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Lim SJ, Ali MSM, Sabri S, Noor NDM, Salleh AB, Oslan SN. Opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida spp.: Secreted and membrane-bound virulence factors. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1127-1144. [PMID: 34506621 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida spp. especially Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. Although the medicinal therapeutic strategies have rapidly improved, the mortality rate due to candidiasis has continuously increased. The secreted and membrane-bound virulence factors (VFs) are responsible for fungal invasion, damage and translocation through the host enterocytes besides the evasion from host immune system. VFs such as agglutinin-like sequences (Als), heat shock protein 70, phospholipases, secreted aspartyl proteinases (Sap), lipases, enolases and phytases are mostly hydrolases which degrade the enterocyte membrane components except for candidalysin, the VF acts as a peptide toxin to induce necrotic cell lysis. To date, structural studies of the VFs remain underexplored, hindering their functional analyses. Among the VFs, only secreted aspartyl proteinases and agglutinin-like sequences have their structures deposited in Protein Data Bank (PDB). Therefore, this review scrutinizes the mechanisms of these VFs by discussing the VF-deficient studies of several Candida spp. and their abilities to produce these VFs. Nonetheless, their latest reported sequential and structural analyses are discussed to impart a wider perception of the host-pathogen interactions and potential vaccine or antifungal drug targets. This review signifies that more VFs structural investigations and mining in the emerging Candida spp. are required to decipher their pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms compared to the prominent C. albicans. LAY ABSTRACT Candida virulence factors (VFs) including mainly enzymes and proteins play vital roles in breaching the human intestinal barrier and causing deadly candidiasis. Limited VFs' structural studies hinder deeper comprehension of their mechanisms and thus the design of vaccines and antifungal drugs against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jie Lim
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Dina Muhd Noor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Host-pathogen interaction between macrophage co-cultures with Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2563-2574. [PMID: 34312744 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilms is an important virulence factor. During the infectious process, the interaction between biofilms and immune cells is determinant; however, the properties that make biofilms resistant to the immune system are not well characterized. In order to better understand this, we evaluated the in vitro interaction of macrophages during the early stages of S. aureus biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining, light microscopy, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Furthermore, different activation on L-arginine pathways such as nitric oxide (NO•) release and the arginase, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the total oxidative stress response (OSR), and levels of cytokine liberation, were determined. Our findings show that the interaction between biofilms and macrophages results in stimuli for catabolism of L-arginine via arginase, but not for NO•, an increase of ROS production, and activation of the non-enzymatic OSR. We also observed the production of IL-6, but not of TNFα o IL-10 in these co-cultures. These results contribute to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and suggest that biofilms increase resistance against immune cell mechanisms, a phenomenon that could contribute to the ability of S. aureus biofilms to establish mature biofilms.
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Arce Miranda JE, Baronetti JL, Sotomayor CE, Paraje MG. Oxidative and nitrosative stress responses during macrophage-Candida albicans biofilm interaction. Med Mycol 2019; 57:101-113. [PMID: 29294039 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an important source of device-associated infection because of its capacity for biofilm formation. This yeast has the ability to form biofilms which favors the persistence of the infection. Furthermore, the innate immune response has a critical role in the control of these infections and macrophages (Mø) are vital to this process. An important fungicidal mechanism employed by Mø involves the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). The interaction between biofilms and these immune cells, and the contribution of oxidative and nitrosative stress, that is determinant to the course of the infection, remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate this interaction. To this purpose, two models of Mø-biofilms contact, early (model 1) and mature (model 2) biofilms, were used; and the production of ROS, RNI and the oxidative stress response (OSR) were evaluated. We found that the presence of Mø decreased the biofilm formation at an early stage and increased the production of ROS and RNI, with activation of ORS (enzymatic and nonenzymatic). On the other hand, the interaction between mature biofilms and Mø resulted in an increasing biofilm formation, with low levels of RNI and ROS production and decrease of OSR. Dynamic interactions between Mø and fungal biofilms were also clearly evident from images obtained by confocal scanning laser microscopy. The prooxidant-antioxidant balance was different depending of C. albicans biofilms stages and likely acts as a signal over their formation in presence of Mø. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the immune-pathogenesis of C. albicans biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Arce Miranda
- IMBIV-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José L Baronetti
- IMBIV-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia E Sotomayor
- CIBICI-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Gabriela Paraje
- IMBIV-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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[Vulvovaginal candidiasis: An old disease with new challenges]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:65-71. [PMID: 28431891 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an old disease that, even in a modern world, continues to have a high incidence. Despite the therapeutic advances, treatments are not always effective, and our understanding of the pathogenesis of this fungal infection is still incomplete. A discussion is presented in this article on the most significant developments related to the fungal virulence factors, the role of the immunological mechanisms involved in the vaginal protection, and the genetic alterations that confer susceptibility to the recurrent form of this mycosis. Current treatments, the use of new agents with antifungal activity, as well as the development of strategies, such as vaccination, are approached in the context of the complex scenario that governs the interactions between Candida and its host.
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Huang XZ, Liang PP, Ma H, Yi JL, Yin SC, Chen ZR, Li MR, Lai W, Chen J. Effect of Culture Supernatant Derived from Trichophyton Rubrum Grown in the Nail Medium on the Innate Immunity-related Molecules of HaCaT. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:3094-100. [PMID: 26608992 PMCID: PMC4795267 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.169106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton rubrum is superficial fungi characteristically confined to dead keratinized tissues. These observations suggest that the soluble components released by the fungus could influence the host immune response in a cell in contact-free manner. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze whether the culture supernatant derived from T. rubrum grown in the nail medium could elicit the immune response of keratinocyte effectively. METHODS The culture supernatants of two strains (T1a, T XHB ) were compared for the β-glucan concentrations and their capacity to impact the innate immunity of keratinocytes. The β-glucan concentrations in the supernatants were determined with the fungal G-test kit and protein concentrations with bicinchoninic acid protein quantitative method, then HaCaT was stimulated with different concentrations of culture supernatants by adopting morphological method to select a suitable dosage. Expressions of host defense genes were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction after the HaCaT was stimulated with the culture supernatants. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, followed by the least significant difference test. RESULTS The T. rubrum strains (T1a and T XHB ) released β-glucan of 87.530 ± 37.581 pg/ml and 15.747 ± 6.453 pg/ml, respectively into the media. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), TLR4, and CARD9 were moderately up-regulated in HaCaT within 6-h applications of both supernatants. HaCaT cells were more responsive to T1a than T XHB . The slight increase of dendritic cells-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin expression was faster and stronger, induced by T1a supernatant than T XHB . The moderate decreases of RNase 7, the slight up-regulations of Dectin-1 and interleukin-8 at the mRNA level were detected only in response to T1a rather than T XHB . After a long-time contact, all the elevated defense genes decreased after 24 h. CONCLUSION The culture supernatant of T. rubrum could directly and transiently activate the innate immune response of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Chen
- Department of Dermatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
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Marioni J, Arce JE, Cabrera JL, Paraje MG, Núñez Montoya SC. Reduction of Candida tropicalis biofilm by photoactivation of a Heterophyllaea pustulata extract. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2791-2801. [PMID: 27256704 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1183683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biofilm formation is an important problem, since this growth mode confers resistance to drugs usually used in therapeutics. OBJECTIVE In vitro antifungal activity of extracts obtained from Heterophyllaea pustulata Hook f. (Rubiaceae) were studied against Candida tropicalis biofilms, evaluating the effect of irradiation and the oxidative and nitrosative stresses as possible mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were evaluated at three concentrations (0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 mg/mL) over mature biofilm, under darkness and irradiation. After 48 h of incubation, biofilm quantitation was performed by the O'Toole and Kolter method. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) reaction and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) by the Griess reagent. Superoxide dismutase activation (SOD, NBT assay) and total antioxidant system (FRAP test) were studied. RESULTS Only the benzene extract at 0.2 mg/mL reduced the biofilms formation. The slight decrease achieved in darkness (17.06 ± 2.80% reduction) was increased by light action (39.31 ± 3.50% reduction), clearly observing a photostimulation. This great reduction was confirmed by confocal microscopy. In darkness, biofilm reduction was mediated by an increase in RNI, whereas under irradiation, the ROS action was most important. Although no SOD activation was observed, a strong stimulation of the total antioxidant system was detected. HPLC analysis established a high content of several anthraquinones in this extract. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Biofilm reduction by benzene extract was mainly mediated by oxidative stress triggered under light action, confirming a photodynamic sensitization, which could be attributed to its high content of photosensitizing anthraquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Marioni
- a IMBIV-CONICET, Departamento De Farmacia, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional De Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
- b IMBIV-CONICET , Cátedra De Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Físicas Y Naturales . Universidad Nacional De Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Julio E Arce
- b IMBIV-CONICET , Cátedra De Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Físicas Y Naturales . Universidad Nacional De Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - José L Cabrera
- a IMBIV-CONICET, Departamento De Farmacia, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional De Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - María G Paraje
- b IMBIV-CONICET , Cátedra De Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Físicas Y Naturales . Universidad Nacional De Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Susana C Núñez Montoya
- a IMBIV-CONICET, Departamento De Farmacia, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional De Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
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Park M, Cho YJ, Lee YW, Jung WH. Whole genome sequencing analysis of the cutaneous pathogenic yeastMalassezia restrictaand identification of the major lipase expressed on the scalp of patients with dandruff. Mycoses 2016; 60:188-197. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minji Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Cho
- ChunLab, Inc.; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Korea
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Martino R, Canale F, Sülsen V, Alonso R, Davicino R, Mattar A, Anesini C, Micalizzi B. A Fraction Containing Kaempferol-3,4′-dimethylether from Larrea divaricata
Cav. Induces Macrophage Activation on Mice Infected with Candida albicans. Phytother Res 2013; 28:917-24. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Martino
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- Department of Pharmacology, IQUIMEFA-CONICET; Buenos Aires University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Fernando Canale
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Valeria Sülsen
- Department of Pharmacology, IQUIMEFA-CONICET; Buenos Aires University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Rosario Alonso
- Department of Pharmacology, IQUIMEFA-CONICET; Buenos Aires University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Roberto Davicino
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Aida Mattar
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Claudia Anesini
- Department of Pharmacology, IQUIMEFA-CONICET; Buenos Aires University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Blas Micalizzi
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
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Relevance of biofilms in the pathogenesis of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:607258. [PMID: 24324376 PMCID: PMC3845835 DOI: 10.1155/2013/607258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the relationships among biofilm formation, cellular stress and release of Shiga toxin (Stx) by three different clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. The biofilm formation was determined using crystal violet stain in tryptic soy broth or thioglycollate medium with the addition of sugars (glucose or mannose) or hydrogen peroxide. The reactive oxygen species (ROSs) were detected by the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) determined by the Griess assay. In addition, the activities of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were studied. For the cytotoxicity studies, Vero cells were cultured with Stx released of STEC biofilms. The addition of sugars in both culture mediums resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass, with a decrease in ROS and RNI production, low levels of SOD and CAT activity, and minimal cytotoxic effects. However, under stressful conditions, an important increase in the antioxidant enzyme activity and high level of Stx production were observed. The disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance and its effect on the production and release of Stx evaluated under different conditions of biofilm formation may contribute to a better understanding of the relevance of biofilms in the pathogenesis of STEC infection.
