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Kuang P, Xie A, Deng J, Tang J, Wang P, Yu F. GTP-binding protein Di-RAS3 diminishes the migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer by inhibiting the RAS/extracellular-regulated kinase pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5663-5674. [PMID: 35170376 PMCID: PMC8973588 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2031671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTP-binding protein Di-Ras3 (DIRAS3) has been established as a maternally imprinted tumor suppressor gene. Growing evidence has correlated the DIRAS3 gene with tumor progression, but its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is rarely reported. Accordingly, the current study sought to evaluate the role and mechanism of DIRAS3 in NSCLC cell progression. First, we uncovered that DIRAS3 was poorly expressed in NSCLC tissues and cells. Subsequently, we examined the effect of DIRAS3 over-expression or knockdown in different lung cancer cells on their malignant phenotypes, with the help of transwell cell migration and invasion assays, and Western blot analyses. It was found that the over-expression of DIRAS3 inhibited the migration and invasion of A549 cells or H520 cells, whereas knockdown of DIRAS3 led to opposing trends. In addition, over-expression of DIRAS3 attenuated the tumor growth and reduced the number of lung tumor nodules. Mechanistically, DIRAS3 may inhibit the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells by inhibiting the RAS/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings indicate that DIRAS3 could serve as a potential therapeutic target biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Kuang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - An Xie
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Jianxiong Deng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaming Tang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peijun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Bildik G, Liang X, Sutton MN, Bast RC, Lu Z. DIRAS3: An Imprinted Tumor Suppressor Gene that Regulates RAS and PI3K-driven Cancer Growth, Motility, Autophagy, and Tumor Dormancy. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:25-37. [PMID: 34667114 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
DIRAS3 is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene that encodes a 26 kDa GTPase with 60% amino acid homology to RAS, but with a distinctive 34 amino acid N-terminal extension required to block RAS function. DIRAS3 is maternally imprinted and expressed only from the paternal allele in normal cells. Loss of expression can occur in a single "hit" through multiple mechanisms. Downregulation of DIRAS3 occurs in cancers of the ovary, breast, lung, prostate, colon, brain, and thyroid. Reexpression of DIRAS3 inhibits signaling through PI3 kinase/AKT, JAK/STAT, and RAS/MAPK, blocking malignant transformation, inhibiting cancer cell growth and motility, and preventing angiogenesis. DIRAS3 is a unique endogenous RAS inhibitor that binds directly to RAS, disrupting RAS dimers and clusters, and preventing RAS-induced transformation. DIRAS3 is essential for autophagy and triggers this process through multiple mechanisms. Reexpression of DIRAS3 induces dormancy in a nu/nu mouse xenograft model of ovarian cancer, inhibiting cancer cell growth and angiogenesis. DIRAS3-mediated induction of autophagy facilitates the survival of dormant cancer cells in a nutrient-poor environment. DIRAS3 expression in dormant, drug-resistant autophagic cancer cells can serve as a biomarker and as a target for novel therapy to eliminate the residual disease that remains after conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Bildik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Margie N Sutton
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Wang Y, Shen F, Zhou J, Fang Y, Qi Y, Chen Y. Overexpression of ARHI increases the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to paclitaxel through inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:142-149. [PMID: 34189759 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system. This study investigated the role of aplysia ras homolog I (ARHI) in resistance to CC in vitro and in patients' tissues. Hela cells were continuously treated with different concentrations of paclitaxel (1-10 nM) to construct paclitaxel-resistant cell model (Hela-TR). CC or CC-TR tissues were obtained from CC patients or CC patients who had developed paclitaxel resistance. The level of ARHI and multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) in cells and tissues were detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Cell viability, apoptosis and the number of colonies were assessed by MTT, flow cytometry and cell clone assay in Hela and Hela-TR cells after the ARHI plasmid or shARHI were transfected into cells. The autophagy and apoptosis signaling related proteins were analyzed by western blotting. The results revealed that the levels of ARHI mRNA and protein were down-regulated in CC tissues, and were further reduced in paclitaxel-resistant tissues and Hela cell model. High expression of ARHI inhibited the expression of MDR1 in Hela and Hela-TR cells. The cell viability and cell clone of Hela and Hela-TR cells were decreased by ARHI overexpression but increased by ARHI suppression. In addition, highly expressed ARHI promoted apoptosis and activated autophagy by increasing LC3-II/LC3-I through inactivating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, overexpression of ARHI can increase the sensitivity of CC to paclitaxel through promoting apoptosis and autophagy in a AKT/mTOR inactivation dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangrong Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuelan Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalan Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Liu Z, Hurst DR, Qu X, Lu LG, Wu CZ, Li YY, Li Y. Re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 induces apoptosis and impaired autophagy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:48. [PMID: 33038921 PMCID: PMC7548045 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND p53 and DIRAS3 are tumor suppressors that are frequently silenced in tumors. In this study, we sought to determine whether the concurrent re-expression of p53 and DIRAS3 could effectively induce