1
|
Kegulian NC, Visakan G, Bapat RA, Moradian-Oldak J. Ameloblastin and its multifunctionality in amelogenesis: A review. Matrix Biol 2024; 131:62-76. [PMID: 38815936 PMCID: PMC11218920 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins play crucial roles in the formation of mineralized tissues like bone and teeth via multifunctional mechanisms. In tooth enamel, ameloblastin (Ambn) is one such multifunctional extracellular matrix protein implicated in cell signaling and polarity, cell adhesion to the developing enamel matrix, and stabilization of prismatic enamel morphology. To provide a perspective for Ambn structure and function, we begin this review by describing dental enamel and enamel formation (amelogenesis) followed by a description of enamel extracellular matrix. We then summarize the established domains and motifs in Ambn protein, human amelogenesis imperfecta cases, and genetically engineered mouse models involving mutated or null Ambn. We subsequently delineate in silico, in vitro, and in vivo evidence for the amphipathic helix in Ambn as a proposed cell-matrix adhesive and then more recent in vitro evidence for the multitargeting domain as the basis for dynamic interactions of Ambn with itself, amelogenin, and membranes. The multitargeting domain facilitates tuning between Ambn-membrane interactions and self/co-assembly and supports a likely overall role for Ambn as a matricellular protein. We anticipate that this review will enhance the understanding of multifunctional matrix proteins by consolidating diverse mechanisms through which Ambn contributes to enamel extracellular matrix mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Kegulian
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSA 148, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gayathri Visakan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSA 148, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rucha Arun Bapat
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSA 148, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Janet Moradian-Oldak
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSA 148, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Capparè P, Tetè G, Sberna MT, Panina-Bordignon P. The Emerging Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative Dentistry. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:259-268. [PMID: 32811413 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200818115803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress of modern dentistry is accelerating at a spectacular speed in the scientific, technological and clinical areas. Practical examples are the advancement in the digital field, which has guaranteed an average level of prosthetic practices for all patients, as well as other scientific developments, including research on stem cell biology. Given their plasticity, defined as the ability to differentiate into specific cell lineages with a capacity of almost unlimited self-renewal and release of trophic/immunomodulatory factors, stem cells have gained significant scientific and commercial interest in the last 15 years. Stem cells that can be isolated from various tissues of the oral cavity have emerged as attractive sources for bone and dental regeneration, mainly due to their ease of accessibility. This review will present the current understanding of emerging conceptual and technological issues of the use of stem cells to treat bone and dental loss defects. In particular, we will focus on the clinical application of stem cells, either directly isolated from oral sources or in vitro reprogrammed from somatic cells (induced pluripotent stem cells). Research aimed at further unraveling stem cell plasticity will allow to identify optimal stem cell sources and characteristics, to develop novel regenerative tools in dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Capparè
- Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy,Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Tetè
- Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy,Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Q, Zhang S, Sui Y, Fu X, Li Y, Wei S. Sequential stimulation with different concentrations of BMP4 promotes the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into dental epithelium with potential for tooth formation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:276. [PMID: 31464646 PMCID: PMC6714076 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth loss caused by caries or injuries has a negative effect on human health; thus, it is important to develop a reliable method of tooth regeneration. Research on tooth regeneration has mainly focused on mouse pluripotent stem cells, mouse embryonic stem cells, and adult stem cells from various sources in mice, whereas little has examined the differentiation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells into dental epithelium (DE) and odontogenic potential in vivo. METHODS In this study, we induced hES cells to differentiate into dental epithelium using different concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). With 1 pM BMP4, the hES cells differentiated into oral ectoderm (OE). These cells were then stimulated with 30 pM BMP4. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence showed the differentiation of OE and DE. The DE generated was mixed with embryonic day 14.5 mouse dental mesenchyme (DM) and transplanted into the renal capsules of nude mice. Thirty days later, the resulting tooth-like structures were examined by micro-computed tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS After 4 days of 1 pM BMP4 stimulation, Pitx1-positive OE formed. