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Wen Y, Su E, Xu L, Menez S, Moledina DG, Obeid W, Palevsky PM, Mansour SG, Devarajan P, Cantley LG, Cahan P, Parikh CR. Analysis of the human kidney transcriptome and plasma proteome identifies markers of proximal tubule maladaptation to injury. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade7287. [PMID: 38091407 PMCID: PMC11405121 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major risk factor for long-term adverse outcomes, including chronic kidney disease. In mouse models of AKI, maladaptive repair of the injured proximal tubule (PT) prevents complete tissue recovery. However, evidence for PT maladaptation and its etiological relationship with complications of AKI is lacking in humans. We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of 120,985 nuclei in kidneys from 17 participants with AKI and seven healthy controls from the Kidney Precision Medicine Project. Maladaptive PT cells, which exhibited transcriptomic features of dedifferentiation and enrichment in pro-inflammatory and profibrotic pathways, were present in participants with AKI of diverse etiologies. To develop plasma markers of PT maladaptation, we analyzed the plasma proteome in two independent cohorts of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and a cohort of marathon runners, linked it to the transcriptomic signatures associated with maladaptive PT, and identified nine proteins whose genes were specifically up- or down-regulated by maladaptive PT. After cardiac surgery, both cohorts of patients had increased transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFB2), collagen type XXIII-α1 (COL23A1), and X-linked neuroligin 4 (NLGN4X) and had decreased plasminogen (PLG), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6 (ENPP6), and protein C (PROC). Similar changes were observed in marathon runners with exercise-associated kidney injury. Postoperative changes in these markers were associated with AKI progression in adults after cardiac surgery and post-AKI kidney atrophy in mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion injury and toxic injury. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a multiomics approach to discovering noninvasive markers and associating PT maladaptation with adverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Steven Menez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dennis G Moledina
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Wassim Obeid
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul M Palevsky
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Kidney Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Sherry G Mansour
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lloyd G Cantley
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Patrick Cahan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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The Influence of Betulin and Its Derivatives EB5 and ECH147 on the Antioxidant Status of Human Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052524. [PMID: 35269667 PMCID: PMC8910190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulin and its derivatives, 28-propyne derivative EB5 and 29-diethyl phosphonate analog ECH147, are promising compounds in anti-tumor activity studies. However, their effect on kidney cells has not yet been studied. The study aimed to determine whether betulin and its derivatives—EB5 and ECH147—influence the viability and oxidative status of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs). The total antioxidant capacity of cells (TEAC), lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPX) were evaluated. Additionally, the mRNA level of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes was assessed. Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil were used as reference substances. Betulin and its derivatives affected the viability and antioxidant systems of RPTECs. Betulin strongly reduced TEAC in a concentration-dependent manner. All tested compounds caused an increase in MDA levels. The activity of SOD, CAT, and GPX, and the mRNA profiles of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes depended on the tested compound and its concentration. Betulin showed an cisplatin-like effect, indicating its nephrotoxic potential. Betulin derivatives EB5 and ECH147 showed different impacts on the antioxidant system, which gives hope that these compounds will not cause severe consequences for the kidneys in vivo.