head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell death. METHODS CAL-27 and SCC-25 cells were treated with Ad-DIRAS3 and rAd-p53 to induce re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 respectively. The effects of DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression on the growth and apoptosis of HNSCC cells were examined by TUNEL assay, flow cytometric analysis and MTT. The effects of DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression on Akt phosphorylation, oncogene expression, and the interaction of 4E-BP1 with eIF4E were determined by real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunoprecipitation analysis. The ability of DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression to induce autophagy was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, LC3 fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. The effects of DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression on HNSCC growth were evaluated by using an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. RESULTS TUNEL assay and flow cytometric analysis showed that the concurrent re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 significantly induced apoptosis (P < 0.001). MTT and flow cytometric analysis revealed that DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression significantly inhibited proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest (P < 0.001). Mechanistically, the concurrent re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 down-regulated signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) and up-regulated p21WAF1/CIP1 and Bax (P < 0.001). DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression also inhibited Akt phosphorylation, increased the interaction of eIF4E with 4E-BP1, and reduced the expression of c-Myc, cyclin D1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Bcl-2 (P < 0.001). Moreover, the concurrent re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 increased the percentage of cells with GFP-LC3 puncta compared with that in cells treated with control adenovirus (50.00% ± 4.55% vs. 4.67% ± 1.25%, P < 0.001). LC3 fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting further showed that DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression significantly promoted autophagic activity but also inhibited autophagic flux, resulting in overall impaired autophagy. Finally, the concurrent re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 significantly decreased the tumor volume compared with the control group in a HNSCC xenograft mouse model [(3.12 ± 0.75) mm3 vs. (189.02 ± 17.54) mm3, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS The concurrent re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 is a more effective approach to HNSCC treatment than current treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35216, USA
| | - Xing Qu
- Department of Evidence Based Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li-Guang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chen-Zhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Liu X, Zhang T, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Li L. The Role of Methylation in the CpG Island of the ARHI Promoter Region in Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1255:123-132. [PMID: 32949395 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4494-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypermethylation can downregulate many tumor suppressor gene expressions. Aplasia Ras homologue member I (ARHI, DIRAS3) is one of the maternally imprinted tumor suppressors in the RAS superfamily. This chapter overviewed the importance of ARHI methylation and expression phenomes in various types of cancers, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. As an imprinted gene, aberrant DNA methylation of the paternal allele of ARHI was identified as a primary inhibitor of ARHI expression. The role of methylation in the CpG islands of the ARHI promoter region vary among ovarian cancers, breast cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancers, pancreatic cancer osteosarcoma, glial tumors, follicular thyroid carcinoma, or lung cancers. The methylation of ARHI provides a new insight to understand molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuan Liu
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Department of Scientific Research and Discipline Construction, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Gan-Qing-Ning Formula Inhibits the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Promoting Apoptosis and Inhibiting Angiogenesis in H 22 Tumor-Bearing Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6376912. [PMID: 32831873 PMCID: PMC7428871 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6376912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Gang-Qing-Ning (GQN) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the folk population for decades. However, scientific validation is still necessary to lend credibility to the traditional use of GQN against HCC. This study investigates the antitumor effect of GQN on H22 tumor-bearing mice and its possible mechanism. Methods Fifty H22 tumor-bearing mice were randomly assigned to five groups. Three groups were treated with high, medium, and low dosages of GQN (27.68, 13.84, and 6.92 g/kg, respectively); the positive control group was treated with cytoxan (CTX) (20 mg/kg) and the model group was treated with normal saline. After 10 days' treatment, the tumor inhibitory rates were calculated. Pathological changes in tumor tissue were observed, and the key proteins and genes of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were measured, as well as the mRNA expression levels of VEGF in tumor tissue. Results The tumor inhibitory rates of high, medium, and low dosages of GQN groups were 47.39%, 38.26%, and 22.17%, respectively. The high dosage of the GQN group significantly increased the protein and mRNA expression levels of Bax, Cyt-C, and cleaved Caspase 3 (or Caspase 3) (P < 0.01) but decreased the expression levels of Bcl-2, VEGF, and microvessel density (MVD) (P < 0.01). Conclusions The high dosage of GQN can significantly inhibit the tumor growth in H22 tumor-bearing mice. It exerts the antitumor effect by enhancing proapoptotic factors and inhibiting the antiapoptotic factor of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.
