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Thanh Vu HT, Thu Nguyen HT, Hoai Nguyen TT, Nguyen TX, Nguyen TN, Nguyen AL, Nguyen LTH, La HT, Thu Vu HT, Bui QTT, Nghiem TN, Iddamalgoda A, Ito K, Takahashi T, Le TD, Pham T, Nguyen AT. The efficacy and tolerability of proteoglycan F in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2024; 6:100483. [PMID: 38832051 PMCID: PMC11145540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2024.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the efficacy and tolerability of Proteoglycan F in patients with primary knee OA.Design: A 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial with two arms: (1) Proteoglycan F (received 10 mg proteoglycan daily, for 24 weeks) and (2) control group (received placebo). Knee symptoms and joint cartilage status (evaluated by ultrasound and MRI of knee joints), quality of life, serum cytokine levels (IL-1β and TNF-α), and safety evaluation were measured before, during, and after the treatment. Results After 24-week treatment, pain reduction (in the KOOS pain score) of at least 20% and at least 50% (NRS scale) compared to baseline in the PGF group was significantly higher than those in the control group. The PGF group had greater reductions in the total scores of subchondral bone marrow edema, and bone cocoon under cartilage on knee MRI (classification according to WORMs), which were -2.27 (-4.0; -0.51) and -1.77 (-3.08; -0.46), respectively (p < 0.05). The two groups had no statistically significant difference in knee ultrasound characteristics. After 4 weeks, 12, and 24 weeks compared to baseline, there was no statistically significant difference in levels of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase within the group and between the two study groups. Conclusions Salmon cartilage PG with 10 mg per day has potential to improve pain symptoms and subchondral bone marrow edema and bone cocoon under cartilage lesions in primary knee OA. However, the efficacy of PGF should be viewed with caution, and future studies are needed for more specific evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Thi Thanh Vu
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Huong Thi Thu Nguyen
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Thu Thi Hoai Nguyen
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Xuan Nguyen
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Tam Ngoc Nguyen
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Lan Nguyen
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Luong Thi Hong Nguyen
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Huyen Thi La
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Sciences and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Hien Thi Thu Vu
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Metabolism Department, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | | | - Thu Nguyet Nghiem
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Metabolism Department, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Arunasiri Iddamalgoda
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
- Ichimura Pharcos Co.ltd, Gifu, 501-0475, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ito
- Ichimura Pharcos Co.ltd, Gifu, 501-0475, Japan
| | | | - Tuyen Danh Le
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Metabolism Department, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Pham
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Trung Nguyen
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
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2
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Nakane A, Hirose S, Kawai N, Fujimoto N, Kondo E, Asano K. Salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan stimulates hair growth. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 88:107-110. [PMID: 37881018 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Hair loss is a commonly encountered problem. In this study, hair growth was enhanced by daily oral ingestion of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan (PG) in mice. Proteoglycan stimulated vesicular endothelial growth factor production in human follicle dermal papilla cells through insulin growth factor-1 receptor signaling, suggesting the possibility of hair loss improvement by PG ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Nakane
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawai
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujimoto
- Department of Healthcare, DyDo DRINCO, Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Eriko Kondo
- Department of Healthcare, DyDo DRINCO, Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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3
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Shionoya K, Suzuki T, Takada M, Sato K, Onishi S, Dohmae N, Nishino K, Wada T, Linhardt RJ, Toida T, Higashi K. Comprehensive analysis of chondroitin sulfate and aggrecan in the head cartilage of bony fishes: Identification of proteoglycans in the head cartilage of sturgeon. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:333-342. [PMID: 35339495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage in the head of sturgeon or salmon has been gaining attention as a rich source of functional chondroitin sulfate (CS) or proteoglycans. Although the cartilage was found in the heads of other bony fishes, the structure of CS and its core protein, especially aggrecan, was not fully investigated. In this study, comprehensive analysis of CS and aggrecan in the head cartilage of 10 bony fishes including sturgeon and salmon was performed. The 4-O-sulfation to 6-O-sulfation ratio (4S/6S ratio; S: sulfate residue) of CS in Perciformes was ≧1.0, while the 4S/6S ratios of CS from sturgeons and salmon were less than 0.5. Dot blotting and proteomic analysis revealed that aggrecan was a major core protein in head cartilage of all bony fishes. These results suggest that the head cartilage of bony fishes is a promising source for the preparation of CS or proteoglycans as a health food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Shionoya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mako Takada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoichi Onishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nishino