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence revealed that induction with 30 pM BMP4 for 2 days caused the OE to differentiate into Pitx2/Dlx2/AMBN-positive DE-like cells. These cells also expressed β-catenin and p-Smad1/5/8, which are key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin and Bmp signaling pathways, respectively. Thirty days after in vivo transplantation, six teeth with enamel and dentin had formed on the kidney. CONCLUSIONS These results show that hES cells differentiated into DE after sequential stimulation with different concentrations of BMP4, and the DE thus generated showed odontogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Sui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mozaffari MS, Emami G, Khodadadi H, Baban B. Stem cells and tooth regeneration: prospects for personalized dentistry. EPMA J 2019; 10:31-42. [PMID: 30984312 PMCID: PMC6459449 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, a wealth of information has become available regarding various sources of stem cells and their potential use for regenerative purposes. Given the intense debate regarding embryonic stem cells, much of the focus has centered around application of adult stem cells for regenerative engineering along with other relevant aspects including use of growth factors and scaffolding materials. The more recent discovery of tooth-derived stem cells has sparked much interest in their application to regenerative dentistry to treat and alleviate the most prevalent oral diseases-i.e., dental caries and periodontal diseases. Also exciting is the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells, which provides the means of using patient-derived somatic cells for their creation, and their eventual application for generation of the dental complex. Thus, evolving developments in the field of regenerative dentistry indicate the prospect of constructing "custom-made" tooth and supporting structures thereby fostering the realization of "personalized dentistry." On the other hand, others have explored the possibility of augmenting endogenous regenerative capacity through utilization of small molecules to regulate molecular signaling mechanisms that mediate regeneration of tooth structure. This review is focused on these aspects of regenerative dentistry in view of their relevance to personalized dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S. Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences; CL-2134, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912-1128 USA
| | - Golnaz Emami
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences; CL-2134, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912-1128 USA
| | - Hesam Khodadadi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences; CL-2134, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912-1128 USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences; CL-2134, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912-1128 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Essential roles of G9a in cell proliferation and differentiation during tooth development. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:202-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Iwata T, Mino C, Kawata T. In vitro proliferation of periodontal ligament-like tissue on extracted teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 75:31-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
7
|
Yadav P, Tahir M, Yadav H, Sureka R, Garg A. Test Tube Tooth: The Next Big Thing. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZE01-3. [PMID: 27504430 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16809.7901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Unlike some vertebrates and fishes, humans do not have the capacity for tooth regeneration after the loss of permanent teeth. Although artificial replacement with removable dentures, fixed prosthesis and implants is possible through advances in the field of prosthetic dentistry, it would be ideal to recreate a third set of natural teeth to replace lost dentition. For many years now, researchers in the field of tissue engineering have been trying to bioengineer dental tissues as well as whole teeth. In order to attain a whole tooth through dental engineering, that has the same or nearly same biological, mechanical and physical properties of a natural tooth, it's necessary to deal with all the cells and tissues which are concerned with the formation, maintenance and repair of the tooth. In this article we review the steps involved in odontogenesis or organogenesis of a tooth and progress in the bioengineering of a whole tooth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Yadav
- Prosthodontics, Crown & Bridge & Implantology, Private Practitioner , Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammed Tahir
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Crown & Bridge & Implantology, Government Dental College & Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harsh Yadav
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Private Practitioner, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Rakshit Sureka
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Crown & Bridge & Implantology, Government Dental College & Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aarti Garg
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Jaipur Dental College & Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang KC, Kitamura Y, Wu CC, Chang HH, Ling TY, Kuo TF. Tooth Germ-Like Construct Transplantation for Whole-Tooth Regeneration: An In Vivo Study in the Miniature Pig. Artif Organs 2015; 40:E39-50. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chiang Yang
- School of Dental Technology; College of Oral Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yutaka Kitamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Matsumoto Dental University; Nagano Japan
| | - Chang-Chin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics; National Taiwan University Hospital; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics; En Chu Kong Hospital; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hueng Chang
- Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Institute of Pharmacology; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Fu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine; School of Veterinary Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nam H, Kim JH, Kim JW, Seo BM, Park JC, Kim JW, Lee G. Establishment of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath/epithelial rests of Malassez cell line from human periodontium. Mol Cells 2014; 37:562-7. [PMID: 25081036 PMCID: PMC4132309 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Hertwig's epithelial root sheath/epithelial rests of Malassez (HERS/ERM) cells are epithelial remnants of teeth residing in the periodontium. Although the functional roles of HERS/ERM cells have yet to be elucidated, they are a unique epithelial cell population in adult teeth and are reported to have stem cell characteristics. Therefore, HERS/ERM cells might play a role as an epithelial component for the repair or regeneration of dental hard tissues; however, they are very rare population in periodontium and the primary isolation of them is considered to be difficult. To