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Mușat MG, Nițulescu GM, Surleac M, Tsatsakis A, Spandidos DA, Margină D. HIV‑1 integrase inhibitors targeting various DDE transposases: Retroviral integration versus RAG‑mediated recombination (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4749-4762. [PMID: 31702817 PMCID: PMC6854553 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposases are ubiquitous mobile genetic elements responsible for genome development, driving rearrangements, such as insertions, deletions and translocations. Across species evolution, some transposases are tamed by their host and are made part of complex cellular systems. The proliferation of retroviruses is also dependent on transposase related enzymes termed integrases. Recombination‑activating gene protein (RAG)1 and metnase are just two examples of transposase domestication and together with retroviral integrases (INs), they belong to the DDE polynucleotidyl transferases superfamily. They share mechanistic and structural features linked to the RNase H‑like fold, harboring a DDE(D) metal dependent catalytic motif. Recent antiretroviral compounds target the catalytic domain of integrase, but they also have the potential of inhibiting other related enzymes. In this review, we report the activity of different classes of integrase inhibitors on various DDE transposases. Computational simulations are useful to predict the extent of off‑target activity and have been employed to study the interactions between RAG1 recombinase and compounds from three different pharmacologic classes. We demonstrate that strand‑transfer inhibitors display a higher affinity towards the RAG1 RNase H domain, as suggested by experimental data compared to allosteric inhibitors. While interference with RAG1 and 2 recombination is associated with a negative impact on immune function, the inhibition of metnase or HTLV‑1 integrase opens the way for the development of novel therapies for refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Georgiana Mușat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Mihai Nițulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Surleac
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Matei Bals’, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Denisa Margină
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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Recent advances in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO338. [PMID: 30416746 PMCID: PMC6222271 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS caused by the infection of HIV is a prevalent problem today. Rapid development of drug resistance to existing drug classes has called for the discovery of new targets. Within the three major enzymes (i.e., HIV-1 protease, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1 integrase [IN]) of the viral replication cycle, HIV-1 IN has been of particular interest due to the absence of human cellular homolog. HIV-1 IN catalyzes the integration of viral genetic material with the host genome, a key step in the viral replication process. Several novel classes of HIV IN inhibitors have been explored by targeting different sites on the enzyme. This review strives to provide readers with updates on the recent developments of HIV-1 IN inhibitors. AIDS is an epidemic disease that endangers the lives of millions of people across the world. The AIDS virus, also known as HIV, has developed resistance to the majority of available drugs on the market, thus requiring the need for new drugs. HIV integrase is one of the key viral enzymes required for viral cell proliferation. Since there is no similar enzyme in the human body, major emphasis is being made to develop therapeutics for this novel target. The drugs that are at various stages of development for this target are reviewed here.
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Ciubotaru M, Musat MG, Surleac M, Ionita E, Petrescu AJ, Abele E, Abele R. The Design of New HIV-IN Tethered Bifunctional Inhibitors Using Multiple Microdomain Targeted Docking. Curr Med Chem 2018; 26:2574-2600. [PMID: 29623824 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180406114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, used antiretroviral HIV therapy drugs exclusively target critical groups in the enzymes essential for the viral life cycle. Increased mutagenesis of their genes changes these viral enzymes, which once mutated can evade therapeutic targeting, effects which confer drug resistance. To circumvent this, our review addresses a strategy to design and derive HIV-Integrase (HIV-IN) inhibitors which simultaneously target two IN functional domains, rendering it inactive even if the enzyme accumulates many mutations. First we review the enzymatic role of IN to insert the copied viral DNA into a chromosome of the host T lymphocyte, highlighting its main functional and structural features to be subjected to inhibitory action. From a functional and structural perspective we present all classes of HIV-IN inhibitors with their most representative candidates. For each chosen compound we also explain its mechanism of IN inhibition. We use the recently resolved cryo EM IN tetramer intasome DNA complex onto which we dock various reference IN inhibitory chemical scaffolds such as to target adjacent functional IN domains. Pairing compounds with complementary activity, which dock in the vicinity of a IN structural microdomain, we design bifunctional new drugs which may not only be more resilient to IN mutations but also may be more potent inhibitors than their original counterparts. In the end of our review we propose synthesis pathways to link such paired compounds with enhanced synergistic IN inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Ciubotaru
- Department of Immunology, Colentina Clinical Hospital Research Center, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Life and Environmental Physics, National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihaela Georgiana Musat
- Department of Immunology, Colentina Clinical Hospital Research Center, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Surleac
- Department of Bio-informatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Ionita
- Department of Immunology, Colentina Clinical Hospital Research Center, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Life and Environmental Physics, National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Andrei Jose Petrescu
- Department of Bio-informatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Edgars Abele
- Modern Catalysis Method Mihai Ciubotaru group, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ramona Abele
- Modern Catalysis Method Mihai Ciubotaru group, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
