization of singlet and doublet acyl carrier protein (ACP2 and ACP1 -ACP2 )-thioesterase (TE) domains from NR-PKS involved in menisporopsin A biosynthesis. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies in combination with homology modelling reveal that these polypeptides adopt a distinctive beads-on-a-string configuration, characterized by the presence of highly flexible interdomain linkers. These models provide a platform for studying domain organization and interdomain interactions in fungal NR-PKSs, which may be of value in directing the design of functionally optimized polyketide scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waraporn Bunnak
- Department of Chemistry, Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Race
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, UK.,BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Department of Chemistry, Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Structural Characterization of an ACP from Thermotoga maritima: Insights into Hyperthermal Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072600. [PMID: 32283632 PMCID: PMC7178038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermotoga maritima, a deep-branching hyperthermophilic bacterium, expresses an extraordinarily stable Thermotoga maritima acyl carrier protein (Tm-ACP) that functions as a carrier in the fatty acid synthesis system at near-boiling aqueous environments. Here, to understand the hyperthermal adaptation of Tm-ACP, we investigated the structure and dynamics of Tm-ACP by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The melting temperature of Tm-ACP (101.4 °C) far exceeds that of other ACPs, owing to extensive ionic interactions and tight hydrophobic packing. The D59 residue, which replaces Pro/Ser of other ACPs, mediates ionic clustering between helices III and IV. This creates a wide pocket entrance to facilitate the accommodation of long acyl chains required for hyperthermal adaptation of the T. maritima cell membrane. Tm-ACP is revealed to be the first ACP that harbor an amide proton hyperprotected against hydrogen/deuterium exchange for I15. The hydrophobic interactions mediated by I15 appear to be the key driving forces of the global folding process of Tm-ACP. Our findings provide insights into the structural basis of the hyperthermal adaptation of ACP, which might have allowed T. maritima to survive in hot ancient oceans.
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Park J, Lee Y, Cheon D, Kim Y. Structure and dynamics of human and bacterial acyl carrier proteins and their interactions with fatty acid synthesis proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:1183-1189. [PMID: 31296387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is highly conserved across taxa and plays key roles in the fatty acid synthesis system by mediating acyl group delivery and shuttling. Here, we compared the structural and dynamic features of human type Ι ACP (hACP) and Escherichia coli type II ACP (EcACP). Analysis of chemical shift perturbations upon octanoyl group attachment showed perturbations in hACP only near acyl-group attachment sites, whereas EcACP showed the perturbation at residues in the hydrophobic cavity. This difference confirmed that hACP does not sequester the acyl chain in the hydrophobic cavity, which is blocked by hydrophobic triad residues (L34, L39, and V64). Moreover, hACP showed more flexible backbone dynamics than EcACP, especially in the front of α1α2 loop. We further investigated the interactions of hACP with Streptomyces coelicolor ACP synthase (ScAcpS), which is used to convert apo mammalian ACP to the holo form. Similar to protein-protein interface (PPI) found in hACP-hAcpS crystal structure, docking simulation and binding affinity measurements showed that the hydrophobic residues in universal recognition helix II of hACP contribute mainly to ScAcpS binding with binding affinity of 9.2 ± 9.1 × 104 M. In contrast, interaction found in EcACP-EcAcpS crystal structure is dominated by electrostatic interactions. These results suggest that ScAcpS has relatively relaxed substrate specificity and a similar charge distribution to hAcpS. These fundamental differences of the charge distribution in hAcpS, ScAcpS and EcAcpS largely affect the interaction with hACP. These findings can provide a useful resource for development of novel antibiotics inhibiting PPI in bacterial FAS proteins with specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Yeongjoon Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Dasom Cheon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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NMR as a Tool to Investigate the Processes of Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092213. [PMID: 30200358 PMCID: PMC6205161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, the ubiquitous protein cofactors found in all kingdoms of life, perform a myriad of functions including nitrogen fixation, ribosome assembly, DNA repair, mitochondrial respiration, and metabolite catabolism. The biogenesis of Fe-S clusters is a multi-step process that involves the participation of many protein partners. Recent biophysical studies, involving X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), have greatly improved our understanding of these steps. In this review, after describing the biological importance of iron sulfur proteins, we focus on the contributions of NMR spectroscopy has made to our understanding of the structures, dynamics, and interactions of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of Fe-S cluster proteins.
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Marcella AM, Culbertson SJ, Shogren-Knaak MA, Barb AW. Structure, High Affinity, and Negative Cooperativity of the Escherichia coli Holo-(Acyl Carrier Protein):Holo-(Acyl Carrier Protein) Synthase Complex. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3763-3775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Paul S, Ishida H, Nguyen LT, Liu Z, Vogel HJ. Structural and dynamic characterization of a freestanding acyl carrier protein involved in the biosynthesis of cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics. Protein Sci 2017; 26:946-959. [PMID: 28187530 PMCID: PMC5405426 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Friulimicin is a cyclic lipodecapeptide antibiotic that is produced by Actinoplanes friuliensis. Similar to the related lipopeptide drug daptomycin, the peptide skeleton of friulimicin is synthesized by a large multienzyme nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) system. The LipD protein plays a major role in the acylation reaction of friulimicin. The attachment of the fatty acid group promotes its antibiotic activity. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that LipD is most closely related to other freestanding acyl carrier proteins (ACPs), for which the genes are located near to NRPS gene clusters. Here, we report that the solution NMR structure of apo-LipD is very similar to other four-helix bundle forming ACPs from fatty acid synthase (FAS), polyketide synthase, and NRPS systems. By recording NMR dynamics data, we found that the backbone motions in holo-LipD are more restricted than in apo-LipD due to the attachment of phosphopantetheine moiety. This enhanced stability of holo-LipD was also observed in differential scanning calorimetry experiments. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, unlike several other ACPs, the folding of LipD does not depend on the presence of divalent cations, although the presence of Mg2+ or Ca2+ can increase the protein stability. We propose that small structural rearrangements in the tertiary structure of holo-LipD which lead to the enhanced stability are important for the cognate enzyme recognition for the acylation reaction. Our results also highlight the different surface charges of LipD and FAS-ACP from A. friuliensis that would allow the acyl-CoA ligase to interact preferentially with the LipD instead of binding to the FAS-ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Paul
- Biochemistry Research GroupDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Biochemistry Research GroupDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Leonard T. Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research GroupDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Biochemistry Research GroupDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Biochemistry Research GroupDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Aznar-Moreno JA, Venegas-Calerón M, Martínez-Force E, Garcés R, Salas JJ. Acyl carrier proteins from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds and their influence on FatA and FatB acyl-ACP thioesterase activities. PLANTA 2016; 244:479-90. [PMID: 27095109 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of acyl-ACP thioesterases from sunflower importantly changed when endogenous ACPs were used. Sunflower FatB was much more specific towards saturated acyl-ACPs when assayed with them. Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) are small (~9 kDa), soluble, acidic proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis in plants and bacteria. ACPs bind to fatty acids through a thioester bond, generating the acyl-ACP lipoproteins that are substrates for fatty acid synthase (FAS) complexes, and that are required for fatty acid chain elongation, acting as important intermediates in de novo fatty acid synthesis in plants. Plants, usually express several ACP isoforms with distinct functionalities. We report here the cloning of three ACPs from developing sunflower seeds: HaACP1, HaACP2, and HaACP3. These proteins were plastidial ACPs expressed strongly in seeds, and as such they are probably involved in the synthesis of sunflower oil. The recombinant sunflower ACPs were expressed in bacteria but they were lethal to the prokaryote host. Thus, they were finally produced using the GST gene fusion system, which allowed the apo-enzyme to be produced and later activated to the holo form. Radiolabelled acyl-ACPs from the newly cloned holo-ACP forms were also synthesized and used to characterize the activity of recombinant sunflower FatA and FatB thioesterases, important enzymes in plant fatty acids synthesis. The activity of these enzymes changed significantly when the endogenous ACPs were used. Thus, FatA importantly increased its activity levels, whereas FatB displayed a different specificity profile, with much high activity levels towards saturated acyl-CoA derivatives. All these data pointed to an important influence of the ACP moieties on the activity of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Venegas-Calerón
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez-Force
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Garcés
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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13
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Park YG, Jung MC, Song H, Jeong KW, Bang E, Hwang GS, Kim Y. Novel Structural Components Contribute to the High Thermal Stability of Acyl Carrier Protein from Enterococcus faecalis. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1692-1702. [PMID: 26631734 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive, commensal bacterium that lives in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. It causes severe infections because of high antibiotic resistance. E. faecalis can endure extremes of temperature and pH. Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a key element in the biosynthesis of fatty acids responsible for acyl group shuttling and delivery. In this study, to understand the origin of high thermal stabilities of E. faecalis ACP (Ef-ACP), its solution structure was investigated for the first time. CD experiments showed that the melting temperature of Ef-ACP is 78.8 °C, which is much higher than that of Escherichia coli ACP (67.2 °C). The overall structure of Ef-ACP shows the common ACP folding pattern consisting of four α-helices (helix I (residues 3-17), helix II (residues 39-53), helix III (residues 60-64), and helix IV (residues 68-78)) connected by three loops. Unique Ef-ACP structural features include a hydrophobic interaction between Phe(45) in helix II and Phe(18) in the α1α2 loop and a hydrogen bonding between Ser(15) in helix I and Ile(20) in the α1α2 loop, resulting in its high thermal stability. Phe(45)-mediated hydrophobic packing may block acyl chain binding subpocket II entry. Furthermore, Ser(58) in the α2α3 loop in Ef-ACP, which usually constitutes a proline in other ACPs, exhibited slow conformational exchanges, resulting in the movement of the helix III outside the structure to accommodate a longer acyl chain in the acyl binding cavity. These results might provide insights into the development of antibiotics against pathogenic drug-resistant E. faecalis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Guen Park
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and the Bio/Molecular Informatics Center Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea and
| | - Min-Cheol Jung
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and the Bio/Molecular Informatics Center Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea and
| | - Heesang Song
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and the Bio/Molecular Informatics Center Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea and
| | - Ki-Woong Jeong
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and the Bio/Molecular Informatics Center Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea and
| | - Eunjung Bang
- the Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- the Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and the Bio/Molecular Informatics Center Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea and.
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14
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Goodrich AC, Harden BJ, Frueh DP. Solution Structure of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Carrier Protein Loaded with Its Substrate Reveals Transient, Well-Defined Contacts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12100-9. [PMID: 26334259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are microbial enzymes that produce a wealth of important natural products by condensing substrates in an assembly line manner. The proper sequence of substrates is obtained by tethering them to phosphopantetheinyl arms of holo carrier proteins (CPs) via a thioester bond. CPs in holo and substrate-loaded forms visit NRPS catalytic domains in a series of transient interactions. A lack of structural information on substrate-loaded carrier proteins has hindered our understanding of NRPS synthesis. Here, we present the first structure of an NRPS aryl carrier protein loaded with its substrate via a native thioester bond, together with the structure of its holo form. We also present the first quantification of NRPS CP backbone dynamics. Our results indicate that prosthetic moieties in both holo and loaded forms are in contact with the protein core, but they also sample states in which they are disordered and extend in solution. We observe that substrate loading induces a large conformational change in the phosphopantetheinyl arm, thereby modulating surfaces accessible for binding to other domains. Our results are discussed in the context of NRPS domain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Goodrich
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Hunterian 701, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Bradley J Harden
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Hunterian 701, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Dominique P Frueh
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Hunterian 701, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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15
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Zimmermann S, Pfennig S, Neumann P, Yonus H, Weininger U, Kovermann M, Balbach J, Stubbs MT. High-resolution structures of the D-alanyl carrier protein (Dcp) DltC from Bacillus subtilis reveal equivalent conformations of apo- and holo-forms. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2283-9. [PMID: 26193422 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
D-Alanylation of lipoteichoic acids plays an important role in modulating the properties of Gram-positive bacteria cell walls. The D-alanyl carrier protein DltC from Bacillus subtilis has been solved in apo- and two cofactor-modified holo-forms, whereby the entire phosphopantetheine moiety is defined in one. The atomic resolution of the apo-structure allows delineation of alternative conformations within the hydrophobic core of the 78 residue four helix bundle. In contrast to previous reports for a peptidyl carrier protein from a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, no obvious structural differences between apo- and holo-DltC forms are observed. Solution NMR spectroscopy confirms these findings and demonstrates in addition that the two forms exhibit similar backbone dynamics on the ps-ns and ms timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Zimmermann
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pfennig
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Piotr Neumann
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Huma Yonus
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ulrich Weininger
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Straße 7, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michael Kovermann
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Straße 7, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jochen Balbach
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Straße 7, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Milton T Stubbs
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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16
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Finzel K, Lee DJ, Burkart MD. Using modern tools to probe the structure-function relationship of fatty acid synthases. Chembiochem 2015; 16:528-547. [PMID: 25676190 PMCID: PMC4545599 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis is essential to life and represents one of the most conserved pathways in nature, preserving the same handful of chemical reactions across all species. Recent interest in the molecular details of the de novo fatty acid synthase (FAS) has been heightened by demand for renewable fuels and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Central to FAS is the acyl carrier protein (ACP), a protein chaperone that shuttles the growing acyl chain between catalytic enzymes within the FAS. Human efforts to alter fatty acid biosynthesis for oil production, chemical feedstock, or antimicrobial purposes has been met with limited success, due in part to a lack of detailed molecular information behind the ACP-partner protein interactions inherent to the pathway. This review will focus on recently developed tools for the modification of ACP and analysis of protein-protein interactions, such as mechanism-based crosslinking, and the studies exploiting them. Discussion specific to each enzymatic domain will focus first on mechanism and known inhibitors, followed by available structures and known interactions with ACP. Although significant unknowns remain, new understandings of the intricacies of FAS point to future advances in manipulating this complex molecular factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Finzel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358 (USA)
| | - D. John Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358 (USA)
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358 (USA)
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17
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Ye Z, Williams GJ. Mapping a Ketosynthase:Acyl Carrier Protein Binding Interface via Unnatural Amino Acid-Mediated Photo-Cross-Linking. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7494-502. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500936u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Ye
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gavin J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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18
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Thies S, Santiago-Schübel B, Kovačić F, Rosenau F, Hausmann R, Jaeger KE. Heterologous production of the lipopeptide biosurfactant serrawettin W1 in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2014; 181:27-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Mocibob M, Ivic N, Luic M, Weygand-Durasevic I. Adaptation of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Catalytic Core to Carrier Protein Aminoacylation. Structure 2013; 21:614-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Ramelot TA, Rossi P, Forouhar F, Lee HW, Yang Y, Ni S, Unser S, Lew S, Seetharaman J, Xiao R, Acton TB, Everett JK, Prestegard JH, Hunt JF, Montelione GT, Kennedy MA. Structure of a specialized acyl carrier protein essential for lipid A biosynthesis with very long-chain fatty acids in open and closed conformations. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7239-49. [PMID: 22876860 DOI: 10.1021/bi300546b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structures and backbone (15)N dynamics of the specialized acyl carrier protein (ACP), RpAcpXL, from Rhodopseudomonas palustris, in both the apo form and holo form modified by covalent attachment of 4'-phosphopantetheine at S37, are virtually identical, monomeric, and correspond to the closed conformation. The structures have an extra α-helix compared to the archetypical ACP from Escherichia coli, which has four helices, resulting in a larger opening to the hydrophobic cavity. Chemical shift differences between apo- and holo-RpAcpXL indicated some differences in the hinge region between α2 and α3 and in the hydrophobic cavity environment, but corresponding changes in nuclear Overhauser effect cross-peak patterns were not detected. In contrast to the NMR structures, apo-RpAcpXL was observed in an open conformation in crystals that diffracted to 2.0 Å resolution, which resulted from movement of α3. On the basis of the crystal structure, the predicted biological assembly is a homodimer. Although the possible biological significance of dimerization is unknown, there is potential that the resulting large shared hydrophobic cavity could accommodate the very long-chain fatty acid (28-30 carbons) that this specialized ACP is known to synthesize and transfer to lipid A. These structures are the first representatives of the AcpXL family and the first to indicate that dimerization may be important for the function of these specialized ACPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States.
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21
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Crosby J, Crump MP. The structural role of the carrier protein--active controller or passive carrier. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1111-37. [PMID: 22930263 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20062g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Common to all FASs, PKSs and NRPSs is a remarkable component, the acyl or peptidyl carrier protein (A/PCP). These take the form of small individual proteins in type II systems or discrete folded domains in the multi-domain type I systems and are characterized by a fold consisting of three major α-helices and between 60-100 amino acids. This protein is central to these biosynthetic systems and it must bind and transport a wide variety of functionalized ligands as well as mediate numerous protein-protein interactions, all of which contribute to efficient enzyme turnover. This review covers the structural and biochemical characterization of carrier proteins, as well as assessing their interactions with different ligands, and other synthase components. Finally, their role as an emerging tool in biotechnology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Crosby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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22
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Cantu DC, Forrester MJ, Charov K, Reilly PJ. Acyl carrier protein structural classification and normal mode analysis. Protein Sci 2012; 21:655-66. [PMID: 22374859 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
All acyl carrier protein primary and tertiary structures were gathered into the ThYme database. They are classified into 16 families by amino acid sequence similarity, with members of the different families having sequences with statistically highly significant differences. These classifications are supported by tertiary structure superposition analysis. Tertiary structures from a number of families are very similar, suggesting that these families may come from a single distant ancestor. Normal vibrational mode analysis was conducted on experimentally determined freestanding structures, showing greater fluctuations at chain termini and loops than in most helices. Their modes overlap more so within families than between different families. The tertiary structures of three acyl carrier protein families that lacked any known structures were predicted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Cantu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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23
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Busche A, Gottstein D, Hein C, Ripin N, Pader I, Tufar P, Eisman EB, Gu L, Walsh CT, Sherman DH, Löhr F, Güntert P, Dötsch V. Characterization of molecular interactions between ACP and halogenase domains in the Curacin A polyketide synthase. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:378-86. [PMID: 22103656 DOI: 10.1021/cb200352q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are large multidomain proteins present in microorganisms that produce bioactive compounds. Curacin A is such a bioactive compound with potent anti-proliferative activity. During its biosynthesis the growing substrate is bound covalently to an acyl carrier protein (ACP) that is able to access catalytic sites of neighboring domains for chain elongation and modification. While ACP domains usually occur as monomers, the curacin A cluster codes for a triplet ACP (ACP(I)-ACP(II)-ACP(III)) within the CurA PKS module. We have determined the structure of the isolated holo-ACP(I) and show that the ACPs are independent of each other within this tridomain system. In addition, we have determined the structure of the 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-loaded holo-ACP(I), which is the substrate for the unique halogenase (Hal) domain embedded within the CurA module. We have identified the interaction surface of both proteins using mutagenesis and MALDI-based identification of product formation. Amino acids affecting product formation are located on helices II and III of ACP(I) and form a contiguous surface. Since the CurA Hal accepts substrate only when presented by one of the ACPs within the ACP(I)-ACP(II)-ACP(III) tridomain, our data provide insight into the specificity of the chlorination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Busche
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
| | - Daniel Gottstein
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
| | - Christopher Hein
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
| | - Nina Ripin
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
| | - Irina Pader
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
| | - Peter Tufar
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
| | - Eli B. Eisman
- Life Sciences Institute,
Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Liangcai Gu
- Life Sciences Institute,
Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | | | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute,
Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
| | - Peter Güntert
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
- Frankfurt
Institute for Advanced
Studies, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ruth-Moufang-Str.
1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center for Priority Areas, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami-ohsawa, Hachioji,
Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt and Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
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24
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Dall’Aglio P, Arthur CJ, Williams C, Vasilakis K, Maple HJ, Crosby J, Crump MP, Hadfield AT. Analysis of Streptomyces coelicolor Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase, AcpS, Reveals the Basis for Relaxed Substrate Specificity. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5704-17. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dall’Aglio
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Christopher J. Arthur
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Christopher Williams
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Konstantinos Vasilakis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Hannah J. Maple
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - John Crosby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Matthew P. Crump
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Andrea T. Hadfield
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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25
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Ramelot TA, Smola MJ, Lee HW, Ciccosanti C, Hamilton K, Acton TB, Xiao R, Everett JK, Prestegard JH, Montelione GT, Kennedy MA. Solution structure of 4'-phosphopantetheine - GmACP3 from Geobacter metallireducens: a specialized acyl carrier protein with atypical structural features and a putative role in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1442-53. [PMID: 21235239 PMCID: PMC3063093 DOI: 10.1021/bi101932s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GmACP3 from Geobacter metallireducens is a specialized acyl carrier protein (ACP) whose gene, gmet_2339, is located near genes encoding many proteins involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, indicating a likely function for GmACP3 in LPS production. By overexpression in Escherichia coli, about 50% holo-GmACP3 and 50% apo-GmACP3 were obtained. Apo-GmACP3 exhibited slow precipitation and non-monomeric behavior by (15)N NMR relaxation measurements. Addition of 4'-phosphopantetheine (4'-PP) via enzymatic conversion by E. coli holo-ACP synthase resulted in stable >95% holo-GmACP3 that was characterized as monomeric by (15)N relaxation measurements and had no indication of conformational exchange. We have determined a high-resolution solution structure of holo-GmACP3 by standard NMR methods, including refinement with two sets of NH residual dipolar couplings, allowing for a detailed structural analysis of the interactions between 4'-PP and GmACP3. Whereas the overall four helix bundle topology is similar to previously solved ACP structures, this structure has unique characteristics, including an ordered 4'-PP conformation that places the thiol at the entrance to a central hydrophobic cavity near a conserved hydrogen-bonded Trp-His pair. These residues are part of a conserved WDSLxH/N motif found in GmACP3 and its orthologs. The helix locations and the large hydrophobic cavity are more similar to medium- and long-chain acyl-ACPs than to other apo- and holo-ACP structures. Taken together, structural characterization along with bioinformatic analysis of nearby genes suggests that GmACP3 is involved in lipid A acylation, possibly by atypical long-chain hydroxy fatty acids, and potentially is involved in synthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - Matthew J. Smola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - Hsiau-Wei Lee
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - Colleen Ciccosanti
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - Keith Hamilton
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - Thomas B. Acton
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - John K. Everett
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - James H. Prestegard
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
| | - Gaetano T. Montelione
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States and the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
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26
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Abstract
FA (fatty acid) synthesis represents a central, conserved process by which acyl chains are produced for utilization in a number of end-products such as biological membranes. Central to FA synthesis, the ACP (acyl carrier protein) represents the cofactor protein that covalently binds all fatty acyl intermediates via a phosphopantetheine linker during the synthesis process. FASs (FA synthases) can be divided into two classes, type I and II, which are primarily present in eukaryotes and bacteria/plants respectively. They are characterized by being composed of either large multifunctional polypeptides in the case of type I or consisting of discretely expressed mono-functional proteins in the type II system. Owing to this difference in architecture, the FAS system has been thought to be a good target for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents, as exemplified by the antituberculosis drug isoniazid. There have been considerable advances in this field in recent years, including the first high-resolution structural insights into the type I mega-synthases and their dynamic behaviour. Furthermore, the structural and dynamic properties of an increasing number of acyl-ACPs have been described, leading to an improved comprehension of this central carrier protein. In the present review we discuss the state of the understanding of FA synthesis with a focus on ACP. In particular, developments made over the past few years are highlighted.
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27
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Tran L, Broadhurst RW, Tosin M, Cavalli A, Weissman KJ. Insights into Protein-Protein and Enzyme-Substrate Interactions in Modular Polyketide Synthases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:705-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Płoskoń E, Arthur CJ, Kanari AL, Wattana-amorn P, Williams C, Crosby J, Simpson TJ, Willis CL, Crump MP. Recognition of Intermediate Functionality by Acyl Carrier Protein over a Complete Cycle of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:776-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Volkmann G, Murphy PW, Rowland EE, Cronan JE, Liu XQ, Blouin C, Byers DM. Intein-mediated cyclization of bacterial acyl carrier protein stabilizes its folded conformation but does not abolish function. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8605-14. [PMID: 20083605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.060863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial acyl carrier protein (ACP) is essential for the synthesis of fatty acids and serves as the major acyl donor for the formation of phospholipids and other lipid products. Acyl-ACP encloses attached fatty acyl groups in a hydrophobic pocket within a four-helix bundle, but must at least partially unfold to present the acyl chain to the active sites of its multiple enzyme partners. To further examine the constraints of ACP structure and function, we have constructed a cyclic version of Vibrio harveyi ACP, using split-intein technology to covalently join its closely apposed N and C termini. Cyclization stabilized ACP in a folded helical conformation as indicated by gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry. Molecular dynamics simulations also indicated overall decreased polypeptide chain mobility in cyclic ACP, although no major conformational rearrangements over a 10-ns period were noted. In vivo complementation assays revealed that cyclic ACP can functionally replace the linear wild-type protein and support growth of an Escherichia coli ACP-null mutant strain. Cyclization of a folding-deficient ACP mutant (F50A) both restored its ability to adopt a folded conformation and enhanced complementation of growth. Our results thus suggest that ACP must be able to adopt a folded conformation for biological activity, and that its function does not require complete unfolding of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Volkmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
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30
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Upadhyay SK, Misra A, Srivastava R, Surolia N, Surolia A, Sundd M. Structural insights into the acyl intermediates of the Plasmodium falciparum fatty acid synthesis pathway: the mechanism of expansion of the acyl carrier protein core. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:22390-22400. [PMID: 19520851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) plays a central role in fatty acid biosynthesis. However, the molecular machinery that mediates its function is not yet fully understood. Therefore, structural studies were carried out on the acyl-ACP intermediates of Plasmodium falciparum using NMR as a spectroscopic probe. Chemical shift perturbation studies put forth a new picture of the interaction of ACP molecule with the acyl chain, namely, the hydrophobic core can protect up to 12 carbon units, and additional carbons protrude out from the top of the hydrophobic cavity. The latter hypothesis stems from chemical shift changes observed in Calpha and Cbeta of Ser-37 in tetradecanoyl-ACP. 13C,15N-Double-filtered nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy experiments further substantiate the concept; in octanoyl (C8)- and dodecanoyl (C12)-ACP, a long range NOE is observed within the phosphopantetheine arm, suggesting an arch-like conformation. This NOE is nearly invisible in tetradecanoyl (C14)-ACP, indicating a change in conformation of the prosthetic group. Furthermore, the present study provides insights into the molecular mechanism of ACP expansion, as revealed from a unique side chain-to-backbone hydrogen bond between two fairly conserved residues, Ile-55 HN and Glu-48 O. The backbone amide of Ile-55 HN reports a pKa value for the carboxylate, approximately 1.9 pH units higher than model compound value, suggesting strong electrostatic repulsion between helix II and helix III. Charge-charge repulsion between the helices in combination with thrust from inside due to acyl chain would energetically favor the separation of the two helices. Helix III has fewer structural restraints and, hence, undergoes major conformational change without altering the overall-fold of P. falciparum ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Misra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
| | - Richa Srivastava
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
| | - Namita Surolia
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
| | - Monica Sundd
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067
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31
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Evans SE, Williams C, Arthur CJ, Płoskoń E, Wattana-amorn P, Cox RJ, Crosby J, Willis CL, Simpson TJ, Crump MP. Probing the Interactions of Early Polyketide Intermediates with the Actinorhodin ACP from S. coelicolor A3(2). J Mol Biol 2009; 389:511-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Colizzi F, Recanatini M, Cavalli A. Mechanical features of Plasmodium falciparum acyl carrier protein in the delivery of substrates. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 48:2289-93. [PMID: 19007113 DOI: 10.1021/ci800297v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) is a key element in the biosynthesis of fatty acids being responsible for the acyl group shuttling and delivery within a series of related enzymes. The molecular mechanism of the delivery process is poorly known, and its characterization is essential for in-depth understanding the biosynthetic machinery. A steered molecular dynamics approach has been applied to shed light on the putative delivery pathway, suggesting the small alpha3-helix act as gatekeeper for the transfer process. Preventing the delivery mechanism would be an innovative strategy for the development of pathway-based antimalarial compounds.
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33
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Chan DI, Stockner T, Tieleman DP, Vogel HJ. Molecular dynamics simulations of the Apo-, Holo-, and acyl-forms of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33620-9. [PMID: 18809688 PMCID: PMC2662278 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805323200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is an essential co-factor protein in fatty acid biosynthesis that shuttles covalently bound fatty acyl intermediates in its hydrophobic pocket to various enzyme partners. To characterize acyl chain-ACP interactions and their influence on enzyme interactions, we performed 19 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of Escherichia coli apo-, holo-, and acyl-ACPs. The simulations were started with the acyl chain in either a solvent-exposed or a buried conformation. All four short-chain (< or = C10) and one long-chain (C16) unbiased acyl-ACP MD simulation show the transition of the solvent-exposed acyl chain into the hydrophobic pocket of ACP, revealing its pathway of acyl chain binding. Although the acyl chain resides inside the pocket, Thr-39 and Glu-60 at the entrance stabilize the phosphopantetheine linker through hydrogen bonding. Comparisons of the different ACP forms indicate that the loop region between helices II and III and the prosthetic linker may aid in substrate recognition by enzymes of fatty acid synthase systems. The MD simulations consistently show that the hydrophobic binding pocket of ACP is best suited to accommodate an octanoyl group and is capable of adjusting in size to accommodate chain lengths as long as decanoic acid. The simulations also reveal a second, novel binding mode of the acyl chains inside the hydrophobic binding pocket directed toward helix I. This study provides a detailed dynamic picture of acyl-ACPs that is in excellent agreement with available experimental data and, thereby, provides a new understanding of enzyme-ACP interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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34
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Tryptophan fluorescence reveals induced folding of Vibrio harveyi acyl carrier protein upon interaction with partner enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1835-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Evans SE, Williams C, Arthur CJ, Burston SG, Simpson TJ, Crosby J, Crump MP. An ACP Structural Switch: Conformational Differences between the Apo and Holo Forms of the Actinorhodin Polyketide Synthase Acyl Carrier Protein. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2424-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Ploskoń E, Arthur CJ, Evans SE, Williams C, Crosby J, Simpson TJ, Crump MP. A Mammalian Type I Fatty Acid Synthase Acyl Carrier Protein Domain Does Not Sequester Acyl Chains. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:518-528. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703454200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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37
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Byers DM, Gong H. Acyl carrier protein: structure–function relationships in a conserved multifunctional protein family. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:649-62. [DOI: 10.1139/o07-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a universal and highly conserved carrier of acyl intermediates during fatty acid synthesis. In yeast and mammals, ACP exists as a separate domain within a large multifunctional fatty acid synthase polyprotein (type I FAS), whereas it is a small monomeric protein in bacteria and plastids (type II FAS). Bacterial ACPs are also acyl donors for synthesis of a variety of products, including endotoxin and acylated homoserine lactones involved in quorum sensing; the distinct and essential nature of these processes in growth and pathogenesis make ACP-dependent enzymes attractive antimicrobial drug targets. Additionally, ACP homologues are key components in the production of secondary metabolites such as polyketides and nonribosomal peptides. Many ACPs exhibit characteristic structural features of natively unfolded proteins in vitro, with a dynamic and flexible conformation dominated by 3 parallel α helices that enclose the thioester-linked acyl group attached to a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group. ACP conformation may also be influenced by divalent cations and interaction with partner enzymes through its “recognition” helix II, properties that are key to its ability to alternately sequester acyl groups and deliver them to the active sites of ACP-dependent enzymes. This review highlights recent progress in defining how the structural features of ACP are related to its multiple carrier roles in fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Byers
- Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Huansheng Gong
- Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
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38
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Jha JK, Sinha S, Maiti MK, Basu A, Mukhopadhyay UK, Sen SK. Functional expression of an acyl carrier protein (ACP) from Azospirillum brasilense alters fatty acid profiles in Escherichia coli and Brassica juncea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:490-500. [PMID: 17466529 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a central cofactor for de novo fatty acid synthesis, acyl chain modification and chain-length termination during lipid biosynthesis in living organisms. Although the structural and functional organization of the ACPs in bacteria and plant are highly conserved, the individual ACP is engaged in the generation of sets of signature fatty acids required for specific purpose in bacterial cells and plant tissues. Realizing the fact that the bacterial ACP being originated early in molecular evolution is characteristically different from the plant's counterpart, we explored the property of an ACP from Azospirillum brasilense (Ab), a plant-associative aerobic bacterium, to find its role in changing the fatty acid profile in heterologous systems. Functional expression of Ab-ACP in Escherichia coli, an enteric bacterium, and Brassica juncea, an oil-seed crop plant, altered the fatty acid composition having predominantly 18-carbon acyl pool, reflecting the intrinsic nature of the ACP from A. brasilense which usually has C18:1 rich membrane lipid. In transgenic Brassica the prime increment was found for C18:3 in leaves; and C18:1 and C8:2 in seeds. Interestingly, the seed oil quality of the transgenic Brassica potentially improved for edible purposes, particularly with respect to the enhancement in the ratio of monounsaturated (C18:1)/saturated fatty acids, increment in the ratio of linoleic (C18:2)/linolenic (C18:3) and reduction of erucic acid (C22:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti K Jha
- IIT-BREF Biotek, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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39
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De Lay NR, Cronan JE. In vivo functional analyses of the type II acyl carrier proteins of fatty acid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20319-28. [PMID: 17522044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703789200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a key component of the fatty acid synthesis pathways of both type I and type II synthesis systems. A large number of structure-function studies of various type II ACPs have been reported, but all are in vitro studies that assayed function or interaction of mutant ACPs with various enzymes of fatty acid synthesis or transfer. Hence in these studies functional properties of various mutant ACPs were assayed with only a subset of the many ACP-interacting proteins, which may not give an accurate overall view of the function of these proteins in vivo. This is especially so because Escherichia coli ACP has been reported to interact with several proteins that have no known roles in lipid metabolism. We therefore tested a large number of mutant derivatives of E. coli ACP carrying single amino acid substitutions for their abilities to restore growth to an E. coli strain carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in acpP, the gene that encodes ACP. Many of these mutant proteins had previously been tested in vitro thus providing data for comparison with our results. We found that several mutant ACPs containing substitutions of ACP residues reported previously to be required for ACP function in vitro support normal growth of the acpP mutant strain. However, several mutant proteins reported to be severely defective in vitro failed to support growth of the acpP strain in vivo (or supported only weak growth). A collection of ACPs from diverse bacteria and from three eukaryotic organelles was also tested. All of the bacterial ACPs tested restored growth to the E. coli acpP mutant strain except those from two related bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactococcus lactis. Only one of the three eukaryotic organellar ACPs allowed growth. Strikingly the ACP is that of the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum (the protozoan that causes malaria). The fact that an ACP from a such diverse organism can replace AcpP function in E. coli suggests that some of the protein-protein interactions detected for AcpP may be not be essential for growth of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R De Lay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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40
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Gong H, Murphy A, McMaster CR, Byers DM. Neutralization of acidic residues in helix II stabilizes the folded conformation of acyl carrier protein and variably alters its function with different enzymes. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4494-4503. [PMID: 17179150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608234200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP), a small protein essential for bacterial growth and pathogenesis, interacts with diverse enzymes during the biosynthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids, and other specialized products such as lipid A. NMR and hydrodynamic studies have previously shown that divalent cations stabilize native helical ACP conformation by binding to conserved acidic residues at two sites (A and B) at either end of the "recognition" helix II. To examine the roles of these amino acids in ACP structure and function, site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace individual site A (Asp-30, Asp-35, Asp-38) and site B (Glu-47, Glu-53, Asp-56) residues in recombinant Vibrio harveyi ACP with the corresponding amides, along with combined mutations at each site (SA, SB) or both sites (SA/SB). Like native V. harveyi ACP, all individual mutants were unfolded at neutral pH but adopted a helical conformation in the presence of millimolar Mg(2+) or upon fatty acylation. Mg(2+) binding to sites A or B independently stabilized native ACP conformation, whereas mutant SA/SB was folded in the absence of Mg(2+), suggesting that charge neutralization is largely responsible for ACP stabilization by divalent cations. Asp-35 in site A was critical for holo-ACP synthase activity, while acyl-ACP synthetase and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase (LpxA) activities were more affected by mutations in site B. Both sites were required for fatty acid synthase activity. Overall, our results indicate that divalent cation binding site mutations have predicted effects on ACP conformation but unpredicted and variable consequences on ACP function with different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huansheng Gong
- Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Anne Murphy
- Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Christopher R McMaster
- Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - David M Byers
- Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada.
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41
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Liu W, Du L, Zhang L, Chen J, Shen X, Jiang H. Helicobacter pylori acyl carrier protein: expression, purification, and its interaction with beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 52:74-81. [PMID: 17049879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is an essential component in the type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS II) process and is responsible for the acyl group transfer within a series of related enzymes. In this work, the ACP from Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 was cloned and the gene sequence of Hpacp was deposited in the GenBank database (Accession No.: AY904356). Two forms of HpACP (apo, holo) were successfully purified and characterized. The thermal stability of these two forms was quantitatively investigated by CD spectral analyses. The results revealed that the holo-HpACP was more stable than apo-HpACP according to the transition midpoint temperature(Tm). Moreover, the interaction of HpACP with the related enzyme (beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase, HpFabZ) was determined by GST-pull down assay and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique in vitro, the results showed that HpACP displays a strong binding affinity to HpFabZ (KD=1.2 x 10(-8)M). This current work is hoped to supply useful information for better understanding the ACP features of Helicobacter pylori SS1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Liu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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