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Zhang J, Zhao F, Fu Q, Liang M, Tong Y, Liu X, Lin B, Mi H, Zhang M, Wei QP, Xue L, Jiang P, Zhou X, Mo JQ, Huang T, Qu J, Guan MX. Mitochondrial haplotypes may modulate the phenotypic manifestation of the LHON-associated m.14484T>C (MT-ND6) mutation in Chinese families. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:772-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lin HZ, Pang CY, Chen SP, Tsai RK. Vision improvement in a Taiwanese (Han Chinese) family with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2012; 28:679-82. [PMID: 23217361 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we describe a Taiwanese (Han Chinese) family with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The family carried a mitochondrial DNA mutation (mtDNA m.14484T>C) associated with spontaneous visual improvement. A 15-year-old boy from this family was diagnosed with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 6 months after losing his vision. His vision recovered after 8 months of supportive treatment. His mother, older brother, and two sisters also had the same mutation and had previously experienced vision loss. In this family, there was no male predominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zin Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with the T12338C mutation in mitochondrial ND5 gene in six Han Chinese families. Ophthalmology 2010; 118:978-85. [PMID: 21131053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the molecular pathogenesis of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in Chinese families. DESIGN Six Han Chinese families who seem to have maternally transmitted LHON were studied by clinical, genetic, and molecular evaluations. PARTICIPANTS One hundred twenty-seven subjects from 6 Chinese families with a wide range of age-at-onset and severity of visual impairment. METHODS All subjects underwent clinical examination, genetic evaluation, and molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The ophthalmologic examinations included visual acuity, visual field examination, visual evoked potentials, and fundus photography. The mtDNA analysis included the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of entire mtDNA and subsequent sequence determination. RESULTS Six families exhibited low penetrance of visual impairment, with an average of 10.8%. In particular, 9 (6 males/3 females) of 86 matrilineal relatives in these families exhibited variable severity and age at onset in visual dysfunction. The average age at onset of visual loss was 20 years. Molecular analysis of mtDNA in these families identified the homoplasmic ND5T12338C mutation and distinct set of variants belonging to the Asian haplogroup F2. The T12338C mutation is only present in the maternal lineage of those pedigrees and not in 178 Chinese controls. This mutation resulted in the replacement of the first amino acid, a translation-initiating methionine with a threonine, shortening 2 amino acids of ND5 polypeptide. The T12338C mutation is also located in 2 nucleotides adjacent to the 3' end of the tRNA(Leu(CUN)). Thus, this mutation may alter ND5 mRNA metabolism and the processing of RNA precursors. As a result, this mutation impairs respiratory function, leading to visual impairment. CONCLUSIONS Several lines of evidence suggest that the mitochondrial ND5T12338C mutation is associated with LHON. The tissue specificity of this mutation is likely due to the involvement of nuclear modifier genes. The identification of nuclear modifiers is important for the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism of LHON and an open avenue for therapeutic interventions. The T12338C mutation should be added to the list of inherited risk factors for future molecular diagnosis. Our findings are helpful for counseling families with LHON.