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Panwar U, Singh SK. Structure-based virtual screening toward the discovery of novel inhibitors for impeding the protein-protein interaction between HIV-1 integrase and human lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3199-3217. [PMID: 28948865 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1384400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase is a unique promising component of the viral replication cycle, catalyzing the integration of reverse transcribed viral cDNA into the host cell genome. Generally, IN activity requires both viral as well as a cellular co-factor in the processing replication cycle. Among them, the human lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) represented as promising cellular co-factor which supports the viral replication by tethering IN to the chromatin. Due to its major importance in the early steps of HIV replication, the interaction between IN and LEDGF/p75 has become a pleasing target for anti-HIV drug discovery. The present study involves the finding of novel inhibitor based on the information of dimeric CCD of IN in complex with known inhibitor, which were carried out by applying a structure-based virtual screening concept with molecular docking. Additionally, Free binding energy, ADME properties, PAINS analysis, Density Functional Theory, and Enrichment Calculations were performed on selected compounds for getting a best lead molecule. On the basis of these analyses, the current study proposes top 3 compounds: Enamine-Z742267384, Maybridge-HTS02400, and Specs-AE-848/37125099 with acceptable pharmacological properties and enhanced binding affinity to inhibit the interaction between IN and LEDGF/p75. Furthermore, Simulation studies were carried out on these molecules to expose their dynamics behavior and stability. We expect that the findings obtained here could be future therapeutic agents and may provide an outline for the experimental studies to stimulate the innovative strategy for research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Panwar
- a Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi 630004 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- a Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi 630004 , Tamil Nadu , India
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Wang Y, Lin HQ, Wang P, Hu JS, Ip TM, Yang LM, Zheng YT, Chi-Cheong Wan D. Discovery of a Novel HIV-1 Integrase/p75 Interacting Inhibitor by Docking Screening, Biochemical Assay, and in Vitro Studies. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:2336-2343. [PMID: 28837332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction between lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) and HIV-1 integrase becomes an attractive target for anti-HIV drug development. The blockade of this interaction by small molecules could potentially inhibit HIV-1 replication. These small molecules are termed as LEDGINs; and several newly identified LEDGINs have been reported to significantly reduce HIV-1 replication. Through this project, we have finished the docking screening of the Maybridge database against the p75 binding site of HIV-1 integrase using both DOCK and Autodock Vina software. Finally, we have successfully identified a novel scaffold LEDGINs inhibitor DW-D-5. Its antiviral activities and anticatalytic activity of HIV-1 integrase are similar to other LEDGINs under development. We demonstrated that the combination of DW-D-5 and FDA approved anti-HIV drugs resulted in additive inhibitory effects on HIV-1 replication, indicating that DW-D-5 could be an important component of combination pills for clinic use in HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huang-Quan Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Diseases Mechanisms of Yunnan, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jian-Shu Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Ming Ip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Diseases Mechanisms of Yunnan, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Diseases Mechanisms of Yunnan, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - David Chi-Cheong Wan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Voter AF, Keck JL. Development of Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 111:197-222. [PMID: 29459032 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors are a rapidly expanding class of therapeutics. Recent advances in our understanding of PPIs and success of early examples of PPI inhibitors demonstrate the feasibility of targeting PPIs. This review summarizes the techniques used for the discovery and optimization of a diverse set PPI inhibitors, focusing on the development of PPI inhibitors as new antibacterial and antiviral agents. We close with a summary of the advances responsible for making PPI inhibitors realistic targets for therapeutic intervention and brief outlook of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Voter
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - James L Keck
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States.
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7
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Dawei Z, Hongqiu H, Mengmeng L, Zhixia M, Shunxing G. A Novel Assay for Screening Inhibitors Targeting HIV Integrase LEDGF/p75 Interaction Based on Ni(2+) Coated Magnetic Agarose Beads. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33477. [PMID: 27633629 PMCID: PMC5025856 DOI: 10.1038/srep33477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) plays an essential role in viral replication and thus serves as an important target for chemotherapeutic intervention against HIV-1 infection. However, the current three clinical IN inhibitors, raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir share the same inhibitory mechanism, resulting in a common clinical resistance profile which have emerged in infected patients receiving treatment. Therefore, it is important to develop small molecule inhibitors that impair IN function with distinct mechanisms of action. In this work, a magnetic-beads based biochemical assay targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between HIV IN and the cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 was developed for identification of HIV-1 IN inhibitors. Furthermore, a library containing 1000 US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs currently used for human medication was screened to identify inhibitors targeting the PPI. The assay was proved to be quite robust and with the novel assay we successfully identified dexlansoprazole (IC50 of 4.8 μM), a FDA-approved proton pump inhibitor, as a potential inhibitor for the PPI between IN and LEDGF/p75, which bound to the LEDGF/p75 partner with a kinetic dissociation (Kd) constant of 330 nM ± 2.6 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Dawei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - He Hongqiu
- Chongqing Center for Biomedicines and Medical Equipment, Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Liu Mengmeng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Meng Zhixia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo Shunxing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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8
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Novel near-infrared BiFC systems from a bacterial phytochrome for imaging protein interactions and drug evaluation under physiological conditions. Biomaterials 2015; 48:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Host factors for retroviral integration site selection. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 40:108-16. [PMID: 25555456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To achieve productive infection, retroviruses such as HIV stably integrate their reverse transcribed RNA genome into a host chromosome. Each retroviral family preferentially integrates near a unique subset of genomic features. HIV integrase (IN) is targeted to the body of active transcription units through interaction with lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75). We describe the successful effort to develop inhibitors of the interaction between IN and LEDGF/p75, referred to as LEDGINs. Gammaretroviruses display a distinct integration pattern. Recently, BET (bromo- and extraterminal domain) proteins were identified as the LEDGF/p75 counterparts that target the integration of gammaretroviruses. The identification of the chromatin-readers LEDGF/p75 and BET as cellular cofactors that orchestrate lentiviral or gammaretroviral integration opens new avenues to developing safer viral vectors for gene therapy.