overcome these problems, we immortalized primary HERS/ERM cells isolated from human periodontium using SV40 large T antigen (SV40 LT) and performed a characterization of the immortalized cell line. Primary HERS/ERM cells could not be maintained for more than 6 passages; however, immortalized HERS/ERM cells were maintained for more than 20 passages. There were no differences in the morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of HERS/ERM cells and immortalized HERS/ERM cells. The expression of epithelial stem cell and embryonic stem cell markers was maintained in immortalized HERS/ERM cells. Moreover, immortalized HERS/ERM cells could acquire mesenchymal phenotypes through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via TGF-β1. In conclusion, we established an immortalized human HERS/ERM cell line with SV40 LT and expect this cell line to contribute to the understanding of the functional roles of HERS/ERM cells and the tissue engineering of teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Nam
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
- Present address: Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Byoung-Moo Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Gene Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ishida K, Yuge Y, Hanaoka M, Yasukawa M, Minami Y, Ogawa M, Masumoto KH, Shigeyoshi Y, Saito M, Tsuji T. Gadd45gregulates dental epithelial cell proliferation through p38 MAPK-mediatedp21expression. Genes Cells 2013; 18:660-71. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ishida
- Research Institute for Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Yohei Yuge
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Mai Hanaoka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Masato Yasukawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Yoko Minami
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Miho Ogawa
- Organ Technologies Inc.; Tokyo; 101-0048; Japan
| | - Ko-hei Masumoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Kiniki University Faculty of Medicine; Osaka; 589-8511; Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Kiniki University Faculty of Medicine; Osaka; 589-8511; Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yasukawa M, Ishida K, Yuge Y, Hanaoka M, Minami Y, Ogawa M, Sasaki T, Saito M, Tsuji T. Dpysl4 is involved in tooth germ morphogenesis through growth regulation, polarization and differentiation of dental epithelial cells. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:382-90. [PMID: 23630450 PMCID: PMC3638293 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4 (Dpysl4) is a known regulator of hippocampal neuron development. Here, we report that Dpysl4 is involved in growth regulation, polarization and differentiation of dental epithelial cells during tooth germ morphogenesis. A reduction in Dpysl4 gene expression in the tooth germ produced a loss of ameloblasts, resulting in the decrease of synthesis and secretion of enamel. The inhibition of Dpysl4 gene expression led to promotion of cell proliferation of inner enamel epithelial cells and inhibition of the differentiation of these cells into pre-ameloblasts, which was confirmed by analyzing cell polarization, columnar cell structure formation and the expression of ameloblast marker genes. By contrast, overexpression of Dpysl4 in dental epithelial cells induces inhibition of growth and increases the expression of the inner enamel epithelial cell marker gene, Msx2. These findings suggest that Dpysl4 plays essential roles in tooth germ morphogenesis through the regulation of dental epithelial cell proliferation, cell polarization and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yasukawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate school of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng LW, Linthicum L, DenBesten PK, Zhang Y. The similarity between human embryonic stem cell-derived epithelial cells and ameloblast-lineage cells. Int J Oral Sci 2013; 5:1-6. [PMID: 23538640 PMCID: PMC3632763 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare epithelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to human ameloblast-lineage cells (ALCs), as a way to determine their potential use as a cell source for ameloblast regeneration. Induced by various concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), retinoic acid (RA) and lithium chloride (LiCl) for 7 days, hESCs adopted cobble-stone epithelial phenotype (hESC-derived epithelial cells (ES-ECs)) and expressed cytokeratin 14. Compared with ALCs and oral epithelial cells (OE), ES-ECs expressed amelogenesis-associated genes similar to ALCs. ES-ECs were compared with human fetal skin epithelium, human fetal oral buccal mucosal epithelial cells and human ALCs for their expression pattern of cytokeratins as well. ALCs had relatively high expression levels of cytokeratin 76, which was also found to be upregulated in ES-ECs. Based on the present study, with the similarity of gene expression with ALCs, ES-ECs are a promising potential cell source for regeneration, which are not available in erupted human teeth for regeneration of enamel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Zheng
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Successful reconstruction of tooth germ with cell lines requires coordinated gene expressions from the initiation stage. Cells 2012; 1:905-25. [PMID: 24710535 PMCID: PMC3901128 DOI: 10.3390/cells1040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth morphogenesis is carried out by a series of reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme in embryonic germs. Previously clonal dental epithelial cell (epithelium of molar tooth germ (emtg)) lines were established from an embryonic germ. They were odontogenic when combined with a dental mesenchymal tissue, although the odontogenesis was quantitatively imperfect. To improve the microenvironment in the germs, freshly isolated dental epithelial cells were mixed with cells of lines, and germs were reconstructed in various combinations. The results demonstrated that successful tooth construction depends on the mixing ratio, the age of dental epithelial cells and the combination with cell lines. Analyses of gene expression in these germs suggest that some signal(s) from dental epithelial cells makes emtg cells competent to communicate with mesenchymal cells and the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments are able to progress odontogenesis from the initiation stage.