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine/Faculty of Agriculture, Center for Animal Disease Control (CADIC), University of Miyazaki 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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4
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Hirose S, Asano K, Harada S, Takahashi T, Kondou E, Ito K, Iddamalgoda A, Nakane A. Effects of salmon cartilage proteoglycan on obesity in mice fed with a high-fat diet. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:577-583. [PMID: 35154693 PMCID: PMC8825722 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan (PG), which shows anti-inflammatory properties, on obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in a mouse model. Mice were fed either a HFD or normal diet (ND), with or without PG, for 8-12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the body weight of mice fed with PG-free HFD was 54.08 ± 4.67 g, whereas that of mice fed with HFD containing PG was 41.83 ± 4.97 g. The results suggest that the increase in body weight was attenuated in mice fed with HFD containing PG. This effect was not observed in mice fed with ND. The PG administration suppressed the elevation of serum lipids (the level of serum lipids ranged between 54% and 69% compared to 100% in mice fed with PG-free HFD) and the upregulated mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), which is a transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of lipogenic gene expression in the liver (the expression level was 77.5% compared to 100% in mice fed with PG-free HFD). High leptin levels in mice fed with PG-free HFD were observed during fasting (average at 14,376 ng/ml), and they did not increase after refeeding (average of 14,263 ng/ml), whereas serum leptin levels in mice fed with HFD containing PG were low during fasting (average of 6481 ng/ml) and increased after refeeding (average 13,382 ng/ml). These results suggest that PG feeding has an anti-obesity effect and that the regulation of SREBP-1c and leptin secretion play a role in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Biopolymer and Health ScienceHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
- Present address:
Division of MicrobiologyNational Institute of Health SciencesKawasakiJapan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Biopolymer and Health ScienceHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
| | - Seiyu Harada
- Department of HealthcareDydo DRINCO, Inc.OsakaJapan
| | - Tatsuji Takahashi
- Department of Biopolymer and Health ScienceHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
- Department of Research and DevelopmentIchimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd.Motosu CityJapan
| | - Eriko Kondou
- Department of HealthcareDydo DRINCO, Inc.OsakaJapan
| | - Kenichi Ito
- Department of Research and DevelopmentIchimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd.Motosu CityJapan
| | | | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Biopolymer and Health ScienceHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
- Department of Nursing and School of Health SciencesHirosaki University of Health and WelfareHirosakiJapan
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5
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Disease-Modifying Adjunctive Therapy (DMAT) in Osteoarthritis-The Biological Effects of a Multi-Mineral Complex, LithoLexal ® Joint-A Review. Clin Pract 2021; 11:901-913. [PMID: 34940003 PMCID: PMC8700461 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern advances in molecular medicine have led to the reframing of osteoarthritis as a metabolically active, inflammatory disorder with local and systemic contributing factors. According to the ‘inflammatory theory’ of osteoarthritis, immune response to an initial damage is the key trigger that leads to progressive joint destruction. Several intertwined pathways are known to induce and govern articular inflammation, cartilage matrix degradation, and subchondral bone changes. Effective treatments capable of halting or delaying the progression of osteoarthritis remain elusive. As a result, supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate are commonly used despite the lack of scientific consensus. A novel option for adjunctive therapy of osteoarthritis is LithoLexal® Joint, a marine-derived, mineral-rich extract, that exhibited significant efficacy in clinical trials. LithoLexal® has a lattice microstructure containing a combination of bioactive rare minerals. Mechanistic research suggests that this novel treatment possesses various potential disease-modifying properties, such as suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and cyclooxygenase-2. Accordingly, LithoLexal® Joint can be considered a disease-modifying adjunctive therapy (DMAT). LithoLexal® Joint monotherapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis has significantly improved symptoms and walking ability with higher efficacy than glucosamine. Preliminary evidence also suggests that LithoLexal® Joint may allow clinicians to reduce the dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in osteoarthritic patients by up to 50%. In conclusion, the multi-mineral complex, LithoLexal® Joint, appears to be a promising candidate for DMAT of osteoarthritis, which may narrow the existing gap in clinical practice.