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10
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Zhang X, Huang SZ, Gu WG, Yang LM, Chen H, Zheng CB, Zhao YX, Wan DCC, Zheng YT. Wikstroelide M potently inhibits HIV replication by targeting reverse transcriptase and integrase nuclear translocation. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:186-93. [PMID: 24702804 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the anti-HIV activity and mechanism of action of wikstroelide M, a daphnane diterpene from Daphne acutiloba Rehder (Thymelaeaceae). METHODS The anti-HIV activities of wikstroelide M against different HIV strains were evaluated by cytopathic effect assay and p24 quantification assay with ELISA. The inhibitory effect of wikstroelide M on HIV reverse transcription was analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. The effect of wikstroelide M on HIV-1 integrase nuclear translocation was observed with a cell-based imaging assay. The effect of wikstroelide M on LEDGF/p75-IN interaction was assayed by molecular docking. RESULTS Wikstroelide M potently inhibited different HIV-1 strains, including HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1A17, and HIV-19495, induced a cytopathic effect, with EC50 values ranging from 3.81 to 15.65 ng·mL⁻¹. Wikstroelide M also had high inhibitory activities against HIV-2ROD and HIV-2CBL-20-induced cytopathic effects with EC50 values of 18.88 and 31.90 ng·mL⁻¹. The inhibitory activities of wikstroelide M on the three HIV-1 strains were further confirmed by p24 quantification assay, with EC50 values ranging from 15.16 to 35.57 ng·mL⁻¹. Wikstroelide M also potently inhibited HIV-1IIIB induced cytolysis in MT-4 cells, with an EC50 value of 9.60 ng·mL⁻¹. The mechanistic assay showed that wikstroelide M targeted HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and nuclear translocation of integrase through disrupting the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75. CONCLUSION Wikstroelide M may be a potent HIV-1 and HIV-2 inhibitor, the mechanisms of action may include inhibition of reverse trascriptase activity and inhibition of integrase nuclear translocation through disrupting the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Sheng-Zhuo Huang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wan-Gang Gu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Chang-Bo Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - You-Xing Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - David Chi-Cheong Wan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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11
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Gu WG, Liu BN, Yuan JF. Virtual-screening targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 integrase-lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75 interaction for drug development. J Drug Target 2014; 23:134-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.959020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Desimmie BA, Demeulemeester J, Christ F, Debyser Z. Rational design of LEDGINs as first allosteric integrase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e517-22. [PMID: 24451643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) and HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an attractive target for antiviral development because its inhibition blocks HIV replication. Developing novel small molecules that disrupt the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction constitutes a promising new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HIV. Here we will highlight recent advances in the design and development of small-molecule inhibitors binding to the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket of IN, referred to as LEDGINs.
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13
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Gu WG, Zhang X, Ip DTM, Yang LM, Zheng YT, Wan DCC. Discovery of a novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitor from natural compounds through structure based virtual screening and cell imaging. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3461-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kang D, Song Y, Chen W, Zhan P, Liu X. “Old Dogs with New Tricks”: exploiting alternative mechanisms of action and new drug design strategies for clinically validated HIV targets. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1998-2022. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Veselovsky AV, Zharkova MS, Poroikov VV, Nicklaus MC. Computer-aided design and discovery of protein-protein interaction inhibitors as agents for anti-HIV therapy. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 25:457-471. [PMID: 24716798 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.898689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) are involved in most of the essential processes that occur in organisms. In recent years, PPI have become the object of increasing attention in drug discovery, particularly for anti-HIV drugs. Although the use of combinations of existing drugs, termed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has revolutionized the treatment of HIV/AIDS, problems with these agents, such as the rapid emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 mutants and serious adverse effects, have highlighted the need for further discovery of new drugs and new targets. Numerous investigations have shown that PPI play a key role in the virus's life cycle and that blocking or modulating them has a significant therapeutic potential. Here we summarize the recent progress in computer-aided design of PPI inhibitors, mainly focusing on the selection of the drug targets (HIV enzymes and virus entry machinery) and the utilization of peptides and small molecules to prevent a variety of protein-protein interactions (viral-viral or viral-host) that play a vital role in the progression of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Veselovsky
- a Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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1,4-Bis(5-(naphthalen-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)naphthalene, a small molecule, functions as a novel anti-HIV-1 inhibitor targeting the interaction between integrase and cellular Lens epithelium-derived growth factor. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 213:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Demeulemeester J, Chaltin P, Marchand A, De Maeyer M, Debyser Z, Christ F. LEDGINs, non-catalytic site inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase: a patent review (2006 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:609-32. [PMID: 24666332 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.898753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integration of the viral genome into the host cell chromatin is a central step in the replication cycle of the HIV. Blocking the viral integrase (IN) enzyme therefore provides an attractive therapeutic strategy, as evidenced by the recent clinical approval of three IN strand transfer inhibitors. Viral resistance and cross-resistance among these inhibitors, however, warrant the search for compounds targeting HIV integration through alternative mechanisms of action. AREAS COVERED The most potent class of allosteric IN inhibitors was independently identified at the University of Leuven, Belgium, and at Boehringer Ingelheim, Canada. These compounds, coined LEDGINs (after the lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75 cofactor binding pocket on IN) or non-catalytic site IN inhibitors (NCINIs) by the respective groups, have shown remarkable antiviral activity. This review provides a brief introduction to the compound class and discusses the recent patent literature (2006 to the present). EXPERT OPINION LEDGINs are still early in development. Trials with clinical candidate BI-224436 were put on hold despite promising results. Literature, however, reveals that almost all major pharmaceutical companies active in the treatment of HIV/AIDS have taken a significant interest in this class. As a result, several of these inhibitors may soon enter clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Demeulemeester
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry , Leuven , Belgium
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18
