1
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Awad K, Boyes NG, Iqbal R, Ahmed M, Mohamed A, Aswath P, Tomczak CR, Varanasi V. Hepatocyte growth factor administration increases bone soluble phosphate and alters bone chemical structure in diabetic hypertensive rats. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2021; 36:3936-3951. [PMID: 34992330 PMCID: PMC8725793 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-021-00300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a novel potential therapy for improving bone health in patients with type II diabetes and hypertension, but its effect on the bone molecular structure is not revealed yet. Here, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to explore the effects elicited by HGF on the bone chemical structure. This study assessed local calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) coordination of diabetic hypertensive rat bones, each with and without HGF treatment. Results revealed that HGF has significant effects on Ca and P coordination chemistry as confirmed by presence of more soluble phosphates in the HGT-treated groups. Data indicated that treated bones have a poorly developed phosphate structure as evidenced by drastic drop in post-edge shoulder in P L2,3-edge compared to diabetic hypertensive and diabetic control bone. Presence of soluble Ca and P, products of bone resorption, with HGF treatment suggests unbalanced bone resorption and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Awad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas At Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Box 19410, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Department of Ceramics and Building Materials, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Natasha G. Boyes
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ramlah Iqbal
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Adel Mohamed
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Corey R. Tomczak
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas At Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Box 19410, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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2
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Hosonuma M, Sakai N, Furuya H, Kurotaki Y, Sato Y, Handa K, Dodo Y, Ishikawa K, Tsubokura Y, Negishi-Koga T, Tsuji M, Kasama T, Kiuchi Y, Takami M, Isozaki T. Inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signalling abrogates joint destruction by suppressing monocyte migration in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:408-419. [PMID: 32770199 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in RA biological fluids, the role of HGF in monocyte migration and the therapeutic effect of the c-Met inhibitor savolitinib in an arthritis model mice. METHODS HGF/c-Met expression in serum, SF and synovial tissues (STs) obtained from RA patients and controls, as well as RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), was evaluated by ELISA and immunostaining. To determine the function of HGF in RA SF, we preincubated RA SF with a neutralizing anti-HGF antibody and measured the chemotactic ability of a human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP-1). Additionally, examinations were conducted of SKG mice treated with savolitinib for 4 weeks. RESULTS HGF levels in serum from RA patients were significantly higher than those in the controls and were decreased by drug treatment for 24 weeks. Additionally, the HGF level in SF from RA patients was higher than that in SF from OA patients. HGF and c-Met expression was also noted in RA STs. Stimulation of RA FLSs with TNF-α increased HGF/c-Met expression in a concentration-dependent manner, and c-Met signal inhibition suppressed production of fractalkine/CX3CL1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α/CCL3. When HGF was removed by immunoprecipitation, migration of THP-1 in RA SF was suppressed. In SKG mice, savolitinib significantly suppressed ankle bone destruction on µCT, with an associated reduction in the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts. CONCLUSION HGF produced by inflammation in synovium of RA patients activates monocyte migration to synovium and promotes bone destruction via a chemotactic effect and enhanced chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hosonuma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa.,Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa.,Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa
| | - Nobuhiro Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa
| | - Hidekazu Furuya
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa
| | - Yutaro Kurotaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa.,Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota
| | - Yurie Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa.,Division of Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota
| | - Kazuaki Handa
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa.,Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa
| | - Yusuke Dodo
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa.,Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa
| | - Koji Ishikawa
- Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa
| | - Yumi Tsubokura
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa
| | - Takako Negishi-Koga
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa.,Division of Mucosal Barriology, International Research and Development Centre for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa
| | - Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa
| | - Masamichi Takami
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa.,Parmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa
| | - Takeo Isozaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa
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3
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Huang C, Zheng Y, Bai J, Shi C, Shi X, Shan H, Zhou X. Hepatocyte growth factor overexpression promotes osteoclastogenesis and exacerbates bone loss in CIA mice. J Orthop Translat 2020; 27:9-16. [PMID: 33344167 PMCID: PMC7732867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor that promotes various biological processes. However, the effect of HGF on bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of HGF in regulating osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in RA. Methods The expression of HGF in RA patients and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice was examined. The role of HGF on osteoclastogenesis was analysed by osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption assays. The effect of HGF inhibition was evaluated in a CIA mice model. The mechanism of HGF in regulating osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption was explored by a series of in vitro studies. Results HGF was overexpressed in CIA and RA. HGF stimulated osteoclastogenesis in vitro. SU11274, a selective small molecule blocker of c-Met, impeded the effect of HGF on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. HGF regulated osteoclastogenesis by JNK and AKT-GSK-3β-NFATc1 signallings. SU11274 protected CIA mice from pathological bone loss. Conclusions These data strongly suggest that the highly expressed HGF in the joint tissues contributes to bone loss in RA. Inhibition of HGF/c-Met could effectively alleviate pathological bone loss and inflammatory symptoms in CIA mice. HGF/c-Met may be used as a new target for the treatment of bone loss in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoming Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, 223800, China