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Ono HK, Yoshimura S, Hirose S, Narita K, Tsuboi M, Asano K, Nakane A. Salmon cartilage proteoglycan attenuates allergic responses in mouse model of papain‑induced respiratory inflammation. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4058-4064. [PMID: 30106157 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycan (PG) is a complex glycohydrate, which is widely distributed in the extracellular matrix. It has been reported that daily oral administration of PG (extracted from salmon nasal cartilage) modulates the severity of proinflammatory cytokine responses in mouse experimental colitis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, collagen‑induced arthritis and obesity‑induced inflammation. The present study investigated the effect of salmon nasal cartilage PG on allergic responses using a mouse model of papain‑induced respiratory inflammation. Low titers of immunoglobulin E were identified in the sera of the PG‑administered mice. Oral administration of PG attenuated eosinophil infiltration in the lung. In the acute model of papain‑induced allergic inflammation, PG‑administered mice exhibited low titers of epithelium‑derived and T helper 2‑associated cytokines. The results of the present study demonstrated that salmon cartilage PG has an immunomodulatory effect on intranasally delivered papain. These results suggest a potential role for PG as a prophylactic agent which may attenuate allergic respiratory inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya K Ono
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034‑8628, Japan
| | | | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8562, Japan
| | - Kouji Narita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8562, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuboi
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd., Motosu, Gifu 501‑0475, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8562, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8562, Japan
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7
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Hirose S, Narita K, Asano K, Nakane A. Salmon cartilage proteoglycan promotes the healing process of Staphylococcus aureus-infected wound. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00587. [PMID: 29862350 PMCID: PMC5968139 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is the critical event for maintaining skin function and barrier. Inflammatory state in which a variety of cells are activated and accumulated is important for wound healing. Bacterial infection in cutaneous wound is a common problem and causes delay of wound healing. Our previous study demonstrated that the salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan (PG) has an immunomodulatory effect in various mouse models of inflammatory disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of PG on healing process of Staphylococcus aureus-infected wound. PG accelerated wound closure in the initial phase of both infected and non-infected wound healing. In addition, the bacterial number in wounds of the PG-treated mice was significantly lower than that in the vehicle group. Neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was intensively observed in the PG-treated mice on day 2 after S. aureus inoculation, whereas neutrophil and macrophage influx was highly detected on day 6 in the vehicle control. Moreover, the production of TGF-β and IL-6 in the wound tissue was significantly promoted compared to the vehicle control on day 1. In contrast, the production of IL-1β and TNF-α in PG-treated mice was significantly decreased compared to the vehicle control on day 5. These data suggested that PG modulates the inflammatory state in infected wounds leading to promote wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kouji Narita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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8
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Asano K, Takahashi E, Yoshimura S, Nakane A. Oral administration of salmon cartilage proteoglycan extends the survival of allografts in mice. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:37-40. [PMID: 29387389 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycan (PG) is a complex glycohydrate that is widely distributed in the extracellular matrix. Oral administration of PG extracted from salmon nasal cartilage has been reported to attenuate the severity and proinflammatory cytokine responses in mouse experimental colitis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, collagen-induced arthritis and obesity-induced inflammation. In the present study, the effects of salmon nasal cartilage PG on skin allografts were investigated in a mouse model. Oral administration of PG prolonged the survival of skin grafts within 10 days of transplantation. Although PG failed to inhibit allograft rejection at the final stage of transplantation, PG attenuated the cell infiltration in the skin under the transplanted site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Emiko Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yoshimura
- Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Tohoku Women's College, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8503, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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9