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Xue W, Liu H, Yao X. Molecular modeling study on the allosteric inhibition mechanism of HIV-1 integrase by LEDGF/p75 binding site inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90799. [PMID: 24599328 PMCID: PMC3944435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is essential for the integration of viral DNA into the host genome and an attractive therapeutic target for developing antiretroviral inhibitors. LEDGINs are a class of allosteric inhibitors targeting LEDGF/p75 binding site of HIV-1 IN. Yet, the detailed binding mode and allosteric inhibition mechanism of LEDGINs to HIV-1 IN is only partially understood, which hinders the structure-based design of more potent anti-HIV agents. A molecular modeling study combining molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energy calculation were performed to investigate the interaction details of HIV-1 IN catalytic core domain (CCD) with two recently discovered LEDGINs BI-1001 and CX14442, as well as the LEDGF/p75 protein. Simulation results demonstrated the hydrophobic domain of BI-1001 and CX14442 engages one subunit of HIV-1 IN CCD dimer through hydrophobic interactions, and the hydrophilic group forms hydrogen bonds with HIV-1 IN CCD residues from other subunit. CX14442 has a larger tert-butyl group than the methyl of BI-1001, and forms better interactions with the highly hydrophobic binding pocket of HIV-1 IN CCD dimer interface, which can explain the stronger affinity of CX14442 than BI-1001. Analysis of the binding mode of LEDGF/p75 with HIV-1 IN CCD reveals that the LEDGF/p75 integrase binding domain residues Ile365, Asp366, Phe406 and Val408 have significant contributions to the binding of the LEDGF/p75 to HIV1-IN. Remarkably, we found that binding of BI-1001 and CX14442 to HIV-1 IN CCD induced the structural rearrangements of the 140 s loop and oration displacements of the side chains of the three conserved catalytic residues Asp64, Asp116, and Glu152 located at the active site. These results we obtained will be valuable not only for understanding the allosteric inhibition mechanism of LEDGINs but also for the rational design of allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 IN targeting LEDGF/p75 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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19
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Abstract
HIV integrase (IN) catalyzes the insertion into the genome of the infected human cell of viral DNA produced by the retrotranscription process. The discovery of raltegravir validated the existence of the IN, which is a new target in the field of anti-HIV drug research. The mechanism of catalysis of IN is depicted, and the characteristics of the inhibitors of the catalytic site of this viral enzyme are reported. The role played by the resistance is elucidated, as well as the possibility of bypassing this problem. New approaches to block the integration process are depicted as future perspectives, such as development of allosteric IN inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting both IN and other enzymes, inhibitors of enzymes that activate IN, activators of IN activity, as well as a gene therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e
Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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20
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Debyser Z, Desimmie BA, Taltynov O, Demeulemeester J, Christ F. Validation of host factors of HIV integration as novel drug targets for anti-HIV therapy. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00302g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After identification and validation, viral protein/cellular co-factor interactions such as the HIV integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction represent novel targets for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Belete A. Desimmie
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Oliver Taltynov
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
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21
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Reddy KK, Singh P, Singh SK. Blocking the interaction between HIV-1 integrase and human LEDGF/p75: mutational studies, virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:526-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Morchikh M, Naughtin M, Di Nunzio F, Xavier J, Charneau P, Jacob Y, Lavigne M. TOX4 and NOVA1 proteins are partners of the LEDGF PWWP domain and affect HIV-1 replication. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81217. [PMID: 24312278 PMCID: PMC3842248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PWWP domains are involved in the chromatin attachment of several proteins. They bind to both DNA and proteins and their interaction with specific histone methylation marks define them as a new class of histone code readers. The lens epithelium derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) contains an N-terminal PWWP domain necessary for its interaction with chromatin but also a C-terminal domain which interacts with several proteins, such as lentiviral integrases. These two domains confer a chromatin-tethering function to LEDGF/p75 and in the case of lentiviral integrases, this tethering participates in the efficiency and site selectivity of integration. Although proteins interacting with LEDGF/p75 C-terminal domain have been extensively studied, no data exist about partners of its PWWP domain regulating its interaction with chromatin. In this study, we report the identification by yeast-two-hybrid of thirteen potential partners of the LEDGF PWWP domain. Five of these interactions were confirmed in mammalian cells, using both a protein complementation assay and co-immunoprecipitation approaches. Three of these partners interact with full length LEDGF/p75, they are specific for PWWP domains of the HDGF family and they require PWWP amino acids essential for the interaction with chromatin. Among them, the transcription activator TOX4 and the splicing cofactor NOVA1 were selected for a more extensive study. These two proteins or their PWWP interacting regions (PIR) colocalize with LEDGF/p75 in Hela cells and interact in vitro in the presence of DNA. Finally, single round VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 but not MLV infection is inhibited in cells overexpressing these two PIRs. The observed inhibition of infection can be attributed to a defect in the integration step. Our data suggest that a regulation of LEDGF interaction with chromatin by cellular partners of its PWWP domain could be involved in several processes linked to LEDGF tethering properties, such as lentiviral integration, DNA repair or transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Morchikh
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de recherche associée, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Monica Naughtin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Francesca Di Nunzio
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Johan Xavier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marc Lavigne
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de recherche associée, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
Integrase (IN) is required for lentivirus replication and is a proven drug target for the prevention of AIDS in HIV-1-infected patients. While clinical strand transfer inhibitors disarm the IN active site, allosteric inhibition of enzyme activity through the disruption of IN-IN protein interfaces holds great therapeutic potential. A promising class of allosteric IN inhibitors (ALLINIs), 2-(quinolin-3-yl) acetic acid derivatives, engage the IN catalytic core domain dimerisation interface at the binding site for the host integration co-factor LEDGF/p75. ALLINIs promote IN multimerisation and, independent of LEDGF/p75 protein, block the formation of the active IN-DNA complex, as well as inhibit the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction in vitro. Yet, rather unexpectedly, the full inhibitory effect of these compounds is exerted during the late phase of HIV-1 replication. ALLINIs impair particle core maturation as well as reverse transcription and integration during the subsequent round of virus infection. Recapitulating the pleiotropic phenotypes observed with numerous IN mutant viruses, ALLINIs provide insight into underlying aspects of IN biology that extend beyond its catalytic activity. Therefore, in addition to the potential to expand our repertoire of HIV-1 antiretrovirals, ALLINIs afford important structural probes to dissect the multifaceted nature of the IN protein throughout the course of HIV-1 replication.