Collapse
|
14
|
Komine A, Abe M, Saeki T, Terakawa T, Uchida C, Uchida T. Establishment of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell lines from a p53-knockout mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:468-74. [PMID: 22982311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs exist in several tissues such as the bone marrow, adipose, muscle, cartilage, and tendon. This differentiation potential makes MSCs candidates for cell-based therapeutic strategies for mesenchymal tissue injuries. MSCs can be prepared from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and adipose (AD-MSCs); however, these MSCs exhibit senescence-associated growth arrest and display inevitable heterogeneity. We established several AD-MSC cell lines from a p53-knockout (KO) mouse. These cell lines were immortalized, but no cell lines grew anchorage-independently, suggesting that they are not cancerous. They differentiated into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes by treatment with certain stimuli. Moreover, following injection into the tail vein, the cells migrated into the wounded region of the liver and differentiated into hepatocytes. We succeeded in establishing several AD-MSC clonal cell lines that maintain the tissue-specific markers and characteristics of the developmental phase. These clonal cell lines will serve as important tools to study the mechanism of differentiation of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Komine
- Molecular Enzymology, Department of Molecular Cell Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Amamiya, Tsutsumidori, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Matsuura T, Kawata VKS, Nagoshi H, Tomooka Y, Sasaki K, Ikawa S. Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of mouse tooth germ epithelial cells by distinct isoforms of p51/p63. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1108-15. [PMID: 22440406 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES p51/p63 gene, one of the p53 families, is specifically expressed in tooth germ epithelial cells and is essential for tooth development. This study aims to elucidate roles of p51/p63 in ameloblastic cell differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined expression pattern of each of p51/p63 isoforms by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting using emtg (epithelium of molar tooth germ)-1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 cell lines established from a mandibular molar tooth germ of p53-deficient mice and SF2 cells which differentiates into ameloblasts upon exposure to NT4. Furthermore, we investigated the function of p51/p63 in these cells by Tet system, which enables inducible expression and knock down of the target genes of interest by exposing cells to doxycycline. RESULTS The expression of ΔNp51B/ΔNp63α, an isoform without transactivation domain, was detected at high level in immature cells, while the expression of TAp51/TAp63 isoforms, isoforms of with the transactivation domain, was detected at high level in mature cells. Moreover, induction of TAp51A/TAp63γ expression led to down-regulation of ΔNp51B/ΔNp63α expression and cell proliferation. Interestingly, this also led to up-regulation of ameloblastin expression, a differentiation marker of amelogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that p51/p63 might regulate the cell proliferation and differentiation of tooth germ epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuura
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Singh K, Mishra N, Kumar L, Agarwal KK, Agarwal B. Role of stem cells in tooth bioengineering. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2012; 2:41-5. [PMID: 25756031 PMCID: PMC3942142 DOI: 10.1016/s2212-4268(12)60010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of teeth in the laboratory depends upon the manipulation of stem cells and requires a synergy of all cellular and molecular events that finally lead to the formation of tooth-specific hard tissues, dentin, and enamel. This review focuses on the different sources of stem cells that have been used for making teeth in vitro. The search was performed from 1970 to 2012 and was limited to English language papers. The keywords searched on medline were 'stem cells and dentistry,' 'stem cells and odontoblast,' 'stem cells and dentin,' and 'stem cells and ameloblasts.'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamleshwar Singh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Material Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Mishra
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Material Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshya Kumar
- Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Material Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kaushal Kishore Agarwal
- Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Material Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhaskar Agarwal
- Senior Resident, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Material Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nishiyama M, Yuki S, Fukano C, Sako H, Miyamoto T, Tomooka Y. Attempt to develop taste bud models in three-dimensional culture. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:623-32. [PMID: 21882950 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Taste buds are the end organs of taste located in the gustatory papillae, which occur on the surface of the oral cavity. The goal of the present study was to establish a culture model mimicking the lingual taste bud of the mouse. To this end, three cell lines were employed: taste bud-derived cell lines (TBD cell lines), a lingual epithelial cell-derived cell line (20A cell line), and a mesenchymal cell-derived cell line (TMD cell line). TBD cells embedded in collagen gel formed three-dimensional clusters, which had an internal cavity equipped with a tight junction-like structure, a microvilluslike structure, and a laminin-positive layer surrounding the cluster. The cells with this epitheliumlike morphology expressed marker proteins of taste cells: gustducin and NCAM. TBD cells formed a monolayer on collagen gel when they were co-cultured with TMD cells. TBD, 20A, and TMD cell lines were maintained in a triple cell co-culture, in which TBD cells were pre-seeded as aggregates or in suspension on the collagen gel containing TMD cells, and 20A cells were laid over the TBD cells. TBD cells in the triple cell co-culture expressed NCAM. This result suggests that co-cultured TBD cells exhibited a characteristic of Type III taste cells. The culture model would be useful to study morphogenesis and functions of the gustatory organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Nishiyama
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sako H, Hori M, Masuho I, Saitoh O, Okada A, Tomooka Y. Establishment of clonal cell lines of taste buds from a p53(-/-) mouse tongue. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:333-40. [PMID: 21437573 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A taste bud is a sensory organ and consists of 50-100 spindle-shaped cells. The cells function as taste acceptors. They have characteristics of both epithelial and neuronal cells. A taste bud contains four types of cells, type I, type II, type III cells, and basal cells. Taste buds were isolated from a tongue of a p53-deficient mouse at day 12, and 11 clonal taste bud (TBD) cell lines were established. In immunochemical analysis, all cell lines expressed cytokeratin 18, gustducin, T1R3, and neural cellular adhesion molecule, but not GLAST. In RT-PCR analysis, shh was not expressed in any of the cell lines. Further analysis with RT-PCR was conducted on four cell lines. They expressed G protein-coupled taste receptors; T1R3, T2R8 for sweet, bitter, umami. And they also expressed α-ENaC for salty taste. While, a candidate for sour receptor HCN4 was expressed in TBD-a1 and TBD-a7 lines. And another candidate for sour receptor PKD1L3 was slightly expressed in TBD-a1 and TBD-c1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sako
- Department of Biological Science and Technology and Research Center for RNA Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang GTJ. Dental pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration: advancement and challenge. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:788-800. [PMID: 21196351 PMCID: PMC3289134 DOI: 10.2741/e286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hard tissue is difficult to repair especially dental structures. Tooth enamel is incapable of self-repairing whereas dentin and cementum can regenerate with limited capacity. Enamel and dentin are commonly under the attack by caries. Extensive forms of caries destroy enamel and dentin and can lead to dental pulp infection. Entire pulp amputation followed by the pulp space disinfection and filling with an artificial rubber-like material is employed to treat the infection -- commonly known as root canal or endodontic therapy. Regeneration of dentin relies on having vital pulps; however, regeneration of pulp tissue has been difficult as the tissue is encased in dentin without collateral blood supply except from the root apical end. With the advent of modern tissue engineering concept and the discovery of dental stem cells, regeneration of pulp and dentin has been tested. This article will review the recent endeavor on pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration. The prospective outcomes of current advancements and challenges in this line of research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George T-J Huang
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Induction of human keratinocytes into enamel-secreting ameloblasts. Dev Biol 2010; 344:795-9. [PMID: 20678978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian tooth development relies heavily on the reciprocal and sequential interactions between cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells and stomadial epithelium. During mouse tooth development, odontogenic potential, that is, the capability to direct an adjacent tissue to form a tooth, resides in dental epithelium initially, and shifts subsequently to dental mesenchyme. Recent studies have shown that mouse embryonic dental epithelium possessing odontogenic potential is able to induce the formation of a bioengineered tooth crown when confronted with postnatal mesenchymal stem cells of various sources. Despite many attempts, however, postnatal stem cells have not been used successfully as the epithelial component in the generation of a bioengineered tooth. We show here that epithelial sheets of cultured human keratinocytes, when recombined with mouse embryonic dental mesenchyme, are able to support tooth formation. Most significantly, human keratinocytes, recombined with mouse embryonic dental mesenchyme in the presence of exogenous FGF8, are induced to express the dental epithelial marker PITX2 and differentiate into enamel-secreting ameloblasts that develop a human-mouse chimeric whole tooth crown. We conclude that in the presence of appropriate odontogenic signals, human keratinocytes can be induced to become odontogenic competent; and that these are capable of participating in tooth crown morphogenesis and differentiating into ameloblasts. Our studies identify human keratinocytes as a potential cell source for in vitro generation of bioengineered teeth that may be used in replacement therapy.