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Kakizaki I, Miura A, Mineta T, Hong J, Kato Y. Characterization of Proteoglycan and Hyaluronan in Hot Water Extract from Salmon Cartilage. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2017; 64:83-90. [PMID: 34354500 PMCID: PMC8056930 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2017_005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon cartilage proteoglycan fractions have recently gained favor as ingredients of functional food and cosmetics. An optimal hot water method to extract proteoglycan from salmon cartilage has recently been developed. The extracted cartilage includes hyaluronan and collagen in addition to proteoglycan as counterparts that interact with each other. In this study, biochemical analyses and atomic force microscopical analysis revealed global molecular images of proteoglycan in the hot water extract. More than seventy percent of proteoglycans in this extract maintained their whole native structures. Hyaluronan purified from the hot water extract showed a distribution with high molecular weight similar to hyaluronan considered to be native hyaluronan in cartilage. The current data is evidence of the quality of this hot water cartilage extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ayako Miura
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
| | - Takashi Mineta
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Jinseo Hong
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yoji Kato
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
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Tomonaga A, Takahashi T, Tanaka YT, Tsuboi M, Ito K, Nagaoka I. Evaluation of the effect of salmon nasal proteoglycan on biomarkers for cartilage metabolism in individuals with knee joint discomfort: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:115-126. [PMID: 28672901 PMCID: PMC5488639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the chondroprotective action of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan on joint health. The effect of oral administration of proteoglycan (10 mg/day) on cartilage metabolism was evaluated in individuals with knee joint discomfort but without diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. The average age of patients was 52.6±1.1 years old. The effect of proteoglycan was evaluated by analyzing markers for type II collagen degradation (C1,2C) and synthesis (PIICP), and the ratio of type II collagen degradation to synthesis. The results indicated that the change in C1,2C levels significantly differed in the proteoglycan group compared with the placebo group following 16 weeks intervention among subjects with high levels of knee pain and physical dysfunction (total score of Japan Knee Osteoarthritis Measure ≥41) and subjects with constant knee pain (both P<0.05). There was a greater increase in PIICP levels in the proteoglycan group than the placebo group following intervention, although this difference was not significant in both sets of patients. Thus, the C1,2C/PIICP ratios decreased in the proteoglycan group, whereas they slightly increased in the placebo group following the intervention. Furthermore, no test supplement-related adverse events were observed during the intervention. Therefore, oral administration of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan at a dose of 10 mg/day may exert a chondroprotective action in subjects with knee joint discomfort. This effect was achieved by improving cartilage metabolism (reducing type II collagen degradation and enhancing type II collagen synthesis), without causing apparent adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuji Takahashi
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd., Gifu 501-0475, Japan
| | - Yuka Tsuda Tanaka
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd., Gifu 501-0475, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuboi
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd., Gifu 501-0475, Japan
| | - Kumie Ito
- Nihonbashi Sakura Clinic, Tokyo 103-0025, Japan
| | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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11
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Hirose S, Asano K, Nakane A. Attenuation of obesity-induced inflammation in mice orally administered with salmon cartilage proteoglycan, a prophylactic agent. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:480-485. [PMID: 28089867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation of adipose tissue and causes development of type 2 diabetes. M1 macrophage population was increased in adipose tissue of obese mouse. M1 macrophages induce insulin resistance through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Our previous studies demonstrated that salmon cartilage proteoglycan (PG) suppresses excess inflammation in various mouse inflammatory diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of PG on type 2 diabetes using high-fat-diet (HFD) induced obese mouse model. Oral PG administration enhanced the population of small adipocytes (area less than 1000 μm2) without body and tissue weight gain. In addition, PG administration suppressed mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and CXCL2 in adipose tissue. The proportion of M1 macrophages was decreased by PG administration. In addition, PG administration suppressed hyperglycemia after intraperitoneal glucose injection. Fasted serum insulin level was decreased in PG-administered mice. Moreover, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt was enhanced in the liver and gastrocnemius skeletal muscle of PG-administered mice. These data suggested that PG administration improves hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in obese mice by modulation of M1 macrophages which secrete proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue and activation of Akt in liver and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan.