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Serrao E, Xu ZL, Debnath B, Christ F, Debyser Z, Long YQ, Neamati N. Discovery of a novel 5-carbonyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide class of inhibitors of the HIV-1 integrase–LEDGF/p75 interaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5963-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Cavalluzzo C, Christ F, Voet A, Sharma A, Singh BK, Zhang KY, Lescrinier E, De Maeyer M, Debyser Z, Van der Eycken E. Identification of small peptides inhibiting the integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction through targeting the cellular co-factor. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:651-8. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cavalluzzo
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- DestiNA Genomics Ltd; West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3JJ UK
| | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Medicine; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory for Biomolecular modeling; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200G B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Zhang Initiative Research Unit; Advanced Science Institute; RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ajendra Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Brajendra Kumar Singh
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi 110 007 India
| | - Kam Y.J. Zhang
- Zhang Initiative Research Unit; Advanced Science Institute; RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; University of Leuven (KU Leuven); Minderbroedersstraat 10 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Marc De Maeyer
- Laboratory for Biomolecular modeling; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200G B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Medicine; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Erik Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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26
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De Luca L, Morreale F, Christ F, Debyser Z, Ferro S, Gitto R. New scaffolds of natural origin as Integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction inhibitors: virtual screening and activity assays. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:405-11. [PMID: 23994868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The disruption of crucial interactions between HIV-1 Integrase and cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 represents an emerging approach for the design and development of new antiretroviral agents. In this study we report the successful application of a structure-based virtual screening strategy for the discovery of natural hit structures able to inhibit Integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction. The application of sequential filters (drug-likeness, 3D-pharmacophore mapping, docking, molecular dynamics simulations) yielded a hit list of compounds, out of which 9 were tested in the in vitro AlphaScreen assays and 8 exhibited a detectable inhibition of the interaction between the two proteins. The best inhibitors belong to different chemical classes and could be represent a good starting point for further optimization and structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
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27
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Christ F, Debyser Z. The LEDGF/p75 integrase interaction, a novel target for anti-HIV therapy. Virology 2013; 435:102-9. [PMID: 23217620 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To accomplish their viral life cycle, lentiviruses such as HIV highjack host proteins, the so-called cellular co-factors of replication. Lens Epithelium-derived Growth factor (LEDGF/p75), a transcriptional co-activator, is a co-factor of HIV-integrase (IN) and is required for the tethering and correct integration of the viral genome into the host chromatin. Due to its important role in HIV-replication the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction is an attractive antiviral novel target for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Intensive drug discovery efforts over the past years have validated the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction as a drugable target for antiviral therapy and have resulted in the design and synthesis of LEDGINs, small molecule inhibitors binding to the dimer interface of HIV-integrase and inhibiting viral replication with a dual mechanism of action: potent inhibition of the LEDGF/p75-IN protein-protein interaction and allosteric inhibition of the catalytic function. Furthermore they inhibit both early and late steps of the replication cycle which increases their potential for further clinical development. In this review we will highlight the research validating the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction as a target for anti-HIV drug discovery and the recent advances in the design and development of LEDGINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Division of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Huang HJ, Jian YR, Chen CYC. Traditional Chinese medicine application in HIV: an in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 32:1-12. [PMID: 23252879 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.745168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) requires integration of viral DNA with host DNA which involves the binding of HIV integrase (IN) with its co-factor lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75). Since disrupted binding of IN with LEDGF/p75 inhibits proliferation of HIV, inhibition or denaturation of IN is a possible method for inhibiting HIV replication. D77 is a known drug with demonstrated inhibition against HIV by binding to IN. Herein, we utilized D77 as a control to screen for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds that exhibit similar atomic-level characteristics. 9-Hydroxy-(10E)-octadecenoic acid and Beauveriolide I were found to have higher Dock Scores to IN than D77 through virtual screening. Multiple linear regression (R2 = 0.9790) and support vector machine (R2 = 0.9114) models consistently predicted potential bioactivity of the TCM candidates against IN. The 40 ns molecular dynamics simulation showed that the TCM compounds fulfilled the drug-like criteria of forming stable complexes with IN. Atomic-level investigations revealed that 9-hydroxy-(10E)-octadecenoic acid bound to an important residue A:Lys173, and Beauveriolide I formed stable interactions with the core LEDGF binding site and with Asn256 of the IN binding site on LEDGF. The TCM candidates also initiated loss of α-helices that could affect the functionality of IN. Taken together, the ability of 9-hydroxy-(10E)-octadecenoic acid and Beauveriolide I to (1) form stable interactions affecting IN-LEDGF binding and (2) have predicted bioactivity against IN suggests that the TCM candidates might be potential starting structures for developing compounds that may disrupt IN-LEDGF binding. An animated interactive 3D complement (I3DC) is available in Proteopedia at http://proteopedia.org/w/Journal:JBSD:40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jin Huang
- a Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources , China Medical University , Taichung , 40402 , Taiwan
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29
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Hu G, Li X, Li Y, Sun X, Liu G, Li W, Huang J, Shen X, Tang Y. Inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase-Human LEDGF/p75 Interaction Identified from Natural Products via Virtual Screening. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Hu G, Li X, Zhang X, Li Y, Ma L, Yang LM, Liu G, Li W, Huang J, Shen X, Hu L, Zheng YT, Tang Y. Discovery of inhibitors to block interactions of HIV-1 integrase with human LEDGF/p75 via structure-based virtual screening and bioassays. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10108-17. [PMID: 23046280 DOI: 10.1021/jm301226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to identify inhibitors that bind at the interface of HIV-1 integrase (IN) and human LEDGF/p75, which represents a novel target for anti-HIV therapy. To date, only a few such inhibitors have been reported. Here structure-based virtual screening was performed to search for the inhibitors from an in-house library of natural products and their derivatives. Among the 38 compounds selected by our strategy, 18 hits were discovered. The two most potent inhibitors showed IC(50) values at 0.32 and 0.26 μM, respectively. Three compounds were subsequently selected for anti-HIV assays, among which (E)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (NPD170) showed the highest antiviral activity (EC(50) = 1.81 μM). The antiviral mechanism of these compounds was further explored, and the results validated that the compounds interrupted the binding of transfected IN to endogenous LEDGF/p75. These findings could be helpful for anti-HIV drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Cellular cofactors of lentiviral integrase: from target validation to drug discovery. Mol Biol Int 2012; 2012:863405. [PMID: 22928108 PMCID: PMC3420096 DOI: 10.1155/2012/863405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To accomplish their life cycle, lentiviruses make use of host proteins, the so-called cellular cofactors. Interactions between host cell and viral proteins during early stages of lentiviral infection provide attractive new antiviral targets. The insertion of lentiviral cDNA in a host cell chromosome is a step of no return in the replication cycle, after which the host cell becomes a permanent carrier of the viral genome and a producer of lentiviral progeny. Integration is carried out by integrase (IN), an enzyme playing also an important role during nuclear import. Plenty of cellular cofactors of HIV-1 IN have been proposed. To date, the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is the best studied cofactor of HIV-1 IN. Moreover, small molecules that block the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction have recently been developed for the treatment of HIV infection. The nuclear import factor transportin-SR2 (TRN-SR2) has been proposed as another interactor of HIV IN-mediating nuclear import of the virus. Using both proteins as examples, we will describe approaches to be taken to identify and validate novel cofactors as new antiviral targets. Finally, we will highlight recent advances in the design and the development of small-molecule inhibitors binding to the LEDGF/p75-binding pocket in IN (LEDGINs).