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yen AH, Yelick PC. Dental tissue regeneration - a mini-review. Gerontology 2010; 57:85-94. [PMID: 20453484 DOI: 10.1159/000314530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND with today's 21st century technological advancements, it is expected that individuals will either retain their natural teeth or obtain functional tooth replacements throughout their entire life. Modern dental therapies for the replacement of missing teeth largely utilize partial or complete dentures and titanium implants capped with prosthetic crowns. Although these prostheses serve a purpose, they are not equivalent, neither in function nor aesthetics, to natural teeth. Recent progress in dental tissue engineering has lent significant credibility to the concept that biological replacement teeth therapies may soon be available to replace missing teeth. OBJECTIVE in this review, we summarize the emerging concepts of whole-tooth replacement strategies, using postnatal dental stem cells (DSCs) and dental tissue engineering approaches. METHODS we provide a thorough and extensive review of the literature. RESULTS current approaches to achieve clinically relevant biological replacement tooth therapies rely on the cultivation of DSCs capable of relaying odontogenic induction signals, through dental epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions. DSC expansion and differentiation can be achieved by programming progenitor stem cells to adopt dental lineages, using instructive, bioengineered scaffold materials. Periodontal ligament regeneration in particular has demonstrated significant progress recently, despite the somewhat unpredictable clinical outcomes, with regard to its capacity to augment conventional metallic dental implants and as an important component for whole-tooth tissue engineering. Following recent advances made in DSC and tissue engineering research, various research groups are in the midst of performing 'proof of principle' experiments for whole-tooth regeneration, with associated functional periodontal tissues. This mini-review focuses on recent and promising developments in the fields of pulp and periodontal tissue DSCs that are of particular relevance for dental tissue and whole-tooth regeneration. CONCLUSION continued advances in the derivation of useable DSC populations and optimally designed scaffold materials unequivocally support the feasibility of dental tissue and whole-tooth tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-H Yen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University, Boston, Mass., USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yamanouchi H, Umezu T, Tomooka Y. Reconstruction of Oviduct and Demonstration of Epithelial Fate Determination in Mice1. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:528-33. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
23
|
Follistatin-like-1, a diffusible mesenchymal factor determines the fate of epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4601-6. [PMID: 20176958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909501107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchyme is generally believed to play critical roles in "secondary induction" during organogenesis. Because of the complexity of tissue interactions in secondary inductions, however, little is known about the precise mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels. We have demonstrated that, in mouse oviductal development, the mesenchyme determines the fate of undetermined epithelial cells to become secretory or cilial cells. We have established a model for studying secondary induction by establishing clonal epithelial and mesenchymal cell lines from perinatal p53(-/-) mouse oviducts. The signal sequence trap method collected candidate molecules secreted from mesenchymal cell lines. Naive epithelial cells exposed to Follistatin-like-1 (Fstl1), one of the candidates, became irreversibly committed to expressing a cilial epithelial marker and differentiated into ciliated cells. We concluded that Fstl1 is one of the mesenchymal factors determining oviductal epithelial cell fate. This is a unique demonstration that the determination of epithelial cell fate is induced by a single diffusible factor.
Collapse
|
24
|
Newly established cell lines from mouse oral epithelium regenerate teeth when combined with dental mesenchyme. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 46:457-68. [PMID: 20033791 PMCID: PMC2862945 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempted to examine whether clonal cell lines of the oral epithelium can differentiate into ameloblasts and regenerate tooth when combined with dental germ mesenchyme. Clonal cell lines with a distinct morphology were established from the oral epithelium of p53-deficient fetal mice at embryonic day 18 (E18). The strain of mouse is shown to be a useful source for establishing clonal and immortalized cell lines from various tissues and at various stages of development. Tooth morphogenesis is almost completed and the oral epithelium is segregated from the dental epithelium at E18. In RT-PCR analysis of cell lines, mucosal epithelial markers (cytokeratin 14) were detected, but ameloblast markers such as amelogenin and ameloblastin were not detected when cells were cultured on plastic dish. They formed stratified epithelia and expressed a specific differentiation marker (CK13) in the upper layer when cultured on feeder layer or on collagen gel for 1–3 wk, demonstrating that they are of oral mucosa origin. Next, bioengineered tooth germs were prepared with cell lines and fetal molar mesenchymal tissues and implanted under kidney capsule for 2–3 wk. Five among six cell lines regenerated calcified structures as seen in natural tooth. Our results indicate that some oral epithelial cells at E18 possess the capability to differentiate into ameloblasts. Furthermore, cell lines established in the present study are useful models to study processes in tooth organogenesis and tooth regeneration.