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Mao S, Huang S. The signaling pathway of NADPH oxidase and its role in glomerular diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 34:6-11. [PMID: 24156279 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.848892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox), a major source of reactive oxygen species, is a critical mediator of redox signaling. It is well-documented that oxidative stress is associated with the development of glomerular diseases (GN). Hence, the Nox was also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of GN. However, the expression of Nox in various GN was not consistent, the mechanisms by which the activity of the Nox enzymes in regulating renal cells remains unclear. Signaling pathways might be very important in the pathogenesis of GN. We performed this review to provide a relatively complete signaling pathways flowchart for Nox to the investigators who were interested in the role of Nox in the pathogenesis of GN. Here, we reviewed the signal transduction pathway of Nox and its role in the pathogenesis of GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
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de Freitas Araújo MG, Pacífico M, Vilegas W, Dos Santos LC, Icely PA, Miró MS, Scarpa MVC, Bauab TM, Sotomayor CE. Evaluation ofSyngonanthus nitens(Bong.) Ruhl. extract as antifungal and in treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Med Mycol 2013; 51:673-82. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.795294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Park M, Do E, Jung WH. Lipolytic enzymes involved in the virulence of human pathogenic fungi. MYCOBIOLOGY 2013; 41:67-72. [PMID: 23874127 PMCID: PMC3714442 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2013.41.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes secrete various enzymes with lipolytic activities to facilitate their survival within the host. Lipolytic enzymes include extracellular lipases and phospholipases, and several lines of evidence have suggested that these enzymes contribute to the virulence of pathogenic fungi. Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most commonly isolated human fungal pathogens, and several biochemical and molecular approaches have identified their extracellular lipolytic enzymes. The role of lipases and phospholipases in the virulence of C. albicans has been extensively studied, and these enzymes have been shown to contribute to C. albicans morphological transition, colonization, cytotoxicity, and penetration to the host. While not much is known about the lipases in C. neoformans, the roles of phospholipases in the dissemination of fungal cells in the host and in signaling pathways have been described. Lipolytic enzymes may also influence the survival of the lipophilic cutaneous pathogenic yeast Malassezia species within the host, and an unusually high number of lipase-coding genes may complement the lipid dependency of this fungus. This review briefly describes the current understanding of the lipolytic enzymes in major human fungal pathogens, namely C. albicans, C. neoformans, and Malassezia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
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Williams D, Lewis M. Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis. J Oral Microbiol 2011; 3. [PMID: 21547018 PMCID: PMC3087208 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral infections caused by yeast of the genus Candida and particularly Candida albicans (oral candidoses) have been recognised throughout recorded history. However, since the 1980s a clear surge of interest and associated research into these infections have occurred. This has largely been due to an increased incidence of oral candidosis over this period, primarily because of the escalation in HIV-infection and the AIDS epidemic. In addition, changes in medical practice leading to a greater use of invasive clinical procedures and a more widespread use of immunosuppressive therapies have also contributed to the problem. Whilst oral candidosis has previously been considered to be a disease mainly of the elderly and very young, its occurrence throughout the general population is now recognised. Candida are true ‘opportunistic pathogens’ and only instigate oral infection when there is an underlying predisposing condition in the host. Treatment of these infections has continued (and in some regards continues) to be problematic because of the potential toxicity of traditional antifungal agents against host cells. The problem has been compounded by the emergence of Candida species other than C. albicans that have inherent resistance against traditional antifungals. The aim of this review is to give the reader a contemporary overview of oral candidosis, the organisms involved, and the management strategies that are currently employed or could be utilised in the future.
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Arce Miranda JE, Sotomayor CE, Albesa I, Paraje MG. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 315:23-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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