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Tong Y, Sun YH, Zhou X, Zhao F, Mao Y, Wei QP, Yang L, Qu J, Guan MX. Very low penetrance of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in five Han Chinese families carrying the ND1 G3460A mutation. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 99:417-24. [PMID: 20053576 PMCID: PMC2839065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report here the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of five Han Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Strikingly, there were very low penetrances of visual impairment in these Chinese families, ranging from 4.2% to 22.2%, with an average of 10.2%. In particular, only 7 (4 males/3 females) of 106 matrilineal relatives in these families exhibited the variable severity and age-at-onset in visual dysfunction. The age-at-onset for visual impairment in matrilineal relatives in these families, varied from 20 to 25 years, with an average of 21.8 years old. Molecular analysis of mitochondrial genomes identified the homoplasmic ND1 G3460A mutation and distinct sets of variants, belonging to the Asian haplogroups B5b, C4a1, D5, F1, and R9, respectively. This suggests that the G3640A mutation occurred sporadically and multiplied through evolution of the mtDNA in China. However, there was the absence of known secondary LHON-associated mtDNA mutations in these Chinese families. Very low penetrance of visual loss in these five Chinese pedigrees strongly indicated that the G3640A mutation was itself insufficient to develop the optic neuropathy. The absence of secondary LHON mtDNA mutations suggest that these mtDNA haplogroup-specific variants may not play an important role in the phenotypic expression of the G3640A mutation in those Chinese families with low penetrance of vision loss. However, nuclear modifier genes, epigenetic and environmental factors appear to be modifier factors for the phenotypic manifestation of the G3640A mutation in these Chinese families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tong
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
- Giuseppe Attardi Institute of Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Yan-Hong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, Beijing 100078, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Yijian Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Qi-ping Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, Beijing 100078, China
| | - Li Yang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
- Giuseppe Attardi Institute of Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
- Corresponding authors. Addresses: Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. Fax: +1 513 636 3486 (M.-X. Guan), School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China (J. Qu). (J. Qu), , (M.-X. Guan)
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Giuseppe Attardi Institute of Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Corresponding authors. Addresses: Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. Fax: +1 513 636 3486 (M.-X. Guan), School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China (J. Qu). (J. Qu), , (M.-X. Guan)
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Qu J, Zhou X, Zhao F, Liu X, Zhang M, Sun YH, Liang M, Yuan M, Liu Q, Tong Y, Wei QP, Yang L, Guan MX. Low penetrance of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in ten Han Chinese families carrying the ND6 T11484C mutation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:305-12. [PMID: 19733221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited disorder. The purpose of this investigation is to understand the role of mitochondrial haplotypes in the development of LHON associated with ND6 T14484C mutation in Chinese families. METHODS One hundred fourteen subjects from ten Han Chinese families with LHON were studied by the clinical and genetic evaluation as well as molecular and biochemical analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). RESULTS Clinical evaluation revealed that ten families exhibited extremely low penetrance of visual impairment, with an average of 10%. In particular, ten (8 males/2 females) of 114 matrilineal relatives in these families exhibited the variable severity and age-at-onset in visual dysfunction. The average age-of-onset of vision loss was 19 years old. Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) identified the homoplasmic T14484C mutation and distinct sets of variants, belonging to the Asian haplogroups B5b, D4, D4g1b, G3a2, R11, R11a and Z3, respectively. However, there was the absence of secondary LHON-associated mtDNA mutations in these ten Chinese families. CONCLUSION The low penetrance of vision loss in these Chinese pedigrees strongly indicated that the T14484C mutation was itself insufficient to produce a clinical phenotype. The absence of secondary LHON mtDNA mutations suggests that these mtDNA haplogroup-specific variants may not play an important role in the phenotypic expression of the T14484C mutation in those Chinese families with low penentrace of vision loss. However, nuclear modifier genes and environmental factors appear to be modifier factors for the phenotypic manifestation of the T14484C mutation in these Chinese families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China.