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Tsuchiya Y, Kawamata K, Tomita M, Tsuboi M, Takahashi T, Yonezuka M. Effects of Salmon Nasal Cartilage Proteoglycan on Plasma Glucose Concentration and Active Glucose Transport in the Small Intestine. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 61:502-5. [PMID: 26875493 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.61.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, proteoglycan was purified from the nasal cartilage of salmon. Although several physiological effects have been reported, the effect of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan (salmon PG) on glucose metabolism remains unclear. We studied the effect of salmon PG on rat plasma glucose levels. Oral administration of 1% salmon PG significantly attenuated the increase in portal plasma glucose levels following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Additionally 1% salmon PG delayed the increase in peripheral glucose concentration induced by the OGTT. Mucosal administration of 1% salmon PG significantly decreased active glucose transport using the everted jejunal sac method. Furthermore, transmural potential difference (ΔPD) measurements using the everted jejunum revealed that 1% salmon PG significantly decreased glucose-dependent and phlorhizin (inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1; SGLT1)-sensitive ΔPD. These results suggest that salmon PG decreases glucose absorption via SGLT1 in the jejunum, thereby attenuating the increase in portal and peripheral plasma glucose levels in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Tsuchiya
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Tohoku Women's College
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Suekawa Y, Goto M, Yamamoto K, Kato Y. Development of Hyaluronic Acid-collagen-proteoglycan Complex (Hyaluco PG) by Hot Water Extraction from Salmon Nasal Cartilage. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2014_015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoji Kato
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
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Kakizaki I, Miura A, Ito S, Mineta T, Jin Seo H, Kato Y. Characterization of Proteoglycan and Hyaluronan in Water-based Delipidated Powder of Salmon Cartilage. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ayako Miura
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
| | - Seiko Ito
- School of Food Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Takashi Mineta
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Hong Jin Seo
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yoji Kato
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
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Ito G, Kobayashi T, Takeda Y, Sokabe M. Proteoglycan from salmon nasal cartridge [corrected] promotes in vitro wound healing of fibroblast monolayers via the CD44 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:792-8. [PMID: 25514035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are involved in various cellular functions including cell growth, adhesion, and differentiation; however, their physiological roles are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the effect of PG purified from salmon nasal cartilage (SNC-PG) on wound closure using tissue-cultured cell monolayers, an in vitro wound-healing assay. The results indicated that SNC-PG significantly promoted wound closure in NIH/3T3 cell monolayers by stimulating both cell proliferation and cell migration. SNC-PG was effective in concentrations from 0.1 to 10μg/ml, but showed much less effect at higher concentrations (100-1000μg/ml). The effect of SNC-PG was abolished by chondroitinase ABC, indicating that chondroitin sulfates (CSs), a major component of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in SNC-PG, are crucial for the SNC-PG effect. Furthermore, chondroitin 6-sulfate (C-6-S), a major CS of SNC-PG GAGs, could partially reproduce the SNC-PG effect and partially inhibit the binding of SNC-PG to cells, suggesting that SNC-PG exerts its effect through an interaction between the GAGs in SNC-PG and the cell surface. Neutralization by anti-CD44 antibodies or CD44 knockdown abolished SNC-PG binding to the cells and the SNC-PG effect on wound closure. These results suggest that interactions between CS-rich GAG-chains of SNC-PG and CD44 on the cell surface are responsible for the SNC-PG effect on wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Ito
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshie Takeda
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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16
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Schmitz K, Barthelmes J, Stolz L, Beyer S, Diehl O, Tegeder I. "Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:85-113. [PMID: 25435020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D and multiple sclerosis has (re)-opened new interest in nutrition and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of this neuroinflammatory disease. The dietary amount and type of fat, probiotics and biologicals, salmon proteoglycans, phytoestrogens and protease inhibitor of soy, sodium chloride and trace elements, and fat soluble vitamins including D, A and E were all considered as disease-modifying nutraceuticals. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acids and their 'inflammation-resolving' metabolites and the gut microflora may reduce auto-aggressive immune cells and reduce progression or risk of relapse, and infection with whipworm eggs may positively change the gut-brain communication. Encouraged by the recent interest in multiple sclerosis-nutrition nature's pharmacy has been searched for novel compounds with anti-inflammatory, immune-modifying and antioxidative properties, the most interesting being the scorpion toxins that inhibit specific potassium channels of T cells and antioxidative compounds including the green tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin and the mustard oil glycoside from e.g. broccoli and sulforaphane. They mostly also inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling through NF-κB or toll-like receptors and stabilize the blood brain barrier. Disease modifying functions may also complement analgesic and anti-spastic effects of cannabis, its constituents, and of 'endocannabinoid enhancing' drugs or nutricals like inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Nutricals will not solve multiple sclerosis therapeutic challenges but possibly support pharmacological interventions or unearth novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Barthelmes
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Stolz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olaf Diehl
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
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Attenuation of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by salmon proteoglycan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:406453. [PMID: 25032213 PMCID: PMC4054874 DOI: 10.1155/2014/406453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious autoimmune disease caused by chronic inflammation of connective tissues. The basic principle of RA treatment is aimed to reduce joint inflammation. Our previous studies demonstrated that salmon cartilage proteoglycan (PG) suppresses excess inflammation in different mouse inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the prophylactic effect of PG on the progression of RA using an experimental mouse model, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Clinical and histological severity of CIA was attenuated by daily oral administration of PG. In the joints of PG-administered mice, infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and also osteoclast accumulation were limited. In comparison to nonadministered mice, anti-collagen antibodies in the sera of PG-administered mice did not alter. On the other hand, local expression of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-6, IL-1β, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), and CXCL2 in the joints of PG-administered mice decreased. Moreover, in the response of type II collagen- (CII-) restimulation ex vivo, IL-17A and IFN-γ production by splenocytes from PG-administered mice was less than that of control mice. These data suggested that daily ingested PG attenuated CIA pathogenesis by modulating immune response of splenocytes to CII stimulation and local production inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the joints.
