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Hiltbrunner S, Cords L, Kasser S, Freiberger SN, Kreutzer S, Toussaint NC, Grob L, Opitz I, Messerli M, Zoche M, Soltermann A, Rechsteiner M, van den Broek M, Bodenmiller B, Curioni-Fontecedro A. Acquired resistance to anti-PD1 therapy in patients with NSCLC associates with immunosuppressive T cell phenotype. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5154. [PMID: 37620318 PMCID: PMC10449840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has the potential to prolong survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, some of the patients develop resistance following initial response. Here, we analyze the immune phenotype of matching tumor samples from a cohort of NSCLC patients showing good initial response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, followed by acquired resistance at later time points. By using imaging mass cytometry and whole exome and RNA sequencing, we detect two patterns of resistance¨: One group of patients is characterized by reduced numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and reduced expression of PD-L1 after development of resistance, whereas the other group shows high CD8+ T cell infiltration and high expression of PD-L1 in addition to markedly elevated expression of other immune-inhibitory molecules. In two cases, we detect downregulation of type I and II IFN pathways following progression to resistance, which could lead to an impaired anti-tumor immune response. This study thus captures the development of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance as it progresses and deepens our mechanistic understanding of immunotherapy response in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hiltbrunner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Lena Cords
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8049, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Kasser
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra N Freiberger
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kreutzer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nora C Toussaint
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8952, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Linda Grob
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8952, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Opitz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Messerli
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zoche
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Pathologie Länggasse, Ittigen, 3063, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rechsteiner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8049, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Curioni-Fontecedro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland.
- Clinic of Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Fribourg, Fribourg, 1752, Switzerland.
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2
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Bowakim-Anta N, Acolty V, Azouz A, Yagita H, Leo O, Goriely S, Oldenhove G, Moser M. Chronic CD27-CD70 costimulation promotes type 1-specific polarization of effector Tregs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1023064. [PMID: 36993956 PMCID: PMC10041113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1023064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMost T lymphocytes, including regulatory T cells, express the CD27 costimulatory receptor in steady state conditions. There is evidence that CD27 engagement on conventional T lymphocytes favors the development of Th1 and cytotoxic responses in mice and humans, but the impact on the regulatory lineage is unknown.MethodsIn this report, we examined the effect of constitutive CD27 engagement on both regulatory and conventional CD4+ T cells in vivo, in the absence of intentional antigenic stimulation.ResultsOur data show that both T cell subsets polarize into type 1 Tconvs or Tregs, characterized by cell activation, cytokine production, response to IFN-γ and CXCR3-dependent migration to inflammatory sites. Transfer experiments suggest that CD27 engagement triggers Treg activation in a cell autonomous fashion.ConclusionWe conclude that CD27 may regulate the development of Th1 immunity in peripheral tissues as well as the subsequent switch of the effector response into long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bowakim-Anta
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valérie Acolty
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Abdulkader Azouz
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Oldenhove
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Muriel Moser
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Muriel Moser,
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3
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Vogel I, Acolty V, Keler T, Goriely S, Leo O, Moser M. Agonistic anti-CD27 antibody ameliorates EAE by suppressing IL-17 production. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1620-1629. [PMID: 35856659 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD27/CD70 costimulation enhances T-cell survival, memory formation and Th1-cell differentiation and effector function. In addition to promoting Th1 responses, CD27 signaling has been shown to exert a negative regulatory role on IL-17 production, resulting in increased sensitivity of CD27 KO mice to EAE. By inducing EAE in full CD27 KO mice, and in a novel, T-cell specific CD27 KO mouse strain (CD4-Cre x CD27flox/flox ), we demonstrate herein that CD27 engagement by its natural ligand (CD70) suppresses IL-17 production in a cell autonomous fashion. We further show that CD27 engagement by an agonistic antibody given after EAE induction or at symptom onset similarly suppresses IL-17 production by activated CD4+ T cells infiltrating the inflamed CNS while IFN-γ production was unaffected, leading to an amelioration of inflammatory-related symptoms. These findings propose CD27 costimulation as a potential candidate for therapeutic manipulation to treat autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases characterized by excessive IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vogel
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - IBMM, Rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet 12, Gosselies, 6041, Belgium.,NeuVasQ Biotechnologies, Rue Auguste Piccard 48, Gosselies, 6041, Belgium
| | - Valerie Acolty
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - IBMM, Rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet 12, Gosselies, 6041, Belgium
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - IBMM, Rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet 12, Gosselies, 6041, Belgium
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - IBMM, Rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet 12, Gosselies, 6041, Belgium
| | - Muriel Moser