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Zhao F, Guan M, Zhou X, Yuan M, Liang M, Liu Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Tong Y, Wei QP, Sun YH, Qu J, Guan MX. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with mitochondrial ND6 T14502C mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:466-72. [PMID: 19732751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report here the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of three Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). There were variable severity and age of onset in visual impairment among these families. Strikingly, there were extremely low penetrances of visual impairment in these Chinese families. Sequence analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes in these pedigrees showed the homoplasmic T14502C (I58V) mutation, which localized at a highly conserved isoleucine at position 58 of ND6, and distinct sets of mtDNA polymorphisms belonging to haplogroups M10a, F1a1, and H2. The occurrence of T14502C mutation in these several genetically unrelated subjects affected by visual impairment strongly indicates that this mutation is involved in the pathogenesis of visual impairment. Here, mtDNA variants I187T in the ND1, A122V in CO1, S99A in the A6, and V254I in CO3 exhibited an evolutionary conservation, indicating a potential modifying role in the development of visual impairment associated with T14502C mutation in those families. Furthermore, nuclear modifier gene(s) or environmental factor(s) may play a role in the phenotypic manifestation of the LHON-associated T14502C mutation in these Chinese families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Zhao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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The novel G10680A mutation is associated with complete penetrance of the LHON/T14484C family. Mitochondrion 2009; 9:273-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Liang M, Guan M, Zhao F, Zhou X, Yuan M, Tong Y, Yang L, Wei QP, Sun YH, Lu F, Qu J, Guan MX. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with mitochondrial ND1 T3394C mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 383:286-92. [PMID: 19324017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report here the clinical, genetic and molecular characterization of four Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). There were variable severity and age-of-onset in visual impairment among these families. Strikingly, there were extremely low penetrances of visual impairment in these Chinese families. Sequence analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes in these pedigrees showed the homoplasmic T3394C (Y30H) mutation, which localized at a highly conserved tyrosine at position 30 of ND1, and distinct sets of mtDNA polymorphisms belonging to haplogroups D4b and M9a. The occurrence of T3394C mutation in these several genetically unrelated subjects affected by visual impairment strongly indicates that this mutation is involved in the pathogenesis of visual impairment. However, there was the absence of functionally significant mtDNA mutations in these four Chinese pedigrees carrying the T3394C mutation. Therefore, nuclear modifier gene(s) or environmental factor(s) may play a role in the phenotypic expression of the LHON-associated T3394C mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang S, Wang L, Hao Y, Wang P, Hao P, Yin K, Wang QK, Liu M. T14484C and T14502C in the mitochondrial ND6 gene are associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in a Chinese family. Mitochondrion 2008; 8:205-10. [PMID: 18440284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited ocular disease which has been associated with three primary mitochondrial DNA mutations: G3640A, G11778A, and T14484C. In this study, we clinically characterized a Chinese family with complete penetrance of LHON. The patients in the family presented with variable clinical features. By direct DNA sequence analysis, we identified both T14484C mutation and a nearby T to C variant at nucleotide 14502 of mitochondria DNA. The T14502C variant altered I58 to V of the protein ND6, which was present in all patients of the family, but not in four unaffected family members and 200 normal controls. The co-existence of both T14484C mutation and T14502C substitution in all patients from the same LHON family suggests that T14502C may play a synergistic role with the primary mutation T14484C. The two variants together may account for the complete penetrance and absence of marked gender bias and visual recovery in the Chinese LHON family although we cannot exclude the possibility of simultaneous involvement of additional mitochondrial variant(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education and Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Wuhan 430074, China
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Eichhorn-Mulligan K, Cestari DM. The genetics of leber hereditary optic neuropathy--prototype of an inherited optic neuropathy with mitochondrial dysfunction. Semin Ophthalmol 2008; 23:27-37. [PMID: 18214789 DOI: 10.1080/08820530701745207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is a maternally inherited condition that is characterized by acute or subacute bilateral loss of vision, usually in otherwise healthy young individuals. Several point mutations in the mitochondrial genome have been identified in patients with the condition. Scientific advances into a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis have been hampered by the lack of an animal model for the disease. This article summarizes what is known about the clinical features, epidemiology and genetics of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and reviews recent experiments scientists have used in addressing the many unanswered questions that remain about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Eichhorn-Mulligan