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Du H, Zhao Y, Yin Z, Wang DW, Chen C. The role of miR-320 in glucose and lipid metabolism disorder-associated diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:402-416. [PMID: 33613101 PMCID: PMC7893589 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose and lipids are important nutrients that provide the majority of energy for each organ to maintain homeostasis of the body. With the continuous improvement in living standards, the incidence of metabolic disorder-associated diseases, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis, is increasing worldwide. Among them, diabetes, which could be induced by both glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, is one of the five diseases with the highest incidence and mortality worldwide. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and target-organ damage are still not fully defined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs, which usually affect their target mRNAs in the cytoplasm by post-transcriptional regulation. Previously, we have found that miR-320 contributed to glucose and lipid metabolism via different signaling pathways. Most importantly, we identified that nuclear miR-320 mediated diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction by activating the transcription of fatty acid metabolic genes to cause lipotoxicity in the heart. Here, we reviewed the roles of miR-320 in glucose and lipid metabolism and target-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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He M, Wang J, Yin Z, Zhao Y, Hou H, Fan J, Li H, Wen Z, Tang J, Wang Y, Wang DW, Chen C. MiR-320a induces diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting MafB. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:3055-3079. [PMID: 31102503 PMCID: PMC6555468 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in diabetes. However, the roles of miRNA in the target organ damages in diabetes remain unclear. This study investigated the functions of miR-320a in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this study, db/db mice were used to observe the changes in podocytes and their function in vivo, as well as in cultured mouse podocyte cells (MPC5) exposed to high glucose in vitro. To further explore the role of miR-320a in DN, recombinant adeno-associated viral particle was administered intravenously to manipulate the expression of miR-320a in db/db mice. Overexpression of miR-320a markedly promoted podocyte loss and dysfunction in DN, including mesangial expansion and increased levels of proteinuria, serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. Furthermore, MafB was identified as a direct target of miR-320a through AGO2 co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, and Western blotting. Moreover, re-expression of MafB rescued miR-320a-induced podocyte loss and dysfunction by upregulating the expressions of Nephrin and glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3). Our data indicated that miR-320a aggravated renal disfunction in DN by targeting MafB and downregulating Nephrin and Gpx3 in podocytes, which suggested that miR-320a could be a potential therapeutic target of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying He
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhongwei Yin
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yanru Zhao
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huiying Hou
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huaping Li
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiarong Tang
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Dusaulcy R, Handgraaf S, Heddad-Masson M, Visentin F, Vesin C, Reimann F, Gribble F, Philippe J, Gosmain Y. α-Cell Dysfunctions and Molecular Alterations in Male Insulinopenic Diabetic Mice Are Not Completely Corrected by Insulin. Endocrinology 2016; 157:536-47. [PMID: 26696123 PMCID: PMC7228809 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon and α-cell dysfunction are critical in the development of hyperglycemia during diabetes both in humans and rodents. We hypothesized that α-cell dysfunction leading to dysregulated glucagon secretion in diabetes is due to both a lack of insulin and intrinsic defects. To characterize α-cell dysfunction in diabetes, we used glucagon-Venus transgenic male mice and induced insulinopenic hyperglycemia by streptozotocin administration leading to alterations of glucagon secretion. We investigated the in vivo impact of insulinopenic hyperglycemia on glucagon-producing cells using FACS-sorted α-cells from control and diabetic mice. We demonstrate that increased glucagonemia in diabetic mice is mainly due to increases of glucagon release and biosynthesis per cell compared with controls without changes in α-cell mass. We identified genes coding for proteins involved in glucagon biosynthesis and secretion, α-cell differentiation, and potential stress markers such as the glucagon, Arx, MafB, cMaf, Brain4, Foxa1, Foxa3, HNF4α, TCF7L2, Glut1, Sglt2, Cav2.1, Cav2.2, Nav1.7, Kir6.2/Sur1, Pten, IR, NeuroD1, GPR40, and Sumo1 genes, which were abnormally regulated in diabetic mice. Importantly, insulin treatment partially corrected α-cell function and expression of genes coding for proglucagon, or involved in glucagon secretion, glucose transport and insulin signaling but not those coding for cMAF, FOXA1, and α-cell differentiation markers as well as GPR40, NEUROD1, CAV2.1, and SUMO1. Our results indicate that insulinopenic diabetes induce marked α-cell dysfunction and molecular alteration, which are only partially corrected by in vivo insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Handgraaf
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mounia Heddad-Masson
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Visentin
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Vesin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Franck Reimann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, cambridge, U.K
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, cambridge, U.K
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Zhang C, Guo Z. Multiple functions of Maf in the regulation of cellular development and differentiation. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:773-8. [PMID: 26122665 PMCID: PMC5042042 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular muscular aponeurotic fibrosarcoma (c-Maf) is a member of the large macrophage-activating factor family. C-Maf plays important roles in the morphogenetic processes and cellular differentiation of the lens, kidneys, liver, T cells and nervous system, and it is particularly important in pancreatic islet and erythroblastic island formation. However, the exact role of c-Maf remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the research to clarify the functions of c-Maf in the cellular development and differentiation. The expression of c-Maf is higher in pancreatic duct cells than in pancreatic islet cells. Therefore, we suggest that pancreatic duct cells may be converted to the functional insulin-secreting cells by regulating c-Maf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhi‐Min Guo
- Department of Experimental MicrobiologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Tsuchiya M, Misaka R, Nitta K, Tsuchiya K. Transcriptional factors, Mafs and their biological roles. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:175-183. [PMID: 25685288 PMCID: PMC4317310 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Maf family of transcription factors is characterized by a typical bZip structure; these transcription factors act as important regulators of the development and differentiation of many organs and tissues, including the kidney. The Maf family consists of two subgroups that are characterized according to their structure: large Maf transcription factors and small Maf transcription factors. The large Maf subgroup consists of four proteins, designated as MAFA, MAFB, c-MAF and neural retina-specific leucine zipper. In particular, MAFA is a distinct molecule that has been attracting the attention of researchers because it acts as a strong transactivator of insulin, suggesting that Maf transcription factors are likely to be involved in systemic energy homeostasis. In this review, we focused on the regulation of glucose/energy balance by Maf transcription factors in various organs.