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7
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Du M, Sun Z, Lu Y, Li YZ, Xu HR, Zeng CQ. Osthole inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in BV-2 microglia cells in kainic acid-induced epilepsy via modulating PI3K/AKt/mTOR signalling way. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:238-244. [PMID: 30922159 PMCID: PMC6442221 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1588905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osthole is a natural coumarin compound most frequently extracted from plants of the Apiaceae family such as Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, Angelica pubescens Maxin.f., and Peucedanum ostruthium (L.). Osthole is considered to have potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of diseases including epilepsy. However, the mechanism of osthole induced-apoptosis in BV-2 microglia cells is not yet clear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of osthole on PI3K/AKt/mTOR expression in kainic acid (KA)-activated BV-2 microglia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Optimal culture concentration and time of osthole were investigated by MTT assay. The concentration of osthole was tested from 10 to 400 μM and the culture time was tested from 2 to 72 h. Ultrastructure difference among control, KA and osthole group was analyzed under transmission electron microscope. The mRNA expression of PI3K/AKt/mTOR was investigated using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and the protein expression was investigated using western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. Apoptosis rate of BV-2 cells between each group was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS IC50 for cell viability of BV-2 cells by osthole was 157.7 µM. Treated with osthole (140 µM) for 24 h significantly increased the inhibition rate. Pretreatment with osthole inhibited the KA-induced PI3K/AKt/mTOR mRNA and protein expression. The results of flow cytometry analysis showed that the apoptotic rate of osthole group was obviously higher than KA group. CONCLUSIONS Date showed that osthole may be useful in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by over expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Du
- Department ofMedical College, Dalian University, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Beijing International Travel Health Care Center of Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Neonatal Screening Center, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Li
- Department ofMedical College, Dalian University, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong-Rui Xu
- Department ofMedical College, Dalian University, Liaoning, China
| | - Chang-Qian Zeng
- Department ofMedical College, Dalian University, Liaoning, China
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Yu XN, Chen H, Liu TT, Wu J, Zhu JM, Shen XZ. Targeting the mTOR regulatory network in hepatocellular carcinoma: Are we making headway? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:379-391. [PMID: 30951815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway coordinates organismal growth and homeostasis in response to growth factors, nutrients, and cellular energy stage. The pathway regulates several major cellular processes and is implicated in various pathological conditions, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review summarizes recent advances of the mTOR pathway, highlights the potential of the mTOR pathway as a therapeutic target, and explores clinical trials targeting the mTOR pathway in HCC. Although the review focuses on the mTOR pathway involved in HCC, more comprehensive discussions (eg, developing a rational design for future trials targeting the mTOR pathway) are also applicable to other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Nan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao-Tao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Min Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xi-Zhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Li X, Liu S, Fang X, He C, Hu X. The mechanisms of DIRAS family members in role of tumor suppressor. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5564-5577. [PMID: 30317588 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DIRAS family is a group of GTPases belonging to the RAS superfamily and shares homology with the pro-oncogenic Ras GTPases. Currently, accumulating evidence show that DIRAS family members could be identified as putative tumor suppressors in various cancers. The either lost or reduced expression of DIRAS proteins play an important role in cancer development, including cell growth, migration, apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and tumor dormancy. This review focuses on the latest research regarding the roles and mechanisms of the DIRAS family members in regulating Ras function, cancer development, assessing potential challenges, and providing insights into the possibility of targeting them for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Li
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cancer Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao He