Collapse
|
25
|
Traphagen S, Yelick PC. Reclaiming a natural beauty: whole-organ engineering with natural extracellular materials. Regen Med 2009; 4:747-58. [PMID: 19761399 PMCID: PMC3021746 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to engineer whole organs as replacements for allografts and xenografts is an ongoing pursuit in regenerative medicine. While challenges remain, including systemic tissue integration with angiogenesis, lymphatiogenesis and neurogenesis, ongoing efforts are working to develop novel technologies to produce implantable engineered scaffolds and potentially engineered whole organs. Natural extracellular matrix materials, commonly utilized in vitro, are now being used as effective, natural, acellular allografts, and are being integrated into nanoscale scaffolds and matrices with programmable responsiveness. Based on the significant use of natural scaffolds for tissue regeneration and bioengineering strategies, this review focuses on recent and ongoing efforts to engineer whole organs, such as the tooth, featuring natural extracellular matrix molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Traphagen
- Tufts University, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pamela C Yelick
- Tufts University, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nakagawa E, Itoh T, Yoshie H, Satokata I. Odontogenic potential of post-natal oral mucosal epithelium. J Dent Res 2009; 88:219-23. [PMID: 19329453 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509333198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioengineered tooth would provide a powerful alternative to currently available clinical treatments. Previous experiments have succeeded in bioengineering teeth using tooth germs from animal embryos. However, the ultimate goal is to develop a technology which enables teeth to be regenerated with the use of autologous cells. To pursue this goal, we re-associated the palatal epithelium from young mice with the odontogenic dental mesenchyme and transplanted the re-associated tissues into mouse kidney capsules. Morphologically defined teeth were formed from the re-associated cultured palatal epithelial cell sheets from mice aged up to 4 wks, but no tooth was formed when the palatal epithelium from mice after 2 days of age was directly re-associated. Our results demonstrated that post-natal non-dental oral mucosal epithelium can be used as a substitute for dental epithelium, and that epithelial cell sheet improves the ability of the oral epithelium of older mice to differentiate into dental epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Nakagawa
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Arany S, Kawagoe M, Sugiyama T. Application of spontaneously immortalized odontoblast cells in tooth regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
28
|
Arany S, Koyota S, Sugiyama T. Nerve growth factor promotes differentiation of odontoblast-like cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:539-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
29
|
Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL. A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:226-43. [PMID: 19266065 PMCID: PMC2651620 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes. Over the course of 500,000,000 years of evolution, many of those structures migrated into the mouth cavity. In addition, the total number of teeth per dentition generally decreased and teeth morphological complexity increased. Teeth form mainly on the jaws within the mouth cavity through mutual, delicate interactions between dental epithelium and oral ectomesenchyme. These interactions involve spatially restricted expression of several, teeth-related genes and the secretion of various transcription and signaling factors. Congenital disturbances in tooth formation, acquired dental diseases and odontogenic tumors affect millions of people and rank human oral pathology as the second most frequent clinical problem. On the basis of substantial experimental evidence and advances in bioengineering, many scientists strongly believe that a deep knowledge of the evolutionary relationships and the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the morphogenesis of a given tooth in its natural position, in vivo, will be useful in the near future to prevent and treat teeth pathologies and malformations and for in vitro and in vivo teeth tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despina S Koussoulakou
- University of Athens, Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ikeda E, Tsuji T. Growing bioengineered teeth from single cells: potential for dental regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:735-44. [PMID: 18476785 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.6.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ultimate goal of regenerative therapy is to develop fully functioning bioengineered organs that can replace organs lost or damaged due to disease, injury or aging. Dental regenerative medicine has made the most progress and is the most useful model for the consideration of strategies in future organ replacement therapies. OBJECTIVE This review describes strategies that have been pursued to date and experiments currently being conducted to bioengineer teeth in anticipation of the production of fully functional organs. METHODS To realize the practical application of 'bioengineered tooth' transplantation therapy, four major hurdles must be overcome. The present status of the hurdles to this therapy are described and discussed in this review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The bioengineering techniques developed for tooth regeneration will in the future make substantial contributions to the ability to grow primordial organs in vitro and also to grow fully functioning organs, such as the liver, kidney and heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang GTJ, Sonoyama W, Liu Y, Liu H, Wang S, Shi S. The hidden treasure in apical papilla: the potential role in