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32
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Maes M, Loyter A, Friedler A. Peptides that inhibit HIV-1 integrase by blocking its protein-protein interactions. FEBS J 2012; 279:2795-809. [PMID: 22742518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is one of the key enzymes in the viral replication cycle. It mediates the integration of viral cDNA into the host cell genome. IN activity requires interactions with several viral and cellular proteins, as well as IN oligomerization. Inhibition of IN is an important target for the development of anti-HIV therapies, but there is currently only one anti-HIV drug used in the clinic that targets IN. Several other small-molecule anti-IN drug leads are either undergoing clinical trials or in earlier stages of development. These molecules specifically inhibit one of the IN-mediated reactions necessary for successful integration. However, small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions are difficult to develop. In this review, we focus on peptides that inhibit IN. Peptides have advantages over small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions: they can mimic the structures of the binding domains within proteins, and are large enough to competitively inhibit protein-protein interactions. The development of peptides that bind IN and inhibit its protein-protein interactions will increase our understanding of the IN mode of action, and lead to the development of new drug leads, such as small molecules derived from these peptides, for better anti-HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Maes
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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33
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Identification of old drugs as potential inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase – human LEDGF/p75 interaction via molecular docking. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4995-5003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Potent anti-HIV activities and mechanisms of action of a pine cone extract from Pinus yunnanensis. Molecules 2012; 17:6916-29. [PMID: 22728366 PMCID: PMC6268540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-HIV activities of a pine cone extract (YNS-PY-F) from Pinus yunnanensis have been evaluated, and its mechanisms of action were also explored. The pine cone extract, YNS-PY-F, potently inhibited HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1RF, HIV-1A17, HIV-1AO18 and HIV-2ROD and induced cytopathic effect in C8166 cells with EC50 values of 0.96 μg/mL, 1.53 μg/mL, 0.88 μg/mL, 7.20 μg/mL and 6.17 μg/mL, respectively. The quantification of a p24 production assay showed that YNS-PY-F significantly inhibited the acute replication of HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1RF, HIV-1A17 and HIV-1AO18 in C8166 cells. An MTT assay showed that YNS-PY-F also significantly inhibited the HIV-1IIIB induced cytolysis in MT-4 cells with an EC50 value of 2.22 μg/mL. The mechanism assays showed that YNS-PY-F had potent inhibitory effects on the fusion between infected cells and uninfected cells, and the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, with EC50 values of 7.60 μg/mL and 4.60 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, these data suggest that the pine cone extract from Pinus yunnanensis has potent inhibitory activities against HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1RF, RT inhibitor-resistant strains HIV-1A17 and HIV-1AO18, and HIV-2ROD, and its anti-HIV mechanisms include inhibition of HIV entry and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.