| | - Yufan Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jinyu Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, 223800, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Huajian Shan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Xiaozhong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
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4
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Tsubaki M, Seki S, Takeda T, Chihara A, Arai Y, Morii Y, Imano M, Satou T, Shimomura K, Nishida S. The HGF/Met/NF-κB Pathway Regulates RANKL Expression in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217905. [PMID: 33114380 PMCID: PMC7663721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM)-induced bone disease occurs through hyperactivation of osteoclasts by several factors secreted by MM cells. MM cell-secreted factors induce osteoclast differentiation and activation via direct and indirect actions including enhanced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is elevated in MM patients and is associated with MM-induced bone disease, although the mechanism by which HGF promotes bone disease remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that HGF induces RANKL expression in osteoblasts and BMSCs, and investigated the mechanism of induction. We found that HGF and MM cell supernatants induced RANKL expression in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and mouse BMSCs. In addition, HGF increased phosphorylation of Met and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, or mouse BMSCs. Moreover, Met and NF-κB inhibitors suppressed HGF-induced RANKL expression in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and mouse BMSCs. These results indicated that HGF promotes RANKL expression in osteoblasts and BMSCs via the Met/NF-κB signaling pathway, and Met and NF-κB inhibitors suppressed HGF-induced RANKL expression. Our findings suggest that Met and NF-κB inhibitors are potentially useful in mitigating MM-induced bone disease in patients expressing high levels of HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Shiori Seki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Akiko Chihara
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuuko Arai
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuusuke Morii
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Municipal Ikeda Hospital, Ikeda 563-0025, Japan;
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan;
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan;
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Department of Pharmacy, Municipal Ikeda Hospital, Ikeda 563-0025, Japan;
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6721-2332
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5
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Børset M, Sundan A, Waage A, Standal T. Why do myeloma patients have bone disease? A historical perspective. Blood Rev 2020; 41:100646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Adamopoulos IE. Interleukin-17A and Pathologic New Bone Formation: The Myth of Prometheus Revisited. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:483-485. [PMID: 30663867 DOI: 10.1002/art.40817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iannis E Adamopoulos
- University of California at Davis, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento
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7
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Di Nunno V, Cimadamore A, Santoni M, Scarpelli M, Fiorentino M, Ciccarese C, Iacovelli R, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Massari F, Montironi R. Biological issues with cabozantinib in bone metastatic renal cell carcinoma and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2018; 14:2559-2564. [PMID: 30141348 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Ciccarese
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Verona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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8
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Di Nunno V, Cubelli M, Massari F. The role of the MET/AXL pathway as a new target for multikinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1347481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Cubelli
- Division of Oncology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Epigenetic regulation of HGF/Met receptor axis is critical for the outgrowth of bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2578. [PMID: 28151481 PMCID: PMC5386451 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our translational research deals with the influence of microenvironment on the phenotype and colonization of bone metastases from breast carcinoma, and on pre-metastatic niche formation. The aim of the present study was to clarify the origin of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), ligand of Met receptor, the control of the axis HGF/Met by DNA methylation, and its importance for the nexus supportive cells-metastatic cells and for metastasis outgrowth. In bone metastasis of the 1833-xenograft model, DNA methyltransferase blockade using the chemotherapic drug 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) strongly reduced the expression of HGF/Met receptor axis and of E-cadherin, with decrease of metastasis wideness and osteolysis, prolonging mice survival. Thus, DNA methylation events acted as commanders of breast carcinoma cells metastatizing to bone influencing the epithelial phenotype. HGF emerged as a bone-marrow stimulus, and the exosomes seemed to furnish HGF to metastatic cells. In fact, decitabine treatment similarly affected some markers of these microvesicles and HGF, indicating that its supply to recipient cells was prevented. Notably, in bone metastasis the hypomethylation of HGF, Met and E-cadherin promoters did not appear responsible for their elevated expression, but we suggest the involvement of hypermethylated regulators and of Wwox oncosuppressor, the latter being affected by decitabine. Wwox expression increased under decitabine strongly localizing in nuclei of bone metastases. We hypothesize a role of Wwox in Met activity since in vitro Wwox overexpression downregulated the level of nuclear-Met protein fragment and Met stability, also under long exposure of 1833 cells to decitabine. HGF enhanced phosphoMet and the activity in nuclei, an effect partially prevented by decitabine. Altogether, the data indicated the importance to target the tumor microenvironment by blocking epigenetic mechanisms, which control critical events for colonization such as HGF/Met axis and Wwox, as therapy of bone metastasis.