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - IBMM, Rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet 12, Gosselies, 6041, Belgium
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Guelen L, Fischmann TO, Wong J, Mauze S, Guadagnoli M, Bąbała N, Wagenaars J, Juan V, Rosen D, Prosise W, Habraken M, Lodewijks I, Gu D, Stammen-Vogelzangs J, Yu Y, Baker J, Lutje Hulsik D, Driessen-Engels L, Malashock D, Kreijtz J, Bertens A, de Vries E, Bovens A, Bramer A, Zhang Y, Wnek R, Troth S, Chartash E, Dobrenkov K, Sadekova S, van Elsas A, Cheung JK, Fayadat-Dilman L, Borst J, Beebe AM, Van Eenennaam H. Preclinical characterization and clinical translation of pharmacodynamic markers for MK-5890: a human CD27 activating antibody for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005049. [PMID: 36100308 PMCID: PMC9472132 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have radically changed cancer therapy, but most patients with cancer are unresponsive or relapse after treatment. MK-5890 is a CD27 agonist antibody intended to complement ICI therapy. CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that plays a critical role in promoting responses of T cells, B cells and NK cells. Methods Anti-CD27 antibodies were generated and selected for agonist activity using NF-кB luciferase reporter assays. Antibodies were humanized and characterized for agonism using in vitro T-cell proliferation assays. The epitope recognized on CD27 by MK-5890 was established by X-ray crystallography. Anti-tumor activity was evaluated in a human CD27 knock-in mouse. Preclinical safety was tested in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacodynamic properties were examined in mouse, rhesus monkeys and a phase 1 dose escalation clinical study in patients with cancer. Results Humanized anti-CD27 antibody MK-5890 (hIgG1) was shown to bind human CD27 on the cell surface with sub-nanomolar potency and to partially block binding to its ligand, CD70. Crystallization studies revealed that MK-5890 binds to a unique epitope in the cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1). MK-5890 activated CD27 expressed on 293T NF-κB luciferase reporter cells and, conditional on CD3 stimulation, in purified CD8+ T cells without the requirement of crosslinking. Functional Fc-receptor interaction was required to activate CD8+ T cells in an ex vivo tumor explant system and to induce antitumor efficacy in syngeneic murine subcutaneous tumor models. MK-5890 had monotherapy efficacy in these models and enhanced efficacy of PD-1 blockade. MK-5890 reduced in an isotype-dependent and dose-dependent manner circulating, but not tumor-infiltrating T-cell numbers in these mouse models. In rhesus monkey and human patients, reduction in circulating T cells was transient and less pronounced than in mouse. MK-5890 induced transient elevation of chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β in the serum of mice, rhesus monkeys and patients with cancer. MK-5890 was well tolerated in rhesus monkeys and systemic exposure to MK-5890 was associated with CD27 occupancy at all doses. Conclusions MK-5890 is a novel CD27 agonistic antibody with the potential to complement the activity of PD-1 checkpoint inhibition in cancer immunotherapy and is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Guelen
- BioNovion/Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry O Fischmann
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jerelyn Wong
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Smita Mauze
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Nikolina Bąbała
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veronica Juan
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Rosen
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Winnie Prosise
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Danling Gu
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ying Yu
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeanne Baker
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Malashock
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joost Kreijtz
- BioNovion/Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Evert de Vries
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bovens
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Bramer
- BioNovion/Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Clinical Development, Merck & Co Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard Wnek
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sean Troth
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elliot Chartash
- Clinical Development, Merck & Co Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Svetlana Sadekova
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jason K Cheung
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Laurence Fayadat-Dilman
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amy M Beebe
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Zeng C, Zhang L, Luo C, Yang C, Huang X, Fan L, Li J, Chen F, Luo Z. A stratification model of hepatocellular carcinoma based on expression profiles of cells in the tumor microenvironment. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:613. [PMID: 35659630 PMCID: PMC9167552 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A malignancy of the liver, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common and second-leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. A reliable prognosis model for guidance in choosing HCC therapies has yet to be established. Methods A consensus clustering approach was used to determine the number of immune clusters in the Cancer Genome Atlas and Liver Cancer-RIKEN, JP (LIRI_JP) datasets. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among these groups were identified based on RNA sequencing data. Then, to identify hub genes among signature genes, a co-expression network was constructed. The prognostic value and clinical characteristics of the immune clusters were also explored. Finally, the potential key genes for the immune clusters were determined. Results After conducting survival and correlation analyses of the DEGs, three immune clusters (C1, C2, and C3) were identified. Patients in C2 showed the longest survival time with the greatest abundance of tumor microenvironment (TME) cell populations. MGene mutations in Ffibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) and catenin (cadherin-associated protein),β1(CTNNB1) were mostly observed in C2 and C3, respectively. The signature genes of C1, C2, and C3 were primarily enriched in 5, 23, and 26 pathways, respectively. Conclusions This study sought to construct an immune-stratification model for the prognosis of HCC by dividing the expression profiles of patients from public datasets into three clusters and discovering the unique molecular characteristics of each. This stratification model provides insights into the immune and clinical characteristics of HCC subtypes, which is beneficial for the prognosis of HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09647-5.