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Mohammadi H, Bienzle D. Pharmacological inhibition of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Viruses 2012; 4:708-24. [PMID: 22754645 PMCID: PMC3386625 DOI: 10.3390/v4050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a member of the retroviridae family of viruses and causes an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in domestic and non-domestic cats worldwide. Genome organization of FIV and clinical characteristics of the disease caused by the virus are similar to those of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both viruses infect T lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages, and their replication cycle in infected cells is analogous. Due to marked similarity in genomic organization, virus structure, virus replication and disease pathogenesis of FIV and HIV, infection of cats with FIV is a useful tool to study and develop novel drugs and vaccines for HIV. Anti-retroviral drugs studied extensively in HIV infection have targeted different steps of the virus replication cycle: (1) inhibition of virus entry into susceptible cells at the level of attachment to host cell surface receptors and co-receptors; (2) inhibition of fusion of the virus membrane with the cell membrane; (3) blockade of reverse transcription of viral genomic RNA; (4) interruption of nuclear translocation and viral DNA integration into host genomes; (5) prevention of viral transcript processing and nuclear export; and (6) inhibition of virion assembly and maturation. Despite much success of anti-retroviral therapy slowing disease progression in people, similar therapy has not been thoroughly investigated in cats. In this article we review current pharmacological approaches and novel targets for anti-lentiviral therapy, and critically assess potentially suitable applications against FIV infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Tsiang M, Jones GS, Niedziela-Majka A, Kan E, Lansdon EB, Huang W, Hung M, Samuel D, Novikov N, Xu Y, Mitchell M, Guo H, Babaoglu K, Liu X, Geleziunas R, Sakowicz R. New class of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors with a dual mode of action. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21189-203. [PMID: 22535962 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.347534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
tert-Butoxy-(4-phenyl-quinolin-3-yl)-acetic acids (tBPQA) are a new class of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors that are structurally distinct from IN strand transfer inhibitors but analogous to LEDGINs. LEDGINs are a class of potent antiviral compounds that interacts with the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) binding pocket on IN and were identified through competition binding against LEDGF. LEDGF tethers IN to the host chromatin and enables targeted integration of viral DNA. The prevailing understanding of the antiviral mechanism of LEDGINs is that they inhibit LEDGF binding to IN, which prevents targeted integration of HIV-1. We showed that in addition to the properties already known for LEDGINs, the binding of tBPQAs to the IN dimer interface inhibits IN enzymatic activity in a LEDGF-independent manner. Using the analysis of two long terminal repeat junctions in HIV-infected cells, we showed that the inhibition by tBPQAs occurs at or prior to the viral DNA 3'-processing step. Biochemical studies revealed that this inhibition operates by compound-induced conformational changes in the IN dimer that prevent proper assembly of IN onto viral DNA. For the first time, tBPQAs were demonstrated to be allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 IN displaying a dual mode of action: inhibition of IN-viral DNA assembly and inhibition of IN-LEDGF interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tsiang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California 94404, USA.
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Cavalluzzo C, Voet A, Christ F, Singh BK, Sharma A, Debyser Z, Maeyer MD, Eycken EVD. De novo design of small molecule inhibitors targeting the LEDGF/p75-HIVintegrase interaction. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Cao B, Wang Y, Ding K, Neamati N, Long YQ. Synthesis of the pyridinyl analogues of dibenzylideneacetone (pyr-dba) via an improved Claisen-Schmidt condensation, displaying diverse biological activities as curcumin analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:1239-45. [PMID: 22179573 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06773g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and easy procedure to synthesize the pyridinyl analogues of dibenzylideneacetone (pyr-dba) was developed by the condensation of substituted nicotinaldehyde and acetone in the presence of K(2)CO(3) in toluene-EtOH-H(2)O solvent system. Structurally diverse pyr-dba, including quinolinyl dba, can be prepared conveniently in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions with this method. The resulting pyr-dba functioned as the enone analogs of curcumin and efficiently inhibited the activation of NF-κB and the growth of colorectal carcinoma HCT116 p53+/+ cells as well as the HIV-1 IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Li P, Tan JJ, Liu M, Zhang XY, Chen WZ, Wang CX. Insight into the Inhibitory Mechanism and Binding Mode Between D77 and HIV-1 Integrase by Molecular Modeling Methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2011; 29:311-23. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2011.10507387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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41
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Fan X, Zhang FH, Al-Safi RI, Zeng LF, Shabaik Y, Debnath B, Sanchez TW, Odde S, Neamati N, Long YQ. Design of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors targeting the catalytic domain as well as its interaction with LEDGF/p75: a scaffold hopping approach using salicylate and catechol groups. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4935-52. [PMID: 21778063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a validated therapeutic target for antiviral drug design. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors demands the discovery of novel inhibitors that are structurally as well mechanistically different. Herein, we describe the design and discovery of novel IN inhibitors targeting the catalytic domain as well as its interaction with LEDGF/p75, which is essential for the HIV-1 integration as an IN cofactor. By merging the pharmacophores of salicylate and catechol, the 2,3-dihydroxybenzamide (5a) was identified as a new scaffold to inhibit the strand transfer reaction efficiently. Further structural modifications on the 2,3-dihydroxybenzamide scaffold revealed that the heteroaromatic functionality attached on the carboxamide portion and the piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl substituted at the phenyl ring are beneficial for the activity, resulting in a low micromolar IN inhibitor (5p, IC(50)=5 μM) with more than 40-fold selectivity for the strand transfer over the 3'-processing reaction. More significantly, this active scaffold remarkably inhibited the interaction between IN and LEDGF/p75 cofactor. The prototype example, N-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2,3-dihydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl) benzamide (5u) inhibited the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction with an IC(50) value of 8 μM. Using molecular modeling, the mechanism of action was hypothesized to involve the chelation of the divalent metal ions inside the IN active site. Furthermore, the inhibitor of IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction was properly bound to the LEDGF/p75 binding site on IN. This work provides a new and efficient approach to evolve novel HIV-1 IN inhibitors from rational integration and optimization of previously reported inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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42
