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Ramachandran SS, Balu R, Vilwanathan R, Jeyaraman J, Paramasivam SG. A mouse testis serine protease, TESP1, as the potential SPINK3 receptor protein on mouse sperm acrosome. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:6370709. [PMID: 34524424 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 3 (SPINK3) from mouse seminal vesicles is a Kazal-type trypsin inhibitor. It has been shown to bind to the sperm acrosome and modify sperm activity by influencing the sub-cellular Ca2+ influx. Previously, SPINK3 was reported to suppress in vitro sperm capacitation. However, under natural coitus, SPINK3 is removed from the mouse acrosome in the female reproductive tract, leading to successful fertilisation. Identification of the SPINK3 binding partner becomes essential to develop a contraceptive that works by prolonging the binding of SPINK3 to the sperm acrosome. We identified the SPINK3 receptor by using recombinant SPINK3 (rSPINK3). Testicular serine protease 1 (TESP1) was identified as the receptor for SPINK3 by 2D gel electrophoresis coupled with western blot analysis. To authenticate TESP1 as the receptor for SPINK3, sperm cells were incubated with TESP1 peptide antibody followed by determining the intracellular [Ca2+]i concentration by flow cytometry using Fluo-3 AM as a calcium probe. Furthermore, the 3D structures of SPINK3 and TESP1 were predicted by homology modelling (Schrodinger suite) using the crystal structure of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PDB ID-1TGS) and human prostasin (PDB ID-3DFJ) as templates. The modelled protein structures were validated and subjected to molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) using GROMACS v5.0.5. Protein-protein docking was performed using HDOCK and the complex was validated by MDS. The results predicted that SPINK3 and TESP1 had strong binding affinity, with a dock score of -430.70 and 14 hydrogen bonds as key active site residues. If the binding affinity between SPINK3 and TESP1 could be increased, the SPINK3-TESP1 association will be prolonged, which will be helpful in the development of a male contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubhadevi Balu
- Department of Biotechnology, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravikumar Vilwanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyakanthan Jeyaraman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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Balu R, Ramachandran SS, Paramasivam SG. Evidence for mouse sulfhydryl oxidase-assisted cross-linking of major seminal vesicle proteins. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1682-1693. [PMID: 31448842 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Copulatory plug formation in animals is a general phenomenon by which competition is reduced among rival males. In mouse, the copulatory plug formation results from the coagulation of highly viscous seminal vesicle secretion (SVS) that is rich in proteins, such as dimers of SVS I, SVS I + II + III, and SVS II. These high-molecular-weight complexes (HMWCs) are also reported to be the bulk of proteins in the copulatory plug of the female mouse following copulation. In addition, mouse SVS contributes to the existence of sulfhydryl oxidase (Sox), which mediates the disulfide bond formation between cysteine residues. In this study, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent Sox was purified from mouse SVS using ion exchange and high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified enzyme was identified to be Sox, based on western blot analysis with Sox antiserum and its capability of oxidizing dithiothreitol as substrate. The pH optima and thermal stability of the enzyme were determined. Among the metal ions tested, zinc showed an inhibitory effect on Sox activity. A prosthetic group of the enzyme was identified as FAD. The Km and Vmax of the enzyme was also determined. In addition to purification and biochemical characterization of seminal vesicle Sox, the major breakthrough of this study was proving its cross-linking activity among SVS I-III monomers to form HMWCs in SVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubhadevi Balu
- Department of Biotechnology, BIT-Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Grasso EJ, Coronel CE. Structure and Function of Caltrin (Calcium Transport Inhibitor) Proteins. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2018; 10:1178626417745822. [PMID: 29308010 PMCID: PMC5751903 DOI: 10.1177/1178626417745822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Caltrin (calcium transport inhibitor) is a family of small and basic proteins of the mammalian seminal plasma which bind to sperm cells during ejaculation and inhibit the extracellular Ca2+ uptake, preventing the premature acrosomal exocytosis and hyperactivation when sperm cells ascend through the female reproductive tract. The binding of caltrin proteins to specific areas of the sperm surface suggests the existence of caltrin receptors, or precise protein-phospholipid arrangements in the sperm membrane, distributed in the regions where Ca2+ influx may take place. However, the molecular mechanisms of recognition and interaction between caltrin and spermatozoa have not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this article is to describe in depth the known structural features and functional properties of caltrin proteins, to find out how they may possibly interact with the sperm membranes to control the intracellular signaling that trigger physiological events required for fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Javier Grasso
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Reproductiva, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA); Cátedra de Química Biológica, Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Enrique Coronel