pulp/dentin regeneration and bioroot engineering. J Endod 2008; 34:645-51. [PMID: 18498881 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Some clinical case reports have shown that immature permanent teeth with periradicular periodontitis or abscess can undergo apexogenesis after conservative endodontic treatment. A call for a paradigm shift and new protocol for the clinical management of these cases has been brought to attention. Concomitantly, a new population of mesenchymal stem cells residing in the apical papilla of permanent immature teeth recently has been discovered and was termed stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP). These stem cells appear to be the source of odontoblasts that are responsible for the formation of root dentin. Conservation of these stem cells when treating immature teeth may allow continuous formation of the root to completion. This article reviews current findings on the isolation and characterization of these stem cells. The potential role of these stem cells in the following respects will be discussed: (1) their contribution in continued root maturation in endodontically treated immature teeth with periradicular periodontitis or abscess and (2) their potential utilization for pulp/dentin regeneration and bioroot engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George T-J Huang
- University of Maryland, College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Müller WEG, Boreiko A, Wang X, Krasko A, Geurtsen W, Custódio MR, Winkler T, Lukić-Bilela L, Link T, Schröder HC. Morphogenetic activity of silica and bio-silica on the expression of genes controlling biomineralization using SaOS-2 cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 81:382-93. [PMID: 17957327 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-007-9075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study (Schröder et al., J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 75:387-392, 2005) we demonstrated that human SaOS-2 cells, when cultivated on bio-silica matrices, respond with an increased hydroxyapatite deposition. In the present contribution we investigate if silica-based components (Na-silicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate [TEOS], silica-nanoparticles) (1) change the extent of biomineralization in vitro (SaOS-2 cells) and (2) cause an alteration of the expression of the genes amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin, which are characteristic for an early stage of osteogenesis. We demonstrate that the viability of SaOS-2 cells was not affected by the silica-based components. If Na-silicate or TEOS was added together with ss-glycerophosphate, an organic phosphate donor, a significant increase in biomineralization was measured. Finally, expression levels of the amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin genes were determined in SaOS-2 cells during exposure to the silica-based components. After exposure for 2 days, expression levels of amelogenin and enamelin strongly increased in response to the silica-based components, while no significant change was seen for ameloblastin. In contrast, exposure of SaOS-2 cells to ss-glycerophosphate resulted in increased expression of all three genes. We conclude that the levels of the structural molecules of the enamel matrix, amelogenin and enamelin, increase in the presence of silica-based components and substantially contribute to the extent of hydroxyapatite crystallite formation. These results demonstrate that silica-based components augment hydroxyapatite deposition in vitro and suggest that enzymatically synthesized bio-silica (via silicatein) might be a promising route for tooth reconstruction in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nakao K, Tsuji T. Tooth Regenerative Therapy, Approached from Organogenesis. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2007. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2007.p0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is expected to be a novel therapeutic system in this century [1-3]. The human body consists of 200 cell species generated from immature stem cells. In the 1990s, a treatment transplanting hematopoietic stem cells to replace all blood cells was established and successfully cured leukemia [4]. With this as a model, stem cell transplantation therapy is being developed to restore the partial loss of organ function [5, 6]. The ultimate goal of regenerative medicine is to replace loss or damaged organs with artificial organs, so-called organ replacement therapy. Technical development to produce “tissues” made of a single cell species modeled on skin, bone, heart muscle, and cornea is advancing, but little development of organs per se has been attempted. In the sections that follow, we discuss why and explain how we are trying with the problems of “tooth regeneration.”
Collapse
|
34
|
Yen AHH, Sharpe PT. Stem cells and tooth tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:359-72. [PMID: 17938970 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The notion that teeth contain stem cells is based on the well-known repairing ability of dentin after injury. Dental stem cells have been isolated according to their anatomical locations, colony-forming ability, expression of stem cell markers, and regeneration of pulp/dentin structures in vivo. These dental-derived stem cells are currently under increasing investigation as sources for tooth regeneration and repair. Further attempts with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells have demonstrated the possibility of creating teeth from non-dental stem cells by imitating embryonic development mechanisms. Although, as in tissue engineering of other organs, many challenges remain, stem-cell-based tissue engineering of teeth could be a choice for the replacement of missing teeth in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H-H Yen
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, Kings College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|