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10
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Fujita H, Gomori A, Fujioka Y, Kataoka Y, Tanaka K, Hashimoto A, Suzuki T, Ito K, Haruma T, Yamamoto-Yokoi H, Harada N, Sakuragi M, Oda N, Matsuo K, Inada M, Yonekura K. High Potency VEGFRs/MET/FMS Triple Blockade by TAS-115 Concomitantly Suppresses Tumor Progression and Bone Destruction in Tumor-Induced Bone Disease Model with Lung Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164830. [PMID: 27736957 PMCID: PMC5063576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 25-40% of patients with lung cancer show bone metastasis. Bone modifying agents reduce skeletal-related events (SREs), but they do not significantly improve overall survival. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of TAS-115, a VEGFRs and HGF receptor (MET)-targeted kinase inhibitor, in a tumor-induced bone disease model. A549-Luc-BM1 cells, an osteo-tropic clone of luciferase-transfected A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549-Luc), produced aggressive bone destruction associated with tumor progression after intra-tibial (IT) implantation into mice. TAS-115 significantly reduced IT tumor growth and bone destruction. Histopathological analysis showed a decrease in tumor vessels after TAS-115 treatment, which might be mediated through VEGFRs inhibition. Furthermore, the number of osteoclasts surrounding the tumor was decreased after TAS-115 treatment. In vitro studies demonstrated that TAS-115 inhibited HGF-, VEGF-, and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced signaling pathways in osteoclasts. Moreover, TAS-115 inhibited Feline McDonough Sarcoma oncogene (FMS) kinase, as well as M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. Thus, VEGFRs/MET/FMS-triple inhibition in osteoclasts might contribute to the potent efficacy of TAS-115. The fact that concomitant dosing of sunitinib (VEGFRs/FMS inhibition) with crizotinib (MET inhibition) exerted comparable inhibitory efficacy for bone destruction to TAS-115 also supports this notion. In conclusion, TAS-115 inhibited tumor growth via VEGFR-kinase blockade, and also suppressed bone destruction possibly through VEGFRs/MET/FMS-kinase inhibition, which resulted in potent efficacy of TAS-115 in an A549-Luc-BM1 bone disease model. Thus, TAS-115 shows promise as a novel therapy for lung cancer patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Fujita
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Akira Gomori
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yayoi Fujioka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kataoka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanaka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hashimoto
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ito
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomonori Haruma
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamamoto-Yokoi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naomoto Harada
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motomu Sakuragi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Oda
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaki Inada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yonekura
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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11
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Ruiz-Morales JM, Heng DYC. Cabozantinib in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: clinical trial evidence and experience. Ther Adv Urol 2016; 8:338-347. [PMID: 27904650 DOI: 10.1177/1756287216663073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is rapidly changing. During first-line treatment with targeted therapy, patients ultimately develop resistance to therapy and the disease progresses. Recently, cabozantinib has demonstrated a better response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival compared with everolimus after failure of prior targeted therapy in patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Cabozantinib is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). It exerts inhibition of MET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2, AXL, and many other receptor tyrosine kinases that are also implicated in tumor pathobiology, including RET, KIT, and FLT3. MET drives tumor survival, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis through several downstream signaling pathways. AXL has recently been described as an essential mediator of cancer metastasis that mediates crosstalk and resistance to TKIs. MET and AXL are thought to be anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF) resistance pathways and thus cabozantinib represents a logical choice after progression on initial VEGF therapy. Subgroup analyses examining those with good performance status or visceral and bone metastases indicate that the hazard ratios may be better when using cabozantinib versus everolimus. However, there were no clear statistically significant differences between any subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Ruiz-Morales
- Tom Baker Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services Cancer Care, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Y C Heng
- Tom Baker Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services Cancer Care, University of Calgary, 1331 29th St NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N2
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12
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Bhattacharjee M, Balakrishnan L, Renuse S, Advani J, Goel R, Sathe G, Keshava Prasad TS, Nair B, Jois R, Shankar S, Pandey A. Synovial fluid proteome in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 27274716 PMCID: PMC4893419 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoinflammatory disorder that affects small joints. Despite intense efforts, there are currently no definitive markers for early diagnosis of RA and for monitoring the progression of this disease, though some of the markers like anti CCP antibodies and anti vimentin antibodies are promising. We sought to catalogue the proteins present in the synovial fluid of patients with RA. It was done with the aim of identifying newer biomarkers, if any, that might prove promising in future. METHODS To enrich the low abundance proteins, we undertook two approaches-multiple affinity removal system (MARS14) to deplete some of the most abundant proteins and lectin affinity chromatography for enrichment of glycoproteins. The peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS on a high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometer. RESULTS This effort was the first total profiling of the synovial fluid proteome in RA that led to identification of 956 proteins. From the list, we identified a number of functionally significant proteins including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, S100 proteins, AXL receptor protein tyrosine kinase, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), programmed cell death ligand 2 (PDCD1LG2), TNF receptor 2, (TNFRSF1B) and many novel proteins including hyaluronan-binding protein 2, semaphorin 4A (SEMA4D) and osteoclast stimulating factor 1. Overall, our findings illustrate the complex and dynamic nature of RA in which multiple pathways seems to be participating actively. CONCLUSIONS The use of high resolution mass spectrometry thus, enabled identification of proteins which might be critical to the progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Bhattacharjee
- />Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- />Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Lavanya Balakrishnan