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Thomas LJ, He LZ, Marsh H, Keler T. Targeting human CD27 with an agonist antibody stimulates T-cell activation and antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 3:e27255. [PMID: 24605266 PMCID: PMC3937191 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD27 is an important co-stimulatory receptor of T cells that can potentially be exploited for immunotherapy. We developed a human IgG1 antibody that targets human CD27, and demonstrated its immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activity in various preclinical models. Currently, the antibody (1F5, CDX-1127) is being tested in patients affected by advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc.; Phillipsburg, NJ USA
| | | | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc.; Phillipsburg, NJ USA
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7
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Starzer AM, Berghoff AS. New emerging targets in cancer immunotherapy: CD27 (TNFRSF7). ESMO Open 2020; 4:e000629. [PMID: 32152062 PMCID: PMC7082637 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 27 (CD27) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily and plays a key role in T-cell activation by providing a costimulatory signal. Bound to its natural ligand CD70, CD27 signalling enhances T-cell proliferation and differentiation to effector and memory T cells and therefore has potential as an immune modulatory target in cancer treatment. The CD27 agonistic antibody varlilumab showed promising efficacy in haematological as well as solid cancers. Current studies investigate the combination of the CD27 agonistic antibody varlilumab in combination with the PD1 axis targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors like nivolumab or atezolizumab. Further, CD70 expression is used as a therapeutic target for ADCs, antibodies inducing ADCC, as well as the immunological target for chimeric antigen receptor gene-modified T cells and specific dendritic cell vaccination. In line with this, targeting the CD27 axis was shown to be feasible and safe in early clinical trials with the most commonly occurring side effects being thrombocytopenia, fatigue and nausea. In this mini review, we aimed to elucidate the immunobiology of CD27 and its potential as a target in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika M Starzer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Immunomodulatory antibodies that directly trigger and reawaken suppressed T-cell effector function are termed 'checkpoint inhibitors'. CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 molecules are the most studied inhibitory immune check points against cancer and because of this therapeutic property have entered the clinic for treating a variety of tumor types. The results so far demonstrate a positive impact on cancer remission. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that targeting a number of other T-cell surface molecules including both positive and negative immune regulators, also possesses strong antitumor activity. Some of these molecules have already entered clinical trials. In this report, we briefly highlight the status of these immune checkpoint inhibitors and discuss their side effects and future directions for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy & Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy & Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Suite #1401 Daeryung Technotown 17, Gasan digital 1-ro 25, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul Korea
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Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have had limited efficacy, especially with late stage cancers. Cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy have revolutionized how cancer is treated, especially in patients with late stage disease. In 2013 cancer immunotherapy was named the breakthrough of the year, partially due to the established efficacy of blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1, both T cell co-inhibitory molecules involved in tumor-induced immunosuppression. Though early trials promised success, toxicity and tolerance to immunotherapy have hindered long-term successes. Optimizing the use of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways has the potential to increase the effectiveness of T cell-mediated antitumor immune response, leading to increased efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. This review will address major T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways and the role they play in regulating immune responses during cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Bąbała N, Bovens A, de Vries E, Iglesias-Guimarais V, Ahrends T, Krummel MF, Borst J, Bins AD. Subcellular Localization of Antigen in Keratinocytes Dictates Delivery of CD4 + T-cell Help for the CTL Response upon Therapeutic DNA Vaccination into the Skin. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:835-847. [PMID: 29764836 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a mouse model of therapeutic DNA vaccination, we studied how the subcellular localization of vaccine protein impacts antigen delivery to professional antigen-presenting cells and efficiency of CTL priming. Cytosolic, membrane-bound, nuclear, and secretory versions of ZsGreen fluorescent protein, conjugated to MHC class I and II ovalbumin (OVA) epitopes, were expressed in keratinocytes by DNA vaccination into the skin. ZsGreen-OVA versions reached B cells in the skin-draining lymph node (dLN) that proved irrelevant for CTL priming. ZsGreen-OVA versions were also actively transported to the dLN by dendritic cells (DC). In the dLN, vaccine proteins localized to classical (c)DCs of the migratory XCR1+ and XCR- subtypes, and-to a lesser extent-to LN-resident cDCs. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA induced the best antitumor CTL response, even though its delivery to cDCs in the dLN was significantly less efficient than for other vaccine proteins. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA protein proved superior in CTL priming, because it led to in vivo engagement of antigen-loaded XCR1+, but not XCR1-, cDCs. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA also maximally solicited CD4+ T-cell help. The suboptimal CTL response to the other ZsGreen-OVA versions was improved by engaging costimulatory receptor CD27, which mimics CD4+ T-cell help. Thus, in therapeutic DNA vaccination into the skin, mere inclusion of helper epitopes does not ensure delivery of CD4+ T-cell help for the CTL response. Targeting of the vaccine protein to the secretory route of keratinocytes is required to engage XCR1+ cDC and CD4+ T-cell help and thus to promote CTL priming. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 835-47. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Bąbała
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bovens