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Peng Y, Jia J, Jiang Z, Huang D, Jiang Y, Li Y. Oncogenic DIRAS3 promotes malignant phenotypes of glioma by activating EGFR-AKT signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:413-418. [PMID: 30266404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Akt signaling cascade activation plays a pivotal role in gliomas malignant phenotype, especially in Classical and Mesenchymal subtype gliomas. However, the molecules and mechanisms underlying regulate and maintain the activation of EGFR-AKT signaling remains unclear. Previously reports showed that DIRAS3 inhibits cell proliferation and induces autophagy in ovarian, breast, lung and prostate cancers, which is heterozygosity loss or down-regulated in aforementioned cancers and functionally as a tumor suppressor, whereas the role of DIRAS3 in glioma is still veiled. Here, in this study, we investigated the biological function and role of DIRAS3 in gliomas, and found that DIRAS3 is up-regulated in gliomas and is positively correlated with poor prognosis of glioma patients, meanwhile, over-expressed DIRAS3 promotes glioma cells proliferation and invasion. Further mechanistic study showed that the expression level of DIRAS3 in Classical and Mesenchymal subtype GBMs is higher, and over-expression of DIRAS3 promotes EGFR-AKT signaling activation at the downstream of EGFR and increases AKT phosphorylation, meanwhile suppression of AKT by MK-2206 reverses the tumor promoting function of DIRAS3. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel oncogenic role of DIRAS3 in the development and progression of glioma, which suggest that DIRAS3 could serve as a potential diagnostic marker and a promising therapeutic target of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jiaoying Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhongzhong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Dezhi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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11
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Qiu J, Li X, He Y, Sun D, Li W, Xin Y. Distinct subgroup of the Ras family member 3 (DIRAS3) expression impairs metastasis and induces autophagy of gastric cancer cells in mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1869-1886. [PMID: 30043279 PMCID: PMC6153597 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Distinct subgroup of the Ras family member 3 (DIRAS3), also called Aplasia Ras homolog member I, is a tumor suppressor gene that induces autophagy in several cancer cell lines. Methods This study analyzed DIRAS3, and markers of autophagy (p62, and LC3B-II) in surgically resected GC samples from 420 patients. The promotion of autophagy by DIRAS3 in gastric cancer (GC) cells was explored, which might explain its inhibitory role in gastric cancer cells. Results DIRAS3 expression in GC was positively correlated with LC3B-II amount, and negatively with metastasis; DIRAS3 and p62 levels were independent prognostic factors in GC. Overexpression of DIRAS3 in BGC-823 cells induced autophagy, led to decreased proliferation, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, increased apoptosis, and impaired migration and invasion. While knockdown of DIRAS3 promoted proliferation and migration in MKN-45 cells. Overexpression of DIRAS3 in BGC-823 cells elevated autophagy levels in subcutaneous xenograft and inhibited tumor growth in mice; the hematogenous liver and lung metastasis of cancer cells were also suppressed. Conclusions In conclusion, the results suggest DIRAS3 may play a role in affecting proliferation and metastatic potential of GC cells, which may be associated with its involvement in autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Qiu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yingjian He
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yan Xin
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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PSG9 promotes angiogenesis by stimulating VEGFA production and is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:528-535. [PMID: 28078509 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant solid tumor characterized by rich vascularization. Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 9 (PSG9) is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)/PSG family and is produced at high levels during pregnancy. We previously identified PSG9 as an HCC-related protein. However, the expression of PSG9 and its regulation during HCC carcinogenesis remain poorly explored. In the present study, we first found that the levels of PSG9 protein were significantly increased in the plasma of HCC patients. PSG9 overexpression also increased the proliferation ability of an HCC cell line. High expression of PSG9 was associated with angiogenesis by accelerating VEGFA expression. In addition, Cox's proportional hazards model analysis revealed that the plasma level of PSG9 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. We propose that PSG9 is a novel indicator of prognosis in patients with HCC and could serve as a novel therapeutic target for HCC. Furthermore, our results indicate that PSG9 protein may facilitate the development of HCC by fostering angiogenesis via promoting VEGFA production in cancer cells.
