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Radhakrishnan L, Dani R, Navabshan I, Jamal S, Ahmed N. Targeting Aminoglycoside Acetyltransferase Activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv) Derived Eis (Enhanced Intracellular Survival) Protein with Quercetin. Protein J 2024; 43:12-23. [PMID: 37932619 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Eis (Enhanced intracellular survival) protein is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase enzyme classified under the family - GNAT (GCN5-related family of N-acetyltransferases) secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The enzymatic activity of Eis results in the acetylation of kanamycin, thereby impairing the drug's action. In this study, we expressed and purified recombinant Eis (rEis) to determine the enzymatic activity of Eis and its potential inhibitor. Glide-enhanced precision docking was used to perform molecular docking with chosen ligands. Quercetin was found to interact Eis with a maximum binding affinity of -8.379 kcal/mol as compared to other ligands. Quercetin shows a specific interaction between the positively charged amino acid arginine in Eis and the aromatic ring of quercetin through π-cation interaction. Further, the effect of rEis was studied on the antibiotic activity of kanamycin A in the presence and absence of quercetin. It was observed that the activity of rEis aminoglycoside acetyltransferase decreased with increasing quercetin concentration. The results from the disk diffusion assay confirmed that increasing the concentration of quercetin inhibits the rEis protein activity. In conclusion, quercetin may act as a potential Eis inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logesh Radhakrishnan
- School of Life Sciences, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India
| | - Rahul Dani
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Irfan Navabshan
- School of Pharmacy, BSA Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India
| | - Shazia Jamal
- School of Life Sciences, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India
| | - Neesar Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India.
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2
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Matošević A, Opsenica DM, Spasić M, Maraković N, Zandona A, Žunec S, Bartolić M, Kovarik Z, Bosak A. Evaluation of 4-aminoquinoline derivatives with an n-octylamino spacer as potential multi-targeting ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110620. [PMID: 37406982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The most successful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is directed toward increasing levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the enzymes responsible for its hydrolysis. In this paper, we extended our study on 4-aminoquinolines as human cholinesterase inhibitors on twenty-six new 4-aminoquinolines containing an n-octylamino spacer on C(4) and different substituents on the terminal amino group. We evaluated the potency of new derivatives to act as multi-targeted ligands by determining their inhibition potency towards human AChE and BChE, ability to chelate biometals Fe, Cu and Zn, ability to inhibit the action of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and their antioxidant capacity. All of the tested derivatives were very potent inhibitors of human AChE and BChE with inhibition constants (Ki) ranging from 0.0023 to 1.6 μM. Most of the compounds were estimated to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by passive transport and were nontoxic to human neuronal, kidney and liver cells in concentrations in which they inhibit cholinesterases. Generally, newly synthesised compounds were weak reductants compared to standard antioxidants, but all possessed a certain amount of antioxidant activity compared to tacrine. Of the eleven most potent cholinesterase inhibitors, eight compounds also inhibited BACE1 activity at 10-18%. Based on our overall results, compounds 8 with 3-fluorobenzyl, 11 with 3-chlorobenzyl and 17 with 3-metoxy benzyl substituents on the terminal amino group stood out as the most promising for the treatment of AD; they strongly inhibited AChE and BChE, were non-toxic on HepG2, HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells, had the potential to cross the BBB and possessed the ability to chelate biometals and/or inhibit the activity of BACE1 within a range close to the therapeutically desired degree of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Matošević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dejan M Opsenica
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Beograd, Serbia; Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, ICTM, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marta Spasić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Bartolić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Bosak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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3
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4-Aminoquinoline-Based Adamantanes as Potential Anticholinesterase Agents in Symptomatic Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061305. [PMID: 35745878 PMCID: PMC9229919 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is the most important mode of action expected of a potential drug used for the treatment of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), our previous pilot study of 4-aminoquinolines as potential human cholinesterase inhibitors was extended to twenty-two new structurally distinct 4-aminoquinolines bearing an adamantane moiety. Inhibition studies revealed that all of the compounds were very potent inhibitors of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with inhibition constants (Ki) ranging between 0.075 and 25 µM. The tested compounds exhibited a modest selectivity between the two cholinesterases; the most selective for BChE was compound 14, which displayed a 10 times higher preference, while compound 19 was a 5.8 times more potent inhibitor of AChE. Most of the compounds were estimated to be able to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) by passive transport. Evaluation of druglikeness singled out fourteen compounds with possible oral route of administration. The tested compounds displayed modest but generally higher antioxidant activity than the structurally similar AD drug tacrine. Compound 19 showed the highest reducing power, comparable to those of standard antioxidants. Considering their simple structure, high inhibition of AChE and BChE, and ability to cross the BBB, 4-aminoquinoline-based adamantanes show promise as structural scaffolds for further design of novel central nervous system drugs. Among them, two compounds stand out: compound 5 as the most potent inhibitor of both cholinesterases with a Ki constant in low nano molar range and the potential to cross the BBB, and compound 8, which met all our requirements, including high cholinesterase inhibition, good oral bioavailability, and antioxidative effect. The QSAR model revealed that AChE and BChE inhibition was mainly influenced by the ring and topological descriptors MCD, Nnum, RP, and RSIpw3, which defined the shape, conformational flexibility, and surface properties of the molecules.
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4
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Mamadalieva NZ, Youssef FS, Hussain H, Zengin G, Mollica A, Al Musayeib NM, Ashour ML, Westermann B, Wessjohann LA. Validation of the Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Selected Triterpenes Using In Vitro and In Silico Studies, and the Evaluation of Their ADMET Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216331. [PMID: 34770739 PMCID: PMC8587851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential of fifteen cycloartane-type triterpenes’ potentials were investigated using different assays. In the phