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Tallmadge RL, Antczak DF, Felippe MJB. Genetics of Immune Disease in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:273-288. [PMID: 32654783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defenses against infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are critical to survival. It has been estimated that upwards of 7% of the coding genes of mammals function in immunity and inflammation. This high level of genomic investment in defense has resulted in an immune system characterized by extraordinary complexity and many levels of redundancy. Because so many genes are involved with immunity, there are many opportunities for mutations to arise that have negative effects. However, redundancy in the mammalian defense system and the adaptive nature of key immune mechanisms buffer the untoward outcomes of many such deleterious mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Tallmadge
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Fraser RS, Arroyo LG, Meyer A, Lillie BN. Identification of genetic variation in equine collagenous lectins using targeted resequencing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:153-163. [PMID: 30078590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Collagenous lectins are a family of soluble pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in innate immune resistance to infectious disease. Through recognition of carbohydrate motifs on the surface of pathogens, some collagenous lectins can activate the lectin pathway of complement, providing an effective means of host defense. Genetic polymorphisms in collagenous lectins have been shown in several species to predispose animals to a variety of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are an important cause of morbidity in horses, however little is known regarding the role of equine collagenous lectins. Using a high-throughput, targeted re-sequencing approach, the relationship between genetic variation in equine collagenous lectin genes and susceptibility to disease was investigated. DNA was isolated from tissues obtained from horses submitted for post-mortem examination. Animals were divided into two populations, those with infectious or autoinflammatory diseases (n = 37) and those without (n = 52), and then subdivided by dominant pathological process for a total of 21 pools, each containing 4-5 horses. DNA was extracted from each horse and pooled in equimolar amounts, and the exons, introns, upstream (approximately 50 kb) and downstream (approximately 3 kb) regulatory regions for the 11 equine collagenous lectin genes and related MASP genes were targeted for re-sequencing. A custom target capture kit was used to prepare a sequencing library, which was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq. After implementing quality control filters, 4559 variants were identified. Of these, 92 were present in the coding regions (43 missense, 1 nonsense, and 48 synonymous), 1414 in introns, 3029 in the upstream region, and 240 in the downstream region. In silico analysis of the missense short nucleotide variants identified 12 mutations with potential to disrupt collagenous lectin protein structure or function, 280 mutations located within predicted transcription factor binding sites, and 95 mutations located within predicted microRNA binding elements. Analysis of allelic association identified 113 mutations that segregated between the infectious/autoinflammatory and non-infectious populations. The variants discovered in this experiment represent potential genetic contributors to disease susceptibility of horses, and will serve as candidates for further population-level genotyping. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence that pooled, high-throughput sequencing is a viable strategy for cost-effective variant discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell S Fraser
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1E 2W1, Canada.
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1E 2W1, Canada.
| | - Ann Meyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1E 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1E 2W1, Canada.
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Liu J, Ju Z, Li Q, Huang J, Li R, Li J, Ma L, Zhong J, Wang C. Mannose-binding lectin 1 haplotypes influence serum MBL-A concentration, complement activity, and milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cattle. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:727-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang C, Liu M, Li Q, Ju Z, Huang J, Li J, Wang H, Zhong J. Three novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms of MBL1 gene in Chinese native cattle and their associations with milk performance traits. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 139:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Juul-Madsen HR, Norup LR, Handberg KJ, Jørgensen PH. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) serum concentration in relation to propagation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens. Viral Immunol 2008; 20:562-70. [PMID: 18158730 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a collectin that mediates activation of the complement system and is of importance for host defenses. In humans low concentrations of MBL in serum have been associated with susceptibility to several viral diseases. To understand the function of MBL in relation to infectious viral diseases two chicken lines were selected for high and low concentrations of MBL in serum for several generations. Offspring from the two sub-lines were subjected to infection with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in order to determine their genetic susceptibility to the virus. Results suggested that MBL plays a role in the innate immunity against IBV in the way that it performs an acute phase response, is able to activate complement, and inhibits the propagation of the virus in the trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle R Juul-Madsen
- University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Tjele, Denmark.
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Ip WKE, Takahashi K, Moore KJ, Stuart LM, Ezekowitz RAB. Mannose-binding lectin enhances Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 signaling from the phagosome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:169-81. [PMID: 18180310 PMCID: PMC2234382 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first-line defense against pathogens and relies on phagocytes, soluble components, and cell-surface and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors. Despite using hard-wired receptors and signaling pathways, the innate immune response demonstrates surprising specificity to different pathogens. We determined how combinatorial use of innate immune defense mechanisms defines the response. We describe a novel cooperation between a soluble component of the innate immune system, the mannose-binding lectin, and Toll-like receptor 2 that both specifies and amplifies the host response to Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this cooperation occurs within the phagosome, emphasizing the importance of engulfment in providing the appropriate cellular environment to facilitate the synergy between these defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Eddie Ip
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Woodland DL. Another Strong Issue. Viral Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.ed20.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Capilla J, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Animal models: an important tool in mycology. Med Mycol 2007; 45:657-84. [PMID: 18027253 PMCID: PMC7107685 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701644140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of fungal infections are, and will remain, a key tool in the advancement of the medical mycology. Many different types of animal models of fungal infection have been developed, with murine models the most frequently used, for studies of pathogenesis, virulence, immunology, diagnosis, and therapy. The ability to control numerous variables in performing the model allows us to mimic human disease states and quantitatively monitor the course of the disease. However, no single model can answer all questions and different animal species or different routes of infection can show somewhat different results. Thus, the choice of which animal model to use must be made carefully, addressing issues of the type of human disease to mimic, the parameters to follow and collection of the appropriate data to answer those questions being asked. This review addresses a variety of uses for animal models in medical mycology. It focuses on the most clinically important diseases affecting humans and cites various examples of the different types of studies that have been performed. Overall, animal models of fungal infection will continue to be valuable tools in addressing questions concerning fungal infections and contribute to our deeper understanding of how these infections occur, progress and can be controlled and eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Capilla
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Karl V. Clemons
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David A. Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Lillie BN, Keirstead ND, Squires EJ, Hayes MA. Gene polymorphisms associated with reduced hepatic expression of porcine mannan-binding lectin C. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:830-46. [PMID: 17194476 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that low expression of mannan-binding lectin C (MBL-C) in pigs was not due to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of pig MBL2. In these studies, we compared the 5' flanking regions of porcine MBL1 (1907 bp) and MBL2 (1880 bp) in normal and diseased pigs with low or high hepatic expression of MBL2. Hepatic expression of MBL-C was very low in all pigs submitted for postmortem diagnosis. In various European pig breeds, a G(-1081)A substitution was linked to very low hepatic MBL-C expression, and was more frequent in diseased pigs. A C(-251)T substitution with less influence on MBL-C expression was more common in various breeds but was not associated with disease. MBL2 polymorphisms were associated with some disease groups and with the presence of some etiologic agents. These findings indicate that some promoter polymorphisms impair MBL-C expression in pigs and may increase their susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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