- />Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- />Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577451 India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- />Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- />Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- />Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- />Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - Renu Goel
- />Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- />Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577451 India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- />Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- />Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - T. S. Keshava Prasad
- />Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- />Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Bipin Nair
- />Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Ramesh Jois
- />Department of Rheumatology, Fortis Hospital, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Subramanian Shankar
- />Department of Rheumatology, Medical Division, Command Hospital (Air Force), Bangalore, 560007 India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- />McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 527, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- />Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- />Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- />Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Novack DV, Mbalaviele G. Osteoclasts-Key Players in Skeletal Health and Disease. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0011-2015. [PMID: 27337470 PMCID: PMC4920143 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0011-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of osteoclasts (OCs) from early myeloid progenitors is a tightly regulated process that is modulated by a variety of mediators present in the bone microenvironment. Once generated, the function of mature OCs depends on cytoskeletal features controlled by an αvβ3-containing complex at the bone-apposed membrane and the secretion of protons and acid-protease cathepsin K. OCs also have important interactions with other cells in the bone microenvironment, including osteoblasts and immune cells. Dysregulation of OC differentiation and/or function can cause bone pathology. In fact, many components of OC differentiation and activation have been targeted therapeutically with great success. However, questions remain about the identity and plasticity of OC precursors and the interplay between essential networks that control OC fate. In this review, we summarize the key principles of OC biology and highlight recently uncovered mechanisms regulating OC development and function in homeostatic and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Veis Novack
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gabriel Mbalaviele
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine
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Pantano F, Iuliani M, Zoccoli A, Fioramonti M, De Lisi D, Fioroni I, Ribelli G, Santoni M, Vincenzi B, Tonini G, Santini D. Emerging drugs for the treatment of bone metastasis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015; 20:637-51. [PMID: 26113304 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.1062876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone metastases are virtually incurable resulting in significant disease morbidity, reduced quality of life and mortality. Bone provides a unique microenvironment whose local interactions with tumor cells offer novel targets for therapeutic interventions. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis of bone disease has led to the discovery and clinical utility of bone-targeted agents other than bisphosphonates and denosumab, currently, the standard of care in this setting. AREAS COVERED In this review, we present the recent advances in molecular targeted therapies focusing on therapies that inhibit bone resorption and/or stimulate bone formation and novel anti-tumoral agents that exerts significant effects on skeletal metastases, nowadays available in clinical practice or in phase of development. EXPERT OPINION New emergent bone target therapies radium-223, mTOR inhibitors, anti-androgens have demonstrated the ability to increase overall survival in bone metastatic patients, other compounds, such as ET-1 and SRC inhibitors, up to now failed to clearly confirm in clinical trials their promising preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pantano
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Michele Iuliani
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Alice Zoccoli
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Marco Fioramonti
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Delia De Lisi
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Iacopo Fioroni
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Giulia Ribelli
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Matteo Santoni
- b 2 Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Medical Oncology Department , Ancona, Italy
| | - Bruno Vincenzi
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
| | - Daniele Santini
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Medical Oncology Department , Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 062 254 191 17 ; +39 062 254 119 33;
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Adamopoulos IE, Mellins ED. Alternative pathways of osteoclastogenesis in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 11:189-94. [PMID: 25422000 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are cells of haematopoietic origin that are uniquely specialized to degrade bone. Under physiological conditions, the osteoclastogenesis pathway depends on macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1, also known as M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). However, an emerging hypothesis is that alternative pathways of osteoclast generation might be active during inflammatory arthritis. In this Perspectives article, we summarize the physiological pathway of osteoclastogenesis and then focus on experimental findings that support the hypothesis that infiltrating inflammatory cells and the cytokine milieu provide multiple routes to bone destruction. The precise identity of osteoclast precursor(s) is not yet known. We propose that myeloid cell differentiation during inflammation could be an important contributor to the differentiation of osteoclast populations and their associated pathologies. Understanding the dynamics of osteoclast differentiation in inflammatory arthritis is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies for inflammatory joint disease in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Room 653A, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Klein-Nulend J, van Oers RFM, Bakker AD, Bacabac RG. Nitric oxide signaling in mechanical adaptation of bone. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:1427-37. [PMID: 24322479 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the most serious healthcare problems in the world is bone loss and fractures due to a lack of physical activity in elderly people as well as in bedridden patients or otherwise inactive youth. Crucial here are the osteocytes. Buried within our bones, these cells are believed to be the mechanosensors that stimulate bone formation in the presence of mechanical stimuli and bone resorption in the absence of such stimuli. Intercellular signaling is an important physiological phenomenon involved in maintaining homeostasis in all tissues. In bone, intercellular communication via chemical signals like NO plays a critical role in the dynamic process of bone remodeling. If bones are mechanically loaded, fluid flows through minute channels in the bone matrix, resulting in shear stress on the cell membrane that activates the osteocyte. Activated osteocytes produce signaling molecules like NO, which modulate the activity of the bone-forming osteoblasts and the bone-resorbing osteoclasts, thereby orchestrating bone adaptation to mechanical loading. In this review, we highlight current insights in the role of NO in the mechanical adaptation of bone mass and structure, with emphasis on its role in local bone gain and loss as well as in remodeling supervised by osteocytes. Since mechanical stimuli and NO production enhance bone strength and fracture resistance, these new insights may facilitate the development of novel osteoporosis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Slørdahl TS, Denayer T, Moen SH, Standal T, Børset M, Ververken C, Rø TB. Anti-c-MET Nanobody - a new potential drug in multiple myeloma treatment. Eur J Haematol 2013; 91:399-410. [PMID: 23952536 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-MET is the tyrosine kinase receptor of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). HGF-c-MET signaling is involved in many human malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). Recently, multiple agents have been developed directed to interfere at different levels in HGF-c-MET signaling pathway. Nanobodies are therapeutic proteins based on the smallest functional fragments of heavy-chain-only antibodies. In this study, we wanted to determine the anticancer effect of a novel anti-c-MET Nanobody in MM. METHODS We examined the effects of an anti-c-MET Nanobody on thymidine incorporation, migration, adhesion of MM cells, and osteoblastogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of the Nanobody on HGF-dependent c-MET signaling by Western blotting. RESULTS We show that the anti-c-MET Nanobody effectively inhibited thymidine incorporation of ANBL-6 MM cells via inhibition of an HGF autocrine growth loop and thymidine incorporation in INA-6 MM cells induced by exogenous HGF. HGF-induced migration and adhesion of INA-6 were completely and specifically blocked by the Nanobody. Furthermore, the Nanobody abolished the inhibiting effect of HGF on bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced alkaline phosphatase activity and the mineralization of human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we show that the Nanobody reduced phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in c-MET, MAPK, and Akt. We also compared the Nanobody with anti-c-MET monoclonal antibodies and revealed the similar or better effect. CONCLUSIONS The anti-c-MET Nanobody inhibited MM cell migration, thymidine incorporation, and adhesion, and blocked the HGF-mediated inhibition of osteoblastogenesis. The anti-c-MET Nanobody might represent a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of MM and other cancers driven by HGF-c-MET signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schmidt Slørdahl
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Lee RJ, Smith MR. Targeting MET and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer J 2013; 19:90-8. [PMID: 23337762 PMCID: PMC3683553 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e318281e280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective management of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains an important unmet medical need. MET and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) are rational targets for intervention in CRPC. Clinical trials involving agents that inhibit one but not both pathways have reported modest activity and no improvement in overall survival. Cabozantinib is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits both MET and VEGFR-2. A phase II randomized discontinuation study involving subjects with CRPC demonstrated that cabozantinib therapy is associated with improvement in bone scans, bone turnover markers, and pain response, but with significant adverse events leading to dose reduction and treatment discontinuation. Lower doses of cabozantinib retain high levels of activity with less toxicity. Ongoing phase III clinical trials will define the role of cabozantinib in CRPC. We summarize the rationale for targeting MET and VEGFR pathways in CRPC and the clinical data available to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Kavitha CV, Deep G, Gangar SC, Jain AK, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits prostate cancer cells- and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by targeting NFATc1, NF-κB, and AP-1 activation in RAW264.7 cells. Mol Carcinog 2012; 53:169-80. [PMID: 23115104 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are limited therapeutic options against bone metastatic prostate cancer (PCA), which is primarily responsible for high mortality and morbidity in PCA patients. Enhanced osteoclastogenesis is an essential feature associated with metastatic PCA in the bone microenvironment. Silibinin, an effective chemopreventive agent, is in phase II clinical trials in PCA patients but its efficacy against PCA cells-induced osteoclastogenesis is largely unknown. Accordingly, here we examined silibinin effect on PCA cells-induced osteoclastogenesis employing human PCA (PC3MM2, PC3, and C4-2B) and murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. We also assessed silibinin effect on receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced signaling associated with osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Further, we analyzed silibinin effect on osteomimicry biomarkers in PCA cells. Results revealed that silibinin (30-90 μM) inhibits PCA cells-induced osteoclast activity and differentiation in RAW264.7 cells via modulating expression of several cytokines (IGF-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, I-TAC, M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, etc.) that are important in osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, in RAW264.7 cells, silibinin decreased the RANKL-induced expression and nuclear localization of NFATc1, which is considered the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, silibinin decreased the RANKL-induced DNA binding activity of NFATc1 and its regulators NF-κB and AP1, and the protein expression of osteoclast specific markers (TRAP, OSCAR, and cathepsin K). Importantly, silibinin also decreased the expression of osteomimicry biomarkers (RANKL, Runx2, osteocalcin, and PTHrP) in cell culture (PC3 and C4-2B cells) and/or in PC3 tumors. Together, our findings showing that silibinin inhibits PCA cells-induced osteoclastogenesis, suggest that silibinin could be useful clinically against bone metastatic PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandagirikoppal V Kavitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Taylor RM, Kashima TG, Knowles HJ, Athanasou NA. VEGF, FLT3 ligand, PlGF and HGF can substitute for M-CSF to induce human osteoclast formation: implications for giant cell tumour pathobiology. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1398-406. [PMID: 22906984 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) is a primary bone tumour that contains numerous very large, hyper-nucleated osteoclastic giant cells. Osteoclasts form from CD14+ monocytes and macrophages in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). GCTB contains numerous growth factors, some of which have been reported to influence osteoclastogenesis and resorption. We investigated whether these growth factors are capable of substituting for M-CSF to support osteoclast formation from cultured human monocytes and whether they influence osteoclast cytomorphology and resorption. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), VEGF-D, FLT3 ligand (FL), placental growth factor (PlGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) supported RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in the absence of M-CSF, resulting in the formation of numerous TRAP+ multinucleated cells capable of lacunar resorption. Monocytes cultured in the presence of M-CSF, HGF, VEGF-A and RANKL together resulted in the formation of very large, hyper-nucleated (GCTB-like) osteoclasts that were hyper-resorptive. M-CSF and M-CSF substitute growth factors were identified immunohistochemically in GCTB tissue sections and these factors stimulated the resorption of osteoclasts derived from a subset of GCTBs. Our findings indicate that there are growth factors that are capable of substituting for M-CSF to induce human osteoclast formation and that these factors are present in GCTB where they influence osteoclast cytomorphology and have a role in osteoclast formation and resorption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
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Juffer P, Jaspers RT, Lips P, Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J. Expression of muscle anabolic and metabolic factors in mechanically loaded MLO-Y4 osteocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E389-95. [PMID: 22114022 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00320.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lack of physical activity results in muscle atrophy and bone loss, which can be counteracted by mechanical loading. Similar molecular signaling pathways are involved in the adaptation of muscle and bone mass to mechanical loading. Whether anabolic and metabolic factors regulating muscle mass, i.e., insulin-like growth factor-I isoforms (IGF-I Ea), mechano growth factor (MGF), myostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), are also produced by osteocytes in bone in response to mechanical loading is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether mechanical loading by pulsating fluid flow (PFF) modulates the mRNA and/or protein levels of muscle anabolic and metabolic factors in MLO-Y4 osteocytes. Unloaded MLO-Y4 osteocytes expressed mRNA of VEGF, HGF, IGF-I Ea, and MGF, but not myostatin. PFF increased mRNA levels of IGF-I Ea (2.1-fold) and MGF (2.0-fold) at a peak shear stress rate of 44Pa/s, but not at 22Pa/s. PFF at 22 Pa/s increased VEGF mRNA levels (1.8- to 2.5-fold) and VEGF protein release (2.0- to 2.9-fold). Inhibition of nitric oxide production decreased (2.0-fold) PFF-induced VEGF protein release. PFF at 22 Pa/s decreased HGF mRNA levels (1.5-fold) but increased HGF protein release (2.3-fold). PFF-induced HGF protein release was nitric oxide dependent. Our data show that mechanically loaded MLO-Y4 osteocytes differentially express anabolic and metabolic factors involved in the adaptive response of muscle to mechanical loading (i.e., IGF-I Ea, MGF, VEGF, and HGF). Similarly to muscle fibers, mechanical loading enhanced expression levels of these growth factors in MLO-Y4 osteocytes. Although in MLO-Y4 osteocytes expression levels of IGF-I Ea and MGF of myostatin were very low or absent, it is known that the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is strongly affected by them. The abundant expression levels of these factors in muscle cells, in combination with low expression in MLO-Y4 osteocytes, provide a possibility that growth factors expressed in muscle could affect signaling in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Juffer
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lee K, Kim H, Kim JM, Kim JR, Kim KJ, Kim YJ, Park SI, Jeong JH, Moon YM, Lim HS, Bae DW, Kwon J, Ko CY, Kim HS, Shin HI, Jeong D. Systemic transplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells stimulates bone repair by promoting osteoblast and osteoclast function. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2082-94. [PMID: 21159123 PMCID: PMC4394219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is emerging as a novel therapeutic option for functional recovery of diverse damaged tissues. This study investigated the effects of systemic transplantation of human ASCs (hASCs) on bone repair. We found that hASCs secrete various bone cell-activating factors, including hepatocyte growth factor and extracellular matrix proteins. Systemic transplantation of hASCs into ovariectomized mice induced an increased number of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone tissue and thereby prevented bone loss. We also observed that conditioned medium from hASCs is capable of stimulating proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts via Smad/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/JNK (c-jun NH2-terminal kinase) activation as well as survival and differentiation of osteoclasts via ERK/JNK/p38 activation in vitro. Overall, our findings suggest that paracrine factors secreted from hASCs improve bone repair and that hASCs can be a valuable tool for use in osteoporosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Hwang SJ, Choi B, Kang SS, Chang JH, Kim YG, Chung YH, Sohn DH, So MW, Lee CK, Robinson WH, Chang EJ. Interleukin-34 produced by human fibroblast-like synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis supports osteoclastogenesis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R14. [PMID: 22264405 PMCID: PMC3392804 DOI: 10.1186/ar3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a recently defined cytokine, showing a functional overlap with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). This study was undertaken to address the expression of IL-34 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to investigate its regulation and pathogenic role in RA. Methods IL-34 levels were determined in the RA synovium, synovial fluid (SF) and fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS) by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. RA activity was assessed using Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) activity in the plasma collected at baseline and one year after treatment. Conditioned media (CM) were prepared from RA FLS culture with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) for 24 hours and used for functional assay. Results IL-34 was expressed in the synovium, SF, and FLS from RA patients. The production of IL-34 in FLS was up-regulated by TNFα in RA samples compared with osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Importantly, the preferential induction of IL-34 rather than M-CSF by TNFα in RAFLS was mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). IL-34 elevation in plasma from RA patients was decreased after the administration of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in accordance with a decrease in DAS28. CM from RAFLS cultured with TNFα promoted chemotactic migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and subsequent osteoclast (OC) formation, effects that were attenuated by an anti-IL-34 antibody. Conclusions These data provide novel information about the production of IL-34 in RA FLS and indicate that IL-34 is an additional osteoclastogenic factor regulated by TNFα in RA, suggesting a discrete role of IL-34 in inflammatory RA diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jun Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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Grandaunet B, Syversen SW, Hoff M, Sundan A, Haugeberg G, van Der Heijde D, Kvien TK, Standal T. Association between high plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor and progression of radiographic damage in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:662-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Adamopoulos IE, Chao CC, Geissler R, Laface D, Blumenschein W, Iwakura Y, McClanahan T, Bowman EP. Interleukin-17A upregulates receptor activator of NF-kappaB on osteoclast precursors. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R29. [PMID: 20167120 PMCID: PMC2875663 DOI: 10.1186/ar2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The interaction between the immune and skeletal systems is evidenced by the bone loss observed in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper we describe a new mechanism by which the immune cytokine IL-17A directly affects osteoclastogenesis. Methods Human CD14+ cells were isolated from healthy donors, cultured on dentine slices and coverslips and stimulated with IL-17A and/or receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by gene expression, flow cytometry, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Physiologic bone remodelling was studied in wild-type (Wt) and IL-17A-/- mice using micro-computer tomography and serum RANKL/osteoprotegerin concentration. Functional osteoclastogenesis assays were performed using bone marrow macrophages isolated from IL-17A-/- and Wt mice. Results IL-17A upregulates the receptor activator for NF-κB receptor on human osteoclast precursors in vitro, leading to increased sensitivity to RANKL signalling, osteoclast differentiation and bone loss. IL-17A-/- mice have physiological bone homeostasis indistinguishable from Wt mice, and bone marrow macrophages isolated from these mice develop fully functional normal osteoclasts. Conclusions Collectively our data demonstrate anti-IL-17A treatment as a selective therapeutic target for bone loss associated with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma (formerly DNAX Research, Inc,), 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Baud'Huin M, Renault R, Charrier C, Riet A, Moreau A, Brion R, Gouin F, Duplomb L, Heymann D. Interleukin-34 is expressed by giant cell tumours of bone and plays a key role in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Pathol 2010; 221:77-86. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mabilleau G, Sabokbar A. Interleukin-32 promotes osteoclast differentiation but not osteoclast activation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4173. [PMID: 19137064 PMCID: PMC2613539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a newly described cytokine produced after stimulation by IL-2 or IL-18 and IFN-γ. IL-32 has the typical properties of a pro-inflammatory mediator and although its role in rheumatoid arthritis has been recently reported its effect on the osteoclastogenesis process remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we have shown that IL-32 was a potent modulator of osteoclastogenesis in vitro, whereby it promoted the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into TRAcP+ VNR+ multinucleated cells expressing specific osteoclast markers (up-regulation of NFATc1, OSCAR, Cathepsin K), but it was incapable of inducing the maturation of these multinucleated cells into bone-resorbing cells. The lack of bone resorption in IL-32-treated cultures could in part be explain by the lack of F-actin ring formation by the multinucleated cells generated. Moreover, when IL-32 was added to PBMC cultures maintained with soluble RANKL, although the number of newly generated osteoclast was increased, a significant decrease of the percentage of lacunar resorption was evident suggesting a possible inhibitory effect of this cytokine on osteoclast activation. To determine the mechanism by which IL-32 induces such response, we sought to determine the intracellular pathways activated and the release of soluble mediators in response to IL-32. Our results indicated that compared to RANKL, IL-32 induced a massive activation of ERK1/2 and Akt. Moreover, IL-32 was also capable of stimulating the release of IL-4 and IFN-γ, two known inhibitors of osteoclast formation and activation. Conclusions/Significance This is the first in vitro report on the complex role of IL-32 on osteoclast precursors. Further clarification on the exact role of IL-32 in vivo is required prior to the development of any potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Hopwood B, Tsykin A, Findlay DM, Fazzalari NL. Gene expression profile of the bone microenvironment in human fragility fracture bone. Bone 2009; 44:87-101. [PMID: 18840552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a common age-related systemic skeletal disease, with a strong genetic component, characterised by loss of bone mass and strength, which leads to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Although some progress has been made in identifying genes that may contribute to OP disease, much of the genetic component of OP has yet to be accounted for. Therefore, to investigate the molecular basis for the changes in bone causally involved in OP and fragility fracture, we have used a microarray approach. We have analysed altered gene expression in human OP fracture bone by comparing mRNA in bone from individuals with fracture of the neck of the proximal femur (OP) with that from age-matched individuals with osteoarthritis (OA), and control (CTL) individuals with no known bone pathology. The OA sample set was included because an inverse association, with respect to bone density, has been reported between OA and the OP individuals. Compugen H19K oligo human microarray slides were used to compare the gene expression profiles of three sets of female samples comprising, 10 OP-CTL, 10 OP-OA, and 10 OA-CTL sample pairs. Using linear models for microarray analysis (Limma), 150 differentially expressed genes in OP bone with t scores >5 were identified. Differential expression of 32 genes in OP bone was confirmed by real time PCR analysis (p<0.01). Many of the genes identified have known or suspected roles in bone metabolism and in some cases have been implicated previously in OP pathogenesis. Three major sets of differentially expressed genes in OP bone were identified with known or suspected roles in either osteoblast maturation (PRRX1, ANXA2, ST14, CTSB, SPARC, FST, LGALS1, SPP1, ADM, and COL4A1), myelomonocytic differentiation and osteoclastogenesis (TREM2, ANXA2, IL10, CD14, CCR1, ADAM9, CCL2, CTGF, and KLF10), or adipogenesis, lipid and/or glucose metabolism (IL10, MARCO, CD14, AEBP1, FST, CCL2, CTGF, SLC14A1, ANGPTL4, ADM, TAZ, PEA15, and DOK4). Altered expression of these genes and others in these groups is consistent with previously suggested underlying molecular mechanisms for OP that include altered osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and function, and an imbalance between osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hopwood