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Reproductiva, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA); Cátedra de Química Biológica, Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Zalazar L, Saez Lancellotti TE, Clementi M, Lombardo C, Lamattina L, De Castro R, Fornés MW, Cesari A. SPINK3 modulates mouse sperm physiology through the reduction of nitric oxide level independently of its trypsin inhibitory activity. Reproduction 2012; 143:281-95. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type (SPINK3)/P12/PSTI-II is a small secretory protein from mouse seminal vesicle which contains a KAZAL domain and shows calcium (Ca2+)-transport inhibitory (caltrin) activity. This molecule was obtained as a recombinant protein and its effect on capacitated sperm cells was examined. SPINK3 inhibited trypsin activityin vitrowhile the fusion protein GST-SPINK3 had no effect on this enzyme activity. The inactive GST-SPINK3 significantly reduced the percentage of spermatozoa positively stained for nitric oxide (NO) with the specific probe DAF-FM DA and NO concentration measured by Griess method in capacitated mouse sperm; the same effect was observed when sperm were capacitated under low Ca2+concentration, using either intracellular (BAPTA-AM) or extracellular Ca2+(EDTA) chelators. The percentage of sperm showing spontaneous and progesterone-induced acrosomal reaction was significantly lower in the presence of GST-SPINK3 compared to untreated capacitated spermatozoa. Interestingly, this decrease was overcome by the exogenous addition of the NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), andS-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Phosphorylation of sperm proteins in tyrosine residues was partially affected by GST-SPINK3, however, only GSNO was able to reverse this effect. Sperm progressive motility was not significantly diminished by GST-SPINK3 or BAPTA-AM but enhanced by the addition of SNP. This is the first report that demonstrates that SPINK3 modulates sperm physiology through a downstream reduction of endogenous NO concentration and independently of SPINK3 trypsin inhibitory activity.
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Ou CM, Tang JB, Huang MS, Sudhakar Gandhi PS, Geetha S, Li SH, Chen YH. The mode of reproductive-derived Spink (serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type) action in the modulation of mammalian sperm activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 35:52-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mutual adaptation between mouse transglutaminase 4 and its native substrates in the formation of copulatory plug. Amino Acids 2011; 42:951-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lu CH, Lee RKK, Hwu YM, Chu SL, Chen YJ, Chang WC, Lin SP, Li SH. SERPINE2, a Serine Protease Inhibitor Extensively Expressed in Adult Male Mouse Reproductive Tissues, May Serve as a Murine Sperm Decapacitation Factor1. Biol Reprod 2011; 84:514-25. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.085100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Tseng HC, Lin HJ, Tang JB, Gandhi PS, Chang WC, Chen YH. Identification of the major TG4cross-linking sites in the androgen-dependent SVS I exclusively expressed in mouse seminal vesicle. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:899-907. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lin MH, Lee RKK, Hwu YM, Lu CH, Chu SL, Chen YJ, Chang WC, Li SH. SPINKL, a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor-like protein purified from mouse seminal vesicle fluid, is able to inhibit sperm capacitation. Reproduction 2008; 136:559-71. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a secreted serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type-like (SPINKL) protein. The SPINKL protein was purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions through a series of steps, including ion-exchange chromatography on a diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel column, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column, and ion-exchange HPLC on a Q strong anion exchange column. Further analysis identified several SPINKL proteins with various N-linked carbohydrates. The SPINKL protein has six conserved cysteine residues that are nearly identical to those of members of the SPINK protein family. It was noted that the SPINKL protein showed no inhibitory activities against common serine proteases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, subtilisin, or elastase.SpinklmRNA and SPINKL proteins were found to be primarily expressed in seminal vesicles. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the SPINKL protein occurred in the luminal fluid and mucosal epithelium of the seminal vesicles and was regulated by testosterone. The SPINKL protein was able to bind onto sperm and enhance sperm motility. Also, it was able to suppress BSA-stimulated sperm capacitation and block sperm–oocyte interactionsin vitro, suggesting that SPINKL may be a decapacitation factor.
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Li Y, Ma WM, Dai JQ, Feng CZ, Yang F, Ohira T, Nagasawa H, Yang WJ. Inhibition of a novel sperm gelatinase in prawn sperm by the male reproduction-related Kazal-type peptidase inhibitor. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:1327-37. [PMID: 18324674 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have identified and characterized a male reproduction-related kazal-type peptidase inhibitor (MRPINK) gene from the prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In the present study, MRPINK was discovered to have an inhibitory effect on the gelatinolytic activity of M. rosenbergii sperm and immunofluorescence analysis revealed it bound specifically onto the base of sperm. The proteolytic activity of sperm extracts to vitelline coat components was also detected to be interfered by MRPINK. Furthermore, a novel gelatinase on sperm was found to be specifically inhibited by MRPINK and was named M. rosenbergii sperm gelatinase (MSG). MSG was then isolated and purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography combining with gelatinolytic assay. By amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis and molecular cloning, the primary structure of MSG was determined. The data presented in this study provided evidence that MRPINK has an inhibitory effect on the gelatinolytic activity as well as proteolytic activity of prawn sperm and specifically blocks the activity of MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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