Characterization of a novel non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor antagonist

FX5 as a non-steroidal GR antagonist improved glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic mice via GR/HNF4α/miR-122-5p pathway

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by glucose metabolic disorders, and gluconeogenesis inhibiting is a promisingly therapeutic strategy for T2DM. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is tightly implicated in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, although the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here, we discovered that small molecule, 5-chloro-N-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiophene-2-sulfonamide (FX5) as a new non-steroidal GR antagonist efficiently ameliorated glucose homeostasis in db/db and HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice. The mechanism underlying the suppression of FX5 against gluconeogenesis was highly investigated. FX5 suppressed gluconeogenetic genes G6Pase and PEPCK in mouse primary hepatocytes and liver tissues of T2DM mice. Results of mammalian one-hybrid and transactivation as well as nuclear translocation assays totally evaluated the antagonistic features of FX5 against GR. Moreover, siRNA and overexpression related assays verified that FX5 alleviated gluconeogenesis either directly by antagonizing GR or indirectly through GR/HNF4α/miR122-5p signaling pathway. Our work has presented a new mode for GR antagonist in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, which is expected to highlight the potential of FX5 in the treatment of T2DM.

Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Chromane-Type N,O-Acetals via Intramolecular Addition of Phenols to Enamines

A new strategy to 2-aminochromanes through catalyst-free cascade reaction of 3-trifluoroacetyl-4H-chromenes and 4H-chromene-3-carbaldehydes with cyclic secondary amines is presented. The reaction proceeds through subsequent 1,4- and 1,2-additions of amine, bimolecular elimination of trifluoroacetamide or formamide, and 6-exo-trig cyclization. The latter stage is a very rare example of addition of phenols to enamines. The obtained semicyclic N,O-acetals were applied as useful precursors for the synthesis of other chromanes.

Recent advances in the development of novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD

The glucocorticoid receptor plays a number of fundamental roles in human physiology. Glucocorticosteroids are the ultimate anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents highly efficacious in the treatment of serious diseases, but also associated with serious side effects. Improvement in the therapeutic profiles of drugs, acting at the glucocorticoid receptor, is highly desired and may potentially arise from the separation of their gene transactivating and gene transrepressing properties.

AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW

The review summarizes progress towards novel glucocorticoid drug candidates as indicated by the patent applications over the last 2 years (2008 - 2009). A brief discussion of glucocorticoid receptor biology and previous drug candidates is included.

WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN

The understanding of the structural scope and biological profiles of the glucocorticoid receptor modulators, currently in preclinical and clinical development, based on the review of approximately 180 composition-of-matter and method-of-use patent applications.

TAKE HOME MESSAGE

The information on the good chemotypical diversity of glucocorticoid receptor modulators needs to be supplemented by the clinical data - presumably, soon to become available - to allow a look into a possible improvement in therapeutic index over the classic glucocorticosteroids.