- Division of Tissue Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Modarresi R, Xiang Z, Yin M, Laurence J. WNT/beta-catenin signaling is involved in regulation of osteoclast differentiation by human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir: relationship to human immunodeficiency virus-linked bone mineral loss. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:123-35. [PMID: 19095956 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is accompanied by reduced bone mineral density, which appears to be exacerbated by certain HIV protease inhibitors (PIs). The mechanisms leading to this apparent paradox, however, remain unclear. We have previously shown that, the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 used at levels similar those in plasmas of untreated HIV(+) patients, induced expression of the osteoclast (OC) differentiation factor RANKL in CD4+ T cells. In addition, the HIV PI ritonavir abrogated the interferon-gamma-mediated degradation of the RANKL nuclear adapter protein TRAF6, a physiological block to RANKL activity. Here, using oligonucleotide microarrays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we explored potential upstream mechanisms for these effects. Ritonavir, but not the HIV PIs indinavir or nelfinavir, up-regulated the production of transcripts for OC growth factors and the non-canonical Wnt Proteins 5B and 7B as well as activated promoters of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling, but suppressed genes involved in canonical Wnt signaling. Similarly, ritonavir blocked the cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation of beta-catenin, the molecular node of the Wnt signaling pathway, in association with enhanced beta-catenin ubiquitination. Exposure of OC precursors to LiCl, an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt antagonist GSK-3beta, suppressed OC differentiation, as did adenovirus-mediated overexpression of beta-catenin. These data identify, for the first time, a biologically relevant role for Wnt signaling via beta-catenin in isolated OC precursors and the modulation of Wnt signaling by ritonavir. The reversal of these ritonavir-mediated changes by interferon-gamma provides a model for possible intervention in this metabolic complication of HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozbeh Modarresi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
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Knowles HJ, Athanasou NA. Hypoxia-inducible factor is expressed in giant cell tumour of bone and mediates paracrine effects of hypoxia on monocyte-osteoclast differentiation via induction of VEGF. J Pathol 2008; 215:56-66. [PMID: 18283716 DOI: 10.1002/path.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important regulator of bone biology and stimulates osteoclast differentiation from monocytic precursors. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a key pro-tumourigenic transcription factor mediating pathways of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. We have described expression of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha in the multi-nucleated, osteoclast-like giant cells and the mononuclear stromal component of giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB), a locally osteolytic primary bone tumour. HIF induction was observed in culture in the osteoblastic MG-63 cell line, primary GCTB stromal cells, and monocyte-derived osteoclasts following stimulation with hypoxia (0.1% O2) or the osteoclastogenic cytokines hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). This was accompanied by increased expression of the downstream target genes Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kD-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), Glut-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As VEGF can substitute for M-CSF to support osteoclastogenesis in the presence of receptor activator for nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), we assessed the effect of MG-63 hypoxic conditioned media on osteoclast differentiation. In the presence of RANKL, hypoxic conditioned media induced the formation of active osteoclasts, as assessed from the numbers of TRAP-positive multi-nucleated cells and the area of lacunar bone resorption, which was inhibited by co-incubation with a neutralizing anti-VEGF antibody. Targeted siRNA ablated HIF-1alpha and/or HIF-2alpha expression in MG-63 cells and reduced hypoxic secretion of VEGF. Hypoxic conditioned media from cells treated with siRNA for (HIF-1alpha + HIF-2alpha) produced a significant decrease in osteoclast number (p < 0.005) and activity (p < 0.05) in comparison with the scrambled siRNA control. These results suggest that local hypoxia could indirectly influence osteoclastogenesis via autocrine and paracrine secretion of VEGF under the control of HIF. This is potentially an important mechanism of pathogenesis for GCTB and other osteolytic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Knowles
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
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Osteoclast size is controlled by Fra-2 through LIF/LIF-receptor signalling and hypoxia. Nature 2008; 454:221-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Yang G, Zaidi M, Zhang W, Zhu LL, Li J, Iqbal J, Varbanov A, Gross G, Phipps R, Troen BR, Sun L. Functional grouping of osteoclast genes revealed through microarray analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 366:352-9. [PMID: 18060857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe for the first time functional clusters of genes that are modulated during the differentiation of osteoclasts. Pathway analysis was applied to gene array data generated from affymetrix chips hybridized to RNA isolated from RAW264.7 cells exposed to RANK-ligand (RANK-L) for 5 days. This analysis revealed major functional gene clusters that were either up- or down-regulated during osteoclastogenesis. Some of the genes within the clusters have known functions, while others do not. We discuss herein the relevance of these functional gene clusters and their modulation to biological processes underlying the formation, function, and fate of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhe Yang
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Standal T, Abildgaard N, Fagerli UM, Stordal B, Hjertner O, Borset M, Sundan A. HGF inhibits BMP-induced osteoblastogenesis: possible implications for the bone disease of multiple myeloma. Blood 2007; 109:3024-30. [PMID: 17138824 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-034884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone disease in multiple myeloma is caused by an uncoupling of bone formation from bone resorption. A key difference between patients with and patients without osteolytic lesion is that the latter have fewer and less active osteoblasts. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is often produced by myeloma cells and is found at high concentrations in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Here we show that HGF inhibited bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced in vitro osteoblastogenesis. Thus, HGF inhibited BMP-induced expression of alkaline phosphatase in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the murine myoid cell line C2C12, as well as mineralization by hMSCs. Furthermore, the expression of the osteoblast-specific transcription factors Runx2 and Osterix was reduced by HGF treatment. HGF promoted proliferation of hMSCs, and the BMP-induced halt in proliferation was overridden by HGF, keeping the cells in a proliferative, undifferentiating state. BMP-induced nuclear translocation of receptor-activated Smads was inhibited by HGF, providing a possible explanation of how HGF inhibits BMP signaling. The in vitro data were supported by the observation of a negative correlation between HGF and a marker of osteoblast activity, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (rho = -0.45, P = .008), in sera from 34 patients with myeloma. These observations suggest that HGF inhibits bone formation in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Standal
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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