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Ye K, Wang S, Wang J, Han H, Ma B, Yang Y. Zebularine enhances apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing methylation of ARHI. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1851-1857. [PMID: 27685841 PMCID: PMC5198947 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ARHI is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene and its methylation suppresses ARHI transcription levels to cause the development and progression of malignant tumors. Zebularine exerts a demethylation function for tumor suppressor genes. Our study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of zebularine on the epigenetic modification of the ARHI gene, and whether this effect may modulate the viability and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells. We found that zebularine inhibited the viability and promoted apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Zebularine potentiated the expression of ARHI at both the protein and mRNA level. This was related to the downregulation of methylation of ARHI caused by zebularine. Zebularine suppressed the interaction of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) with histone methyltransferase G9a, but had no effect on G9a alone. Knockdown of DNMT1 or G9a can induce a reduction of ARHI methylation. Therefore, we inferred that zebularine was likely to directly repress DNMT1 alone, but G9a was necessary to regulate the function of DNMT1 on ARHI methylation. Moreover, knockdown of ARHI rescued cell viability and apoptosis under the zebularine‐treated condition. We showed that zebularine inhibited viability and promoted apoptosis by disturbing the interaction between DNMT1 and G9a, thereby resulting in lower ARHI methylation and elevated ARHI expression in osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishan Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuanke Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Ye K, Wang S, Yang Y, Kang X, Wang J, Han H. Aplasia Ras homologue member Ⅰ overexpression inhibits tumor growth and induces apoptosis through inhibition of PI3K/Akt survival pathways in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells in culture. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:776-82. [PMID: 26165148 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplasia Ras homologue member Ⅰ (ARHI), an imprinted tumor-suppressor gene, is downregulated in various types of cancer. However, the expression, function and specific mechanisms of ARHI in human osteosarcoma (OS) cells remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of ARHI on OS cell proliferation and apoptosis and its associated mechanism. In the study, ARHI mRNA and protein levels were markedly downregulated in OS cells compared with the human osteoblast precursor cell line hFOB1.19. By generating stable transfectants, ARHI was overexpressed in OS cells that had low levels of ARHI. Overexpression of ARHI inhibited cell viability and proliferation and induced apoptosis. However, caspase‑3 activity was not changed by ARHI overexpression. In addition, phosphorylated Akt protein expression decreased in the ARHI overexpression group compared to that in the control vector group. The knockdown of ARHI also resulted in the promotion of cell proliferation and the attenuation of apoptosis in MG‑63 cells. Additionally, ARHI silencing increased the level of p‑Akt. The present results indicate that ARHI inhibits OS cell proliferation and may have a key role in the development of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishan Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Shuanke Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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Kim CJ, Shin JW, Jung SW, Park BR, Park NH. Somatic Mutation of ARHI Gene in Hepatocellular Carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1277-9. [PMID: 26143066 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jae Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
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ARHI overexpression induces epithelial ovarian cancer cell apoptosis and excessive autophagy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 24:437-43. [PMID: 24476894 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ARHI is a maternally imprinted tumor suppressor gene that is responsible for initiating programmed cell death and inhibiting cancer cell growth. However, the influence of ARHI on epithelial ovarian cancer cell death and the underlying mechanisms behind how ARHI regulates cancer cells still require further studies. METHODS Epithelial ovarian cancer cells TOV112D and ES-2 were used in this in vitro study. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy activities were compared in TOV112D and ES-2 cells transfected with ARHI vectors or control vectors. Bcl-2 siRNA was transfected into TOV112D cells to investigate the roles of Bcl-2 played in regulating apoptosis and autophagy. RESULTS ARHI expression was reduced in TOV112D and ES-2 cells compared with normal epithelial ovarian cells (NOE095 and HOSEpiC). Overexpressed ARHI inhibited cancer cell proliferation, whereas induced forced cell apoptosis and excessive formation of autophagosomes inhibited promoted cell death. Furthermore, we found that Bcl-2 expression moderately declined in response to ARHI overexpressing in ES-2 and TOV112D cells; meanwhile, more apoptotic cells and higher LC3 level presented after silence of Bcl-2 in TOV112D cells. Reduced Bcl-2-Beclin 1 complex were observed in ARHI overexpressing cells. Moreover, modulation of ARHI to Bcl-2 expression could be ascribed partially to the activation of PI3k/AKT pathway. The addition of LY294002 enabled to suppress Bcl-2 expression and cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The silence of ARHI expression in vitro seems to accelerate the malignant transformation of healthy ovarian cells by restraining apoptosis and autophagy. The overexpressed ARHI in TOV112D cancer cells suppresses the activation of PI3K/AKT and reduces the expression of Bcl-2, leading to enhanced cell apoptosis and autophagic cancer cell death.