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evert de Vries
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victoria Iglesias-Guimarais
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Isobe M, Izawa K, Sugiuchi M, Sakanishi T, Kaitani A, Takamori A, Maehara A, Matsukawa T, Takahashi M, Yamanishi Y, Oki T, Uchida S, Uchida K, Ando T, Maeda K, Nakano N, Yagita H, Takai T, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Kitamura T, Kitaura J. The CD300e molecule in mice is an immune-activating receptor. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3793-3805. [PMID: 29358324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD300 molecules (CD300s) belong to paired activating and inhibitory receptor families, which mediate immune responses. Human CD300e (hCD300e) is expressed in monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells and transmits an immune-activating signal by interacting with DNAX-activating protein 12 (DAP12). However, the CD300e ortholog in mice (mCD300e) is poorly characterized. Here, we found that mCD300e is also an immune-activating receptor. We found that mCD300e engagement triggers cytokine production in mCD300e-transduced bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Loss of DAP12 and another signaling protein, FcRγ, did not affect surface expression of transduced mCD300e, but abrogated mCD300e-mediated cytokine production in the BMMCs. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that mCD300e physically interacts with both FcRγ and DAP12, suggesting that mCD300e delivers an activating signal via these two proteins. Binding and reporter assays with the mCD300e extracellular domain identified sphingomyelin as a ligand of both mCD300e and hCD300e. Notably, the binding of sphingomyelin to mCD300e stimulated cytokine production in the transduced BMMCs in an FcRγ- and DAP12-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis with an mCD300e-specific Ab disclosed that mCD300e expression is highly restricted to CD115+Ly-6Clow/int peripheral blood monocytes, corresponding to CD14dim/+CD16+ human nonclassical and intermediate monocytes. Loss of FcRγ or DAP12 lowered the surface expression of endogenous mCD300e in the CD115+Ly-6Clow/int monocytes. Stimulation with sphingomyelin failed to activate the CD115+Ly-6Clow/int mouse monocytes, but induced hCD300e-mediated cytokine production in the CD14dimCD16+ human monocytes. Taken together, these observations indicate that mCD300e recognizes sphingomyelin and thereby regulates nonclassical and intermediate monocyte functions through FcRγ and DAP12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Isobe
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421.,the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
| | - Kumi Izawa
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421.,the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
| | - Masahiro Sugiuchi
- the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
| | - Tamami Sakanishi
- the Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo
| | - Ayako Kaitani
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421.,the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
| | - Ayako Takamori
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421
| | - Akie Maehara
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421
| | - Toshihiro Matsukawa
- the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639.,the Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808
| | - Mariko Takahashi
- the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
| | - Yoshinori Yamanishi
- the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639.,the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510
| | - Toshihiko Oki
- the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
| | - Shino Uchida
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421.,the Departments of Gastroenterology Immunology and
| | - Koichiro Uchida
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421
| | - Tomoaki Ando
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421
| | - Keiko Maeda
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421
| | - Nobuhiro Nakano
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, and
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- the Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421
| | - Ko Okumura
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421
| | - Toshio Kitamura
- the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639,
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- From the Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, .,the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
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12
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Ahrends T, Spanjaard A, Pilzecker B, Bąbała N, Bovens A, Xiao Y, Jacobs H, Borst J. CD4 + T Cell Help Confers a Cytotoxic T Cell Effector Program Including Coinhibitory Receptor Downregulation and Increased Tissue Invasiveness. Immunity 2017; 47:848-861.e5. [PMID: 29126798 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells optimize the cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response in magnitude and quality, by unknown molecular mechanisms. We here present the transcriptomic changes in CTLs resulting from CD4+ T cell help after anti-cancer vaccination or virus infection. The gene expression signatures revealed that CD4+ T cell help during priming optimized CTLs in expression of cytotoxic effector molecules and many other functions that ensured efficacy of CTLs throughout their life cycle. Key features included downregulation of PD-1 and other coinhibitory receptors that impede CTL activity, and increased motility and migration capacities. "Helped" CTLs acquired chemokine receptors that helped them reach their tumor target tissue and metalloprotease activity that enabled them to invade into tumor tissue. A very large part of the "help" program was instilled in CD8+ T cells via CD27 costimulation. The help program thus enhances specific CTL effector functions in response to vaccination or a virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aldo Spanjaard
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Pilzecker
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nikolina Bąbała
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bovens
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Wasiuk A, Testa J, Weidlick J, Sisson C, Vitale L, Widger J, Crocker A, Thomas LJ, Goldstein J, Marsh HC, Keler T, He LZ. CD27-Mediated Regulatory T Cell Depletion and Effector T Cell Costimulation Both Contribute to Antitumor Efficacy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:4110-4123. [PMID: 29109120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD27, a member of the TNFR superfamily, is constitutively expressed in most T cells and plays crucial roles in T cell effector functions. The costimulation and antitumor activity of CD27 agonistic Abs have been well documented in mouse models. Clinical testing of a human IgG1 anti-CD27 Ab, varlilumab (clone 1F5), is ongoing in cancer patients. In this study, we set out to further understand CD27 as an immunomodulatory target and to address the mechanism of antitumor efficacy using different IgG isotypes of 1F5 in human CD27-transgenic mice. 1F5mIgG1, the only isotype engaging inhibitory FcγRIIB expressed in B cells, elicited the most potent and broad immune response, but terminal differentiation, exhaustion, and apoptosis in the activated effector T cells were inevitable. Accordingly, this isotype was the most effective in eradicating BCL1 lymphoma but had limited efficacy in s.c. tumors. Conversely, 1F5mIgG2a, which interacts with cells expressing activating FcγRs, led to moderate immune activation, as well as to prominent reduction in the number and suppressive activity of regulatory T cells. These combined mechanisms imparted potent antitumor activity to 1F5mIgG2a, particularly against the s.c. tumors. 1F5hIgG1, varlilumab, showed balanced agonistic activity that was prominent at lower doses and depleting activity that was greater at higher doses. 1F5hIgG1 had good antitumor activity in all tumor models tested. Thus, both agonist and depleting properties contribute to the antitumor efficacy of CD27-targeted immunotherapy, and modulation of these activities in patients may be achieved by varying the dose and regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wasiuk
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827; and
| | - James Testa
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827; and
| | | | | | - Laura Vitale
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827; and
| | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827; and
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14
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Burugu S, Dancsok AR, Nielsen TO. Emerging targets in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:39-52. [PMID: 28987965 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1) targeted natural immune homeostasis pathways, co-opted by cancers, to drive anti-tumor immune responses. These agents led to unprecedented results in patients with previously incurable metastatic disease and may become first-line therapies for some advanced cancers. However, these agents are efficacious in only a minority of patients. Newer strategies are becoming available that target additional immunomodulatory mechanisms to activate patients' own anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we present a succinct summary of emerging immune targets with reported pre-clinical efficacy that have progressed to active investigation in clinical trials. These emerging targets include co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory markers of the innate and adaptive immune system. In this review, we discuss: 1) T lymphocyte markers: Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 [LAG-3], T-cell Immunoglobulin- and Mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 [TIM-3], V-domain containing Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation [VISTA], T cell ImmunoGlobulin and ITIM domain [TIGIT], B7-H3, Inducible T-cell Co-stimulator [ICOS/ICOS-L], CD27/CD70, and Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor [GITR]; 2) macrophage markers: CD47/Signal-Regulatory Protein alpha [SIRPα] and Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase [IDO]; and 3) natural killer cell markers: CD94/NKG2A and the Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptor [KIR] family. Finally, we briefly highlight combination strategies and potential biomarkers of response and resistance to these cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Burugu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Amanda R Dancsok
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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15
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Hahn AW, Gill DM, Pal SK, Agarwal N. The future of immune checkpoint cancer therapy after PD-1 and CTLA-4. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:681-692. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
| | - David M Gill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Department of Oncology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010 USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
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16
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Waight JD, Gombos RB, Wilson NS. Harnessing co-stimulatory TNF receptors for cancer immunotherapy: Current approaches and future opportunities. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:87-109. [PMID: 28085016 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) can sculpt the responsiveness of T cells recognizing tumor-associated antigens. For this reason, agonist antibodies targeting CD137, CD357, CD134 and CD27 have received considerable attention for their therapeutic utility in enhancing anti-tumor immune responses, particularly in combination with other immuno-modulatory antibodies targeting co-inhibitory pathways in T cells. The design of therapeutic antibodies that optimally engage and activate co-stimulatory TNFRs presents an important challenge of how to promote effective anti-tumor immunity while avoiding serious immune-related adverse events. Here we review our current understanding of the expression, signaling and structural features of CD137, CD357, CD134 and CD27, and how this may inform the design of pharmacologically active immuno-modulatory antibodies targeting these receptors. This includes the integration of our emerging knowledge of the role of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) in facilitating antibody-mediated receptor clustering and forward signaling, as well as promoting immune effector cell-mediated activities. Finally, we bring our current preclinical and clinical knowledge of co-stimulatory TNFR antibodies into the context of opportunities for next generation molecules with improved pharmacologic properties.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, IgG/agonists
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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17
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Ahrends T, Bąbała N, Xiao Y, Yagita H, van Eenennaam H, Borst J. CD27 Agonism Plus PD-1 Blockade Recapitulates CD4+ T-cell Help in Therapeutic Anticancer Vaccination. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2921-31. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Ramakrishna V, Sundarapandiyan K, Zhao B, Bylesjo M, Marsh HC, Keler T. Characterization of the human T cell response to in vitro CD27 costimulation with varlilumab. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:37. [PMID: 26500773 PMCID: PMC4619281 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical targeting of TNFR family of receptors (CD40, CD134 and CD137) with immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies has been successful in cancer immunotherapy. However, targeting of CD27 with a mAb is a relatively new approach to provide costimulation of immune cells undergoing activation. Thus, activation of human CD27 (TNFRSF7) with a monoclonal antibody (varlilumab) has previously been demonstrated to result in T cell activation and anti-tumor activity in preclinical models, and is currently in early phase clinical trials in patients with advanced malignancies. In this study we used an in vitro system using human peripheral blood T cells to characterize the varlilumab-mediated costimulatory effects in combination with TCR stimulation in terms of phenotypic, transcriptional and functionality changes. Methods T cells were isolated from normal volunteer PBMCs using magnetic bead isolation kits and stimulated in vitro with plate bound anti-CD3 Ab (OKT3) and varlilumab or control Ab for 72 h. Activation profiles were monitored by ELISA or Luminex-based testing cytokine/chemokine releases, cell surface phenotyping for costimulatory and coinhibitory markers and CFSE dye dilution by proliferating T cells and Tregs. Changes in gene expression and transcriptome analysis of varlilumab-stimulated T cells was carried on Agilent Human whole genome microarray datasets using a suite of statistical and bioinformatic software tools. Results Costimulation of T cells with varlilumab required continuous TCR signaling as pre-activated T cells were unable to produce cytokines with CD27 signaling alone. Analysis of T cell subsets further revealed that memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were specifically activated with a bias toward CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation. Activation was accompanied by upregulated cell surface expression of costimulatory [4-1BB, OX40, GITR and ICOS] and coinhibitory [PD-1] molecules. Importantly, varlilumab costimulation did not activate purified Tregs as measured by cytokine production, proliferation and suppression of dividing non-Treg T cells. Analysis of changes in gene expression during varlilumab stimulation of T cells revealed modulation of pro-inflammatory signatures consistent with cellular activation and proliferation, with the IL-2 pathway showing the highest frequency of gene modulation. Conclusions Altogether, the data reveal the requirements and T cell subtype-specific effects of CD27 costimulation, and helps select relevant biomarkers for studying the effects of varlilumab in patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-015-0080-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Biwei Zhao
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827 USA
| | | | | | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827 USA
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20
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van de Ven K, Borst J. Targeting the T-cell co-stimulatory CD27/CD70 pathway in cancer immunotherapy: rationale and potential. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:655-67. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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21
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Wei SM, Fei JX, Tao F, Pan HL, Shen Q, Wang L, Wu YJ, Zhou L, Zhu SX, Liao WB, Ji H, Xin ZL. Anti-CD27 Antibody Potentiates Antitumor Effect of Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine in Prostate Cancer-Bearing Mice. Int Surg 2015; 100:155-63. [PMID: 25594656 PMCID: PMC4301282 DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00147.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated whether anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody can enhance the antitumor efficacy of a dendritic cell-based vaccine in prostate cancer-bearing mice. The overall therapeutic effect of a dendritic cell-based vaccine for prostate cancer remains moderate. A prostate cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of RM-1 tumor cells into male C57BL/6 mice on day 0. After 4 days, tumor-bearing mice were treated with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells (i.e., dendritic cell-based vaccine), anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody, or a combination of RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells with anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody. Mice were killed at 21 days after tumor cell implantation. Tumor size was measured for assessment of antitumor effect. Spleens were collected for analysis of antitumor immune responses. The antitumor immune responses were evaluated by measuring the proliferation and activity of T cells, which have the ability to kill tumor cells. The combination therapy with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells and anti-CD27 antibody significantly enhanced T-cell proliferation and activity, and significantly reduced tumor growth, compared with monotherapy with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells or anti-CD27 antibody. Our results suggest that combined treatment can strengthen antitumor efficacy by improving T-cell proliferation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Wei
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
- Department of Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, China
| | - Jin-Xuan Fei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hang-Li Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Sheng-Xin Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Wei-Bin Liao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hua Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Xin
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
- Department of Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, China
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22
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Costimulation via the tumor-necrosis factor receptor superfamily couples TCR signal strength to the thymic differentiation of regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:473-81. [PMID: 24633226 PMCID: PMC4000541 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells express tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members, but their role in thymic Treg development is undefined. We demonstrate that Treg progenitors highly express the TNFRSF members GITR, OX40, and TNFR2. Expression of these receptors correlates directly with T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, and requires CD28 and the kinase TAK1. Neutralizing TNFSF ligands markedly reduced Treg development. Conversely, TNFRSF agonists enhanced Treg differentiation by augmenting IL-2R/STAT5 responsiveness. GITR-ligand costimulation elicited a dose-dependent enrichment of lower-affinity cells within the Treg repertoire. In vivo, combined inhibition of GITR, OX40 and TNFR2 abrogated Treg development. Thus TNFRSF expression on Treg progenitors translates strong TCR signals into molecular parameters that specifically promote Treg differentiation and shape the Treg repertoire.
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23
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He LZ, Prostak N, Thomas LJ, Vitale L, Weidlick J, Crocker A, Pilsmaker CD, Round SM, Tutt A, Glennie MJ, Marsh H, Keler T. Agonist anti-human CD27 monoclonal antibody induces T cell activation and tumor immunity in human CD27-transgenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4174-83. [PMID: 24026078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The CD70/CD27 pathway plays a significant role in the control of immunity and tolerance, and previous studies demonstrated that targeting murine CD27 (mCD27) with agonist mAbs can mediate antitumor efficacy. We sought to exploit the potential of this pathway for immunotherapy by developing 1F5, a fully human IgG1 mAb to human CD27 (hCD27) with agonist activity. We developed transgenic mice expressing hCD27 under control of its native promoter for in vivo testing of the Ab. The expression and regulation of hCD27 in hCD27-transgenic (hCD27-Tg) mice were consistent with the understood biology of CD27 in humans. In vitro, 1F5 effectively induced proliferation and cytokine production from hCD27-Tg-derived T cells when combined with TCR stimulation. Administration of 1F5 to hCD27-Tg mice enhanced Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell responses to protein vaccination comparably to an agonist anti-mCD27 mAb. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, 1F5 showed potent antitumor efficacy and induction of protective immunity, which was dependent on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The requirement of FcR engagement for the agonistic and antitumor activities of 1F5 was demonstrated using an aglycosylated version of the 1F5 mAb. These data with regard to the targeting of hCD27 are consistent with previous reports on targeting mCD27 and provide a rationale for the clinical development of the 1F5 mAb, for which studies in advanced cancer patients have been initiated under the name CDX-1127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Phillipsburg, NJ 08865
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Arens R, van Hall T, van der Burg SH, Ossendorp F, Melief CJM. Prospects of combinatorial synthetic peptide vaccine-based immunotherapy against cancer. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:182-90. [PMID: 23706598 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The insight that the immune system is involved in tumor resistance is gaining momentum and this has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies aiming at enhancement of immune-mediated tumor destruction. Although some of these strategies have moderate clinical benefit, most stand-alone therapies fail to significantly affect progressive disease and survival or do so only in a minority of patients. Research on the mechanisms underlying the generation of immune responses against tumors and the immune evasion by tumors has emphasized that various mechanisms simultaneously prevent effective immunity against cancer including inefficient presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells and induction of negative immune regulation by regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Thus the design of therapies that simultaneously improve effective tumor immunity and counteract immune evasion by tumors seems most desirable for clinical efficacy. As it is unlikely that a single immunotherapeutic strategy addresses all necessary requirements, combinatorial strategies that act synergistically need to be developed. Here we discuss the current knowledge and prospects of treatment with synthetic peptide vaccines that stimulate tumor-specific T-cell responses combined with adjuvants, immune modulating antibodies, cytokines and chemotherapy. We conclude that combinatorial approaches have the best potency to accomplish the most significant tumor destruction but further research is required to optimize such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Klöhn PC, Wuellner U, Zizlsperger N, Zhou Y, Tavares D, Berger S, Zettlitz KA, Proetzel G, Yong M, Begent RH, Reichert JM. IBC's 23rd Annual Antibody Engineering, 10th Annual Antibody Therapeutics international conferences and the 2012 Annual Meeting of The Antibody Society: December 3-6, 2012, San Diego, CA. MAbs 2013; 5:178-201. [PMID: 23575266 PMCID: PMC3893229 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The 23rd Annual Antibody Engineering, 10th Annual Antibody Therapeutics international conferences, and the 2012 Annual Meeting of The Antibody Society, organized by IBC Life Sciences with contributions from The Antibody Society and two Scientific Advisory Boards, were held December 3-6, 2012 in San Diego, CA. The meeting drew over 800 participants who attended sessions on a wide variety of topics relevant to antibody research and development. As a prelude to the main events, a pre-conference workshop held on December 2, 2012 focused on intellectual property issues that impact antibody engineering. The Antibody Engineering Conference was composed of six sessions held December 3-5, 2012: (1) From Receptor Biology to Therapy; (2) Antibodies in a Complex Environment; (3) Antibody Targeted CNS Therapy: Beyond the Blood Brain Barrier; (4) Deep Sequencing in B Cell Biology and Antibody Libraries; (5) Systems Medicine in the Development of Antibody Therapies/Systematic Validation of Novel Antibody Targets; and (6) Antibody Activity and Animal Models. The Antibody Therapeutics conference comprised four sessions held December 4-5, 2012: (1) Clinical and Preclinical Updates of Antibody-Drug Conjugates; (2) Multifunctional Antibodies and Antibody Combinations: Clinical Focus; (3) Development Status of Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Antibodies; and (4) Modulating the Half-Life of Antibody Therapeutics. The Antibody Society's special session on applications for recording and sharing data based on GIATE was held on December 5, 2012, and the conferences concluded with two combined sessions on December 5-6, 2012: (1) Development Status of Early Stage Therapeutic Antibodies; and (2) Immunomodulatory Antibodies for Cancer Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter-Christian Klöhn
- MRC Prion Unit; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases; UCL Institute of Neurology; London, UK
| | | | - Nora Zizlsperger
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies; EMD Serono Research Institute, Inc.; Billerica MA USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Sven Berger
- Institut de Recherche, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre; St Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Kirstin A. Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; California NanoSystems Institute; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - May Yong
- UCL Cancer Institute; London, UK
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Yao S, Zhu Y, Chen L. Advances in targeting cell surface signalling molecules for immune modulation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:130-46. [PMID: 23370250 PMCID: PMC3698571 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a surge in the development of immunomodulatory approaches to combat a broad range of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmunity and inflammation as well as in the prevention of transplant rejection. Immunomodulatory approaches mostly involve the use of monoclonal antibodies or recombinant fusion proteins that target cell surface signalling molecules on immune cells to drive immune responses towards the desired direction. Advances in our understanding of the human immune system, along with valuable lessons learned from the first generation of therapeutic biologics, are aiding the design of the next generation of immunomodulatory biologics with better therapeutic efficacy, minimized adverse effects and long-lasting clinical benefit. The recent encouraging results from antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and B7 homolog 1 (B7H1; also known as PDL1) for the treatment of various advanced human cancers show that immunomodulatory therapy has come of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yao