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Wei QP, Zhou X, Yang L, Sun YH, Zhou J, Li G, Jiang R, Lu F, Qu J, Guan MX. The coexistence of mitochondrial ND6 T14484C and 12S rRNA A1555G mutations in a Chinese family with Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy and hearing loss. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:910-6. [PMID: 17452034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report here the clinical, genetic and molecular characterization of one three-generation Han Chinese family with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and hearing loss. Four of 14 matrilineal relatives exhibited the moderate central vision loss at the average age of 12.5 years. Of these, one subject exhibited both LHON and mild hearing impairment. Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes in the pedigree showed the presence of homoplasmic LHON-associated ND6 T14484C mutation, deafness-associated 12S rRNA A1555 mutation and 47 other variants belonging to Eastern Asian haplogroup H2. None of other mitochondrial variants was evolutionarily conserved and functional significance. Therefore, the coexistence of the A1555G mutation and T14484C mutations in this Chinese family indicate that the A1555G mutation may play a synergistic role in the phenotypic manifestation of LHON associated ND6 T14484C mutation. However, the incomplete penetrance of vision and hearing loss suggests the involvement of nuclear modifier genes and environmental factors in the phenotypic expression of these mtDNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ping Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, Beijing 100078, China
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Tong Y, Mao Y, Zhou X, Yang L, Zhang J, Cai W, Zhao F, Wang X, Lu F, Qu J, Guan MX. The mitochondrial tRNAGlu A14693G mutation may influence the phenotypic manifestation of ND1 G3460A mutation in a Chinese family with Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:524-30. [PMID: 17434142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report here the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of one Han Chinese family with maternally transmitted Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Three of seven matrilineal relatives in this family exhibited the variable degree of central vision loss at the age of 12, 14, and 16 years old, respectively. Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA in this pedigree revealed the presence of the ND1 G3460A mutation and 47 other variants, belonging to the Asian haplogroup M7b2. The G3460A mutation is present at homoplasmy in matrilineal relatives of this Chinese family. Of other variants, the homoplasmic A14693G mutation is of special interest as it was implicated to be associated with other mitochondrial disorders. This mutation is located at the TpsiC-loop, at conventional position 54 of tRNA(Glu). The uridine at this position (U54), which is highly conserved from bacteria to human mitochondria, has been implicated to be important for tRNA structure and function. Thus, the A14693G mutation may alter the tertiary structure of this tRNA, cause a failure in this tRNA metabolism, thereby worsening the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with the primary G3460A mutation. Therefore, the tRNA(Glu) A14693G mutation may have a potential modifier role in the phenotypic manifestation of the primary LHON-associated G3460A mutation in this Chinese family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tong
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
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Sáfrány E, Csöngei V, Járomi L, Maász A, Magyari L, Sipeky C, Melegh B. Mitochondrial DNA and its mutations: novel fields in a new era. Orv Hetil 2007; 148:971-8. [PMID: 17513250 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2007.28014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Az utóbbi két évtizedet tartják a klinikai mitokondriális DNS-kutatás aranykorának. Folyamatosan bővül a patológiás variánsok száma, amelyek betegséggel társulnak, illetve bővül az ismeretanyag azokról az entitásokról, melyek hátterében a mitokondriális DNS kóros elváltozásai állnak. A cirkuláris mitokondriális DNS öröklődése eltér a Mendel-féle szabályoktól, anyai öröklésmenetet mutat; számos vonatkozásban eltérő sajátosságokkal rendelkezik a nukleáris DNS-hez viszonyítva. A molekuláris biológiai módszerek terjedésével egyre több kórkép ismerhető fel, noha a diagnosztika manapság is komoly kihívást jelent. Napjainkban a mitokondriális medicina számos orvosi szubspecialitáshoz kapcsolódóan jelentős előrelépéseket mutatott; így körvonalazódott a mitokondriális gasztroenterológia, endokrinológia, otológia, oftalmológia, nefrológia, hematológia, onkológia, reproduktív medicina és pszichiátria, mintegy az adott szubspecialitás mitokondriális DNS-sel kapcsolatos, többé-kevésbé részleges önállósodással megjelenő territóriuma. A jelen összefoglaló közlemény a mitokondriális medicina rövid, általános összefoglalása mellett e fejezetekre próbál rátekintést nyújtani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Sáfrány
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Altalános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Genetikai és Gyermekfejlodéstani Intézet, Pécs, Szigeti u. 12. 7624
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