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Loss of ARHI expression in colon cancer and its clinical significance. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2014; 18:329-33. [PMID: 25477755 PMCID: PMC4248061 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.45764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study The Ras-related tumour suppressor gene aplasia Ras homolog member I (ARHI) is downregulated in many types of cancer, including ovarian cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, we explore the expression level and role of ARHI in colon cancer. Moreover, the mechanisms that down-regulate expression of ARHI in colon cancer will be further investigated. Material and methods ARHI expression levels were evaluated with immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-PCR, and western blot. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) were used to study the mechanisms of ARHI down-regulation. Results Low expression of ARHI was observed in 61.7% (37/60) of colon cancer specimens. Compared with the paired noncancerous tissues, ARHI expression was significantly decreased in colon cancer tissues. Furthermore, low ARHI expression was significantly associated with worse differentiation degree and Dukes’ stage (P < 0.05). Methylation-specific PCR assay revealed that the methylation rates of ARHI were 53.3% (16/30) and 46.7% (14/30) in ARHI CpG I and CpG II, respectively. Therefore, methylation of promoter may be involving in down regulation of ARHI expression. Conclusions These data highlight an important role for ARHI in colon cancer, which could be a therapeutic strategy against this malignancy.
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Gao JZ, DU JL, Wang YL, Li J, Wei LX, Guo MZ. Synergistic effects of curcumin and bevacizumab on cell signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:295-299. [PMID: 25435978 PMCID: PMC4246621 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of curcumin in combination with bevacizumab on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)/K-ras pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. A total of 30 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: Control, model, curcumin, VEGF blocker, and curcumin + VEGF blocker groups. The mRNA levels of VEGF and VEGFR in all groups were subsequently measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the protein expression of K-ras was detected by western blot analysis. Compared with the control group, the mRNA levels of VEGF and VEGFR were revealed to be significantly increased in the model, curcumin and VEGF blocker groups. The VEGF mRNA levels in the curcumin, VEGF blocker and curcumin + VEGF blocker groups were all decreased when compared with the model group. In addition, the VEGF mRNA levels in the curcumin + VEGF blocker group were significantly lower compared with the curcumin group (P<0.05). The VEGF mRNA levels in the curcumin, VEGF blocker and curcumin + VEGF blocker groups were decreased when compared with the model group (P=0.0001). No significant differences in VEGF mRNA levels were identified between the VEGF blocker and curcumin groups (P=0.863), whereas the VEGF mRNA levels in the curcumin + VEGF blocker group were significantly lower than that of the curcumin group (P=0.025). Curcumin and the VEGF blocker are each capable of inhibiting hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the VEGF/VEGFR/K-ras pathway. The combination of the two compounds has a synergistic effect on the inhibition of the effects of the VEGF signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhi Gao
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, P.R. China ; Basic Medical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Li DU
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, P.R. China ; Department of Gastroenterology, Armed Police Corps Hospital of Qinghai, Xining, Qinghai 810006, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ling Wang
- Basic Medical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Zhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Li J, Cui G, Sun L, Wang SJ, Li YL, Meng YG, Guan Z, Fan WS, Li LA, Yang YZ, You YQ, Fu XY, Yan ZF, Huang K. STAT3 acetylation-induced promoter methylation is associated with downregulation of the ARHI tumor-suppressor gene in ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:165-70. [PMID: 23604529 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ARHI is a Ras-related imprinted tumor-suppressor gene that inhibits cancer cell growth and motility. ARHI is downregulated in the majority of ovarian cancer cells, and promoter methylation is considered to be associated with its loss of expression. however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the specific functions of ARHI and its methylation in ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, we examined the possible role of acetylated STAT3 in modulating the expression of ARHI and its methylation. In accordance with the majority of previous studies, reduced ARHI expression was found in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues and cancer cell lines as indicated by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. In addition, CpG islands I and II within ARHI promoter regions were partially methylated or hypermethylated in cancer cell lines (SKOV-3 and HO-8910) as analyzed by pyrosequencing assays, resulting in enhanced proliferation of the cancer cells. This proliferation was reversed by the administration of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Subsequently, we demonstrated that STAT3 acetylation was increased in HO-8910 cells, and the methylation status of CpG I was altered in response to the acetylation of STAT3 using western blotting. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and IP analysis indicated that acetylated STAT3 bound to the ARHI promoter and recruited DNA methyltransferase 1 for genetic modification. In conclusion, acetylated STAT3-induced promoter gene methylation accounts for the loss of ARHI expression and cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Effect of ARHI on lung cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:2671-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tang HL, Hu YQ, Qin XP, Jazag A, Yang H, Yang YX, Yang XN, Liu JJ, Chen JM, Guleng B, Ren JL. Aplasia ras homolog member I is downregulated in gastric cancer and silencing its expression promotes cell growth in vitro. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:1395-404. [PMID: 22497484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Aplasia ras homolog member I (ARHI) is a maternally imprinted tumor suppressor gene. ARHI protein is widely expressed in many types of human tissues; however, its expression is frequently reduced or absent in various tumors and plays a tumor suppressor role for in vitro study. In this study, we investigated the expression level of ARHI in gastric cancer in order to investigate the function of ARHI and signaling pathways that might be linked during gastric cancer development. METHODS ARHI mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed in primary gastric cancer tissues, adjacent noncancerous gastric tissues and gastric cancer cell lines using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Our results showed that both mRNA and protein expression levels of the ARHI gene were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines compared to the corresponding normal control groups. The protein expression level of ARHI was not associated with age, gender, location of tumor, tumor size or metastasis in patients with gastric cancer. However, a significant correlation between the level of ARHI protein expression and the degree of tumor differentiation and Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage was observed (P < 0.05). Furthermore, results of the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and Transwell assays and flow cytometric analysis showed increased cell proliferation, migration and anti-apoptotic capacities in the well-differentiated gastric cancer MKN-28 cell line, which has stably silenced ARHI protein expression. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that ARHI expression is downregulated in human gastric cancer and it may be a novel tumor suppressive target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated with Xiamen University, Fujian Province, China
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Li Y, Shi L, Han C, Wang Y, Yang J, Cao C, Jiao S. Effects of ARHI on cell cycle progression and apoptosis levels of breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1403-10. [PMID: 22528939 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to investigate the role of Aplysia Ras Homolog I (ARHI) on cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and other biological characteristics of HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Our goal was to provide experimental evidence for the development of future effective treatments of HER2-positive breast cancer. A pcDNA3.1-ARHI eukaryotic expression vector was constructed and transfected into the human HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 and JIMT-1. Then, various experimental methods were utilized to analyze the biological characteristics of ARHI-expressing breast cancer cells and to examine the impact of expression of the ARHI gene on cyclin D1, p27(Kip1), and calpain1 expression. We further analyzed the cells in each group after treatment with trastuzumab to examine the effects of this drug on various cellular characteristics. When we compared pcDNA3.1-ARHI-expressing SK-BR-3 and JIMT-1 cells to their respective empty vector and control groups, we found that cell viability was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the ARHI-expressing cells, and the proportions of G1 phase cells and apoptotic cells were significantly higher in the ARHI-expressing cells (p < 0.05). In all groups of SK-BR-3 cells, trastuzumab treatment significantly decreased cell growth (p < 0.05). The proportion of cells in G1 phase and the number of apoptotic cells in the pcDNA3.1-ARHI-expressing group were significantly higher than that in the empty vector group and the control group (p < 0.05). The growth of pcDNA3.1-ARHI-transfected JIMT-1 cells was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while the proportion of apoptotic cells was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Cell growth, viability, and the percentage of apoptotic cells were similar between the JIMT-1 empty vector and control groups. ARHI expression inhibited cyclin D1 expression in SK-BR-3 cells and JIMT-1 cells, while it promoted p27(Kip1) and calpain1 expression in these cells. ARHI expression inhibits the growth and proliferation of HER2-positive breast cancer cells, while it also promotes apoptosis in these cells. ARHI expression also improves the sensitivity of JIMT-1 cells to trastuzumab by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, FuXing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
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Aplasia Ras homologue member I overexpression induces apoptosis through inhibition of survival pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in culture and in xenograft. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:1019-24. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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