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
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Li F, Ravetch JV. A general requirement for FcγRIIB co-engagement of agonistic anti-TNFR antibodies. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3343-4. [PMID: 22918247 PMCID: PMC3466534 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Baumgartner CK, Yagita H, Malherbe LP. A TCR affinity threshold regulates memory CD4 T cell differentiation following vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2309-17. [PMID: 22844120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diverse Ag-specific memory TCR repertoires are essential for protection against pathogens. Subunit vaccines that combine peptide or protein Ags with TLR agonists are very potent at inducing T cell immune responses, but their capacity to elicit stable and diverse memory CD4 T cell repertoires has not been evaluated. In this study, we examined the evolution of a complex Ag-specific population during the transition from primary effectors to memory T cells after peptide or protein vaccination. Both vaccination regimens induced equally diverse effector CD4 TCR repertoires, but peptide vaccines skewed the memory CD4 TCR repertoire toward high-affinity clonotypes whereas protein vaccines maintained low-affinity clonotypes in the memory compartment. CD27-mediated signaling was essential for the maintenance of low-affinity clonotypes after protein vaccination but was not sufficient to promote their survival following peptide vaccination. The rapid culling of the TCR repertoire in peptide-immunized mice coincided with a prolonged proliferation phase during which low-affinity clonotypes disappeared despite exhibiting no sign of enhanced apoptosis. Our study reveals a novel affinity threshold for memory CD4 T cell differentiation following vaccination and suggests a role for nonapoptotic cell death in the regulation of CD4 T cell clonal selection.
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Vitale LA, He LZ, Thomas LJ, Widger J, Weidlick J, Crocker A, O'Neill T, Storey J, Glennie MJ, Grote DM, Ansell SM, Marsh H, Keler T. Development of a human monoclonal antibody for potential therapy of CD27-expressing lymphoma and leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3812-21. [PMID: 22589397 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The TNF receptor superfamily member CD27 is best known for its important role in T-cell immunity but is also recognized as a cell-surface marker on a number of B- and T-cell malignancies. In this article, we describe a novel human monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for CD27 with properties that suggest a potential utility against malignancies that express CD27. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The fully human mAb 1F5 was generated using human Ig transgenic mice and characterized by analytical and functional assays in vitro. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice inoculated with human CD27-expressing lymphoma cells were administered 1F5 to investigate direct antitumor effects. A pilot study of 1F5 was conducted in non-human primates to assess toxicity. RESULTS 1F5 binds with high affinity and specificity to human and macaque CD27 and competes with ligand binding. 1F5 activates T cells only in combination with T-cell receptor stimulation and does not induce proliferation of primary CD27-expressing tumor cells. 1F5 significantly enhanced the survival of SCID mice bearing Raji or Daudi tumors, which may be mediated through direct effector mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Importantly, administration of up to 10 mg/kg of 1F5 to cynomolgus monkeys was well tolerated without evidence of significant toxicity or depletion of circulating lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the data suggest that the human mAb 1F5, which has recently entered clinical development under the name CDX-1127, may provide direct antitumor activity against CD27-expressing lymphoma or leukemia, independent of its potential to enhance immunity through its agonistic properties.
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Koyanagi A, Sekine C, Yagita H. Expression of Notch receptors and ligands on immature and mature T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:799-805. [PMID: 22310713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Notch plays multiple roles in T cell development in the thymus and T cell differentiation in the periphery. In order to systematically examine the role of Notch in T cell biology, we determined the cell surface expression of all Notch receptors and ligands on various populations of T cells by using a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies we recently established. Notch1 and Notch3 were upregulated at double-negative (DN) 2-DN4 stages of immature thymocytes, then downregulated on mature single-positive thymocytes and peripheral T cells, but were rapidly upregulated again upon activation. Notch2 was consistently expressed on T cells while Notch4 was not. Jagged1 and Jagged2 were expressed at double-positive stage of immature T cells. Jagged2 was also inducible on mature T cells upon activation. In contrast, no Delta-like (Dll) 1 or Dll4 expression was observed on T cells. These comprehensive profiling of the expression of Notch receptors and ligands would be informative to fully understand the role of individual Notch receptors and ligands in T cell development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Koyanagi
- Division of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Houot R, Kohrt H, Goldstein MJ, Levy R. Immunomodulating antibodies and drugs for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:97-109. [PMID: 21271352 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of cancer immunotherapy is to induce immune cells to kill tumor and promote immunological memory that protects against tumor recurrence. Most current immunotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb), target the tumor cells directly. Advances in our understanding of the immune system such as the role of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, and the advent of new immunomodulatory agents provide new opportunities to target the immune system and enhance anti-tumor immune responses. These promising agents include immunomodulating mAbs, Toll-like receptor agonists, IMiDs, and cytokines. In this review, we discuss the current results of immunomodulating agents in the treatment of hematological malignancies and propose applications that include targeting of the innate and adaptive immune systems as well as combinations with tumor-specific mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roch Houot
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique & INSERM U917, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
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