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De Luca L, Ferro S, Morreale F, De Grazia S, Chimirri A. Inhibitors of the interactions between HIV-1 IN and the cofactor LEDGF/p75. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1184-91. [PMID: 21506277 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a complex multistep process that depends on both viral and host cell factors. The nuclear protein lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is a multidomain protein, present in host cells, which plays an important role in the integration process. LEDGF/p75 not only binds HIV-1 integrase (IN) at its IN binding domain (IBD) but also contains several motifs that function in DNA and chromatin binding. The demonstrated importance of the association between IN and LEDGF/p75 in HIV-1 integration suggests the possibility that this protein-protein interaction (PPI) could be exploited as an antiviral target. We describe herein the progress to date in developing inhibitors of this promising target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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De Clercq E. The next ten stories on antiviral drug discovery (part E): advents, advances, and adventures. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:118-60. [PMID: 19844936 PMCID: PMC7168424 DOI: 10.1002/med.20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents the fifth part (part E) in the series of stories on antiviral drug discovery. The ten stories belonging to this fifth part are dealing with (i) aurintricarboxylic acid; (ii) alkenyldiarylmethanes; (iii) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitors; (iv) lens epithelium‐derived growth factor as a potential target for HIV proviral DNA integration; (v) the status presens of neuraminidase inhibitors NAIs in the control of influenza virus infections; (vi) the status presens on respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors; (vii) tricyclic (1,N‐2‐ethenoguanine)‐based acyclovir and ganciclovir derivatives; (viii) glycopeptide antibiotics as antivirals targeted at viral entry; (ix) the potential (off‐label) use of cidofovir in the treatment of polyoma (JC and BK) virus infections; and (x) finally, thymidine phosphorylase as a target for both antiviral and anticancer agents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 1, 118–160, 2010
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Al-Mawsawi LQ, Neamati N. Allosteric inhibitor development targeting HIV-1 integrase. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:228-41. [PMID: 21275045 PMCID: PMC3115487 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is one of three essential enzymes for viral replication, and is a focus of ardent antiretroviral drug discovery and development efforts. Diligent research has led to the development of the strand-transfer-specific chemical class of IN inhibitors, with two compounds from this group, raltegravir and elvitegravir, advancing the farthest in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process for any IN inhibitor discovered thus far. Raltegravir, developed by Merck & Co., has been approved by the FDA for HIV-1 therapy, whereas elvitegravir, developed by Gilead Sciences and Japan Tobacco, has reached phase III clinical trials. Although this is an undoubted success for the HIV-1 IN drug discovery field, the emergence of HIV-1 IN strand-transfer-specific drug-resistant viral strains upon clinical use of these compounds is expected. Furthermore, the problem of strand-transfer-specific IN drug resistance will be exacerbated by the development of cross-resistant viral strains due to an overlapping binding orientation at the IN active site and an equivalent inhibitory mechanism for the two compounds. This inevitability will result in no available IN-targeted therapeutic options for HIV-1 treatment-experienced patients. The development of allosterically targeted IN inhibitors presents an extremely advantageous approach for the discovery of compounds effective against IN strand-transfer drug-resistant viral strains, and would likely show synergy with all available FDA-approved antiretroviral HIV-1 therapeutics, including the IN strand-transfer-specific compounds. Herein we review the concept of allosteric IN inhibition, and the small molecules that have been investigated to bind non-active-site regions to inhibit IN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Q. Al-Mawsawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089
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Tintori C, Veljkovic N, Veljkovic V, Botta M. Computational studies of the interaction between the HIV-1 integrase tetramer and the cofactor LEDGF/p75: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations and the Informational spectrum method. Proteins 2010; 78:3396-408. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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De Luca L, Ferro S, Gitto R, Barreca ML, Agnello S, Christ F, Debyser Z, Chimirri A. Small molecules targeting the interaction between HIV-1 integrase and LEDGF/p75 cofactor. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7515-21. [PMID: 20850978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The search of small molecules as protein-protein interaction inhibitors represents a new attractive strategy to develop anti-HIV-1 agents. We previously reported a computational study that led to the discovery of new inhibitors of the interaction between enzyme HIV-1 integrase (IN) and the nuclear protein lens epithelium growth factor LEDGF/p75.(1) Herein, we describe new findings about the binding site of LEDGF/p75 on IN employing a different computational approach. In this way further structural requirements, helpful to disrupt LEDGF/p75-IN binding, have been identified. The main result of this work was the exploration of a relevant hydrophobic region. So we planned the introduction of suitable and simple chemical modifications on our previously reported 'hit' and the new synthesized compounds were subjected to biological tests. The results obtained demonstrate that the hydrophobic pocket could play a key role in improving inhibitory efficacy thus opening new suggestions to design active ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
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Rational design of small-molecule inhibitors of the LEDGF/p75-integrase interaction and HIV replication. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:442-8. [PMID: 20473303 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is a cellular cofactor of HIV-1 integrase that promotes viral integration by tethering the preintegration complex to the chromatin. By virtue of its crucial role in the early steps of HIV replication, the interaction between LEDGF/p75 and integrase represents an attractive target for antiviral therapy. We have rationally designed a series of 2-(quinolin-3-yl)acetic acid derivatives (LEDGINs) that act as potent inhibitors of the LEDGF/p75-integrase interaction and HIV-1 replication at submicromolar concentration by blocking the integration step. A 1.84-A resolution crystal structure corroborates the binding of the inhibitor in the LEDGF/p75-binding pocket of integrase. Together with the lack of cross-resistance with two clinical integrase inhibitors, these findings define the 2-(quinolin-3-yl)acetic acid derivatives as the first genuine allosteric HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of rational design of small molecules inhibiting the protein-protein interaction between a viral protein and a cellular host factor.
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48
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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49
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Ramkumar K, Serrao E, Odde S, Neamati N. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2007-2008 update. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:890-954. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Adamson CS, Freed EO. Novel approaches to inhibiting HIV-1 replication. Antiviral Res 2010; 85:119-41. [PMID: 19782103 PMCID: PMC2815006 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Considerable success has been achieved in the treatment of HIV-1 infection, and more than two-dozen antiretroviral drugs are available targeting several distinct steps in the viral replication cycle. However, resistance to these compounds emerges readily, even in the context of combination therapy. Drug toxicity, adverse drug-drug interactions, and accompanying poor patient adherence can also lead to treatment failure. These considerations make continued development of novel antiretroviral therapeutics necessary. In this article, we highlight a number of steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle that represent promising targets for drug discovery. These include lipid raft microdomains, the RNase H activity of the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase, uncoating of the viral core, host cell machinery involved in the integration of the viral DNA into host cell chromatin, virus assembly, maturation, and budding, and the functions of several viral accessory proteins. We discuss the relevant molecular and cell biology, and describe progress to date in developing inhibitors against these novel targets. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, Vol 85, issue 1, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Adamson
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Maryland, 21702-1201
| | - Eric O. Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Maryland, 21702-1201
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