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Biochemical and atomic force microscopic characterization of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 103:538-49. [PMID: 24528764 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan fractions are known, however, structural information is lacking. Recently, the major proteoglycan of this cartilage was identified as aggrecan. In this study, global molecular images and glycosaminoglycan structure of salmon nasal cartilage aggrecan purified from 4M guanidine hydrochloride extract were analyzed using HPLCs and atomic force microscopy with bovine tracheal cartilage aggrecan as a control. The estimated numbers of sulfates per disaccharide unit of chondroitin sulfate chains of salmon and bovine aggrecans were similar (approximately 0.85). However, the disaccharide composition showed a higher proportion of chondroitin 6-sulfate units in salmon aggrecan, 60%, compared to 40% in bovine. Gel filtration HPLC and monosaccharide analysis showed the salmon aggrecan had a lower number (approximately one-third), but 1.5-3.3 times longer chondroitin sulfate chains than the bovine aggrecan. Atomic force microscopic molecular images of aggrecan supported the images predicted by biochemical analyses.
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Asano K, Yoshimura S, Nakane A. Alteration of intestinal microbiota in mice orally administered with salmon cartilage proteoglycan, a prophylactic agent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75008. [PMID: 24040376 PMCID: PMC3767651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycan (PG) extracted from salmon nasal cartilage has potential to be a prophylactic agent. Daily oral administration of the PG attenuates systemic inflammatory response in the experimental mouse models. In this study, we applied the culture-independent approach to investigate an alteration of intestinal microbiota composition in PG-administered mice. The results indicated that the population level of bacilli increased in the small and large intestine upon PG administration. On the other hand, the population level of clostridia decreased in the large intestine. The proportion of bacteria that are able to ferment saccharides and produce short-chain fatty acids increased in the small intestine and decreased in the large intestine. Importantly, population level of probiotic lactobacilli and bacteria exhibiting the immunomodulatory effect increased in the PG-administered mice. In addition, several disease-associated bacteria decreased upon PG administration. These results provided an understanding of the specific role of PG involved in host immune modulation and supported our hypothesis that daily oral administration of PG improves the overall balance in composition of the intestinal microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Absorption of proteoglycan via clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the small intestine of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:654-6. [PMID: 23470738 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying proteoglycan (PG) absorption in the intestine is not clear. Hence we analyzed the transport of salmon PG in the rat jejunum, ileum, and colon by the everted-sac method. The jejunum showed the largest capacity for PG transport. Jejunal transport of PG was also greater than that of chondroitin A and C. An inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis reduced jejunal PG transport. We conclude that intestinal PG transport is highest in the jejunum, and is partially dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Miura A, Ito S, Kato Y. Comparative Analyses of Proteoglycan-containing Powder Prepared from Salmon Nasal Cartilage and Extracted with Various Solvents. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.60.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kudo S, Ito S, Yoshihara S, Kato Y. Safety Evaluation of Salmon Nasal Cartilage Powder Containing Proteoglycan as a Major Constituent. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.58.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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