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Morito N, Yoh K, Ojima M, Okamura M, Nakamura M, Hamada M, Shimohata H, Moriguchi T, Yamagata K, Takahashi S. Overexpression of Mafb in podocytes protects against diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2546-57. [PMID: 24722438 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the transcription factor Mafb is essential for podocyte differentiation and foot process formation. Podocytes are susceptible to injury in diabetes, and this injury leads to progression of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress Mafb in podocytes using the nephrin promoter/enhancer. To examine a potential pathogenetic role for Mafb in diabetic nephropathy, Mafb transgenic mice were treated with either streptozotocin or saline solution. Diabetic nephropathy was assessed by renal histology and biochemical analyses of urine and serum. Podocyte-specific overexpression of Mafb had no effect on body weight or blood glucose levels in either diabetic or control mice. Notably, albuminuria and changes in BUN levels and renal histology observed in diabetic wild-type animals were ameliorated in diabetic Mafb transgenic mice. Moreover, hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of Nephrin was mitigated in diabetic Mafb transgenic mice, and reporter assay results suggested that Mafb regulates Nephrin directly. Mafb transgenic glomeruli also overexpressed glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidative stress enzyme, and levels of the oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine decreased in the urine of diabetic Mafb transgenic mice. Finally, Notch2 expression increased in diabetic glomeruli, and this effect was enhanced in diabetic Mafb transgenic glomeruli. These data indicate Mafb has a protective role in diabetic nephropathy through regulation of slit diaphragm proteins, antioxidative enzymes, and Notch pathways in podocytes and suggest that Mafb could be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Homare Shimohata
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Takahashi
- Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), and Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Molecular anatomy of the kidney: what have we learned from gene expression and functional genomics? Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:1005-16. [PMID: 20049614 PMCID: PMC3189493 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discipline of paediatric nephrology encompasses the congenital nephritic syndromes, renal dysplasias, neonatal renal tumours, early onset cystic disease, tubulopathies and vesicoureteric reflux, all of which arise due to defects in normal kidney development. Indeed, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) represent 20-30% of prenatal anomalies, occurring in 1 in 500 births. Developmental biologists have studied the anatomical and morphogenetic processes involved in kidney development for the last five decades. However, with the advent of transgenic mice, the sequencing of the genome, improvements in mutation detection and the advent of functional genomics, our understanding of the molecular basis of kidney development has grown significantly. Here we discuss how the advent of new genetic and genomics approaches has added to our understanding of kidney development and paediatric renal disease, as well as identifying areas in which we are still lacking knowledge.
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Tsuchiya M, Yoshida T, Taniguchi S, Yasuda K, Maeda A, Hayashi A, Tanaka J, Shigemoto M, Nitta K, Tsuchiya K. In vivo suppression of mafA mRNA with siRNA and analysis of the resulting alteration of the gene expression profile in mouse pancreas by the microarray method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:129-35. [PMID: 17346669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Maf is a family of transcription factor proteins that is characterized by a typical bZip structure, and one of the large mafs, mafA is a strong transactivator of insulin. To explore the role of mafA in the pancreas, we modified the mafA mRNA level in vivo in mice by the RNA interference (siRNA) technique and analyzed the resulting alteration of the expressed gene profile with a microarray system. The mafA expression level in siRNA-treated mice was reduced approximately 60% compared with control-siRNA-treated animals. Microarray analysis revealed changes in the expression level of several genes in the siRNA-treated mice, with prominent down-regulated expression of the genes encoding insulin, glucagon, and adipocytokines, suggesting possible role of mafA in the pathophysiological states of impaired metabolic responses or inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsuchiya
- Institute of Geriatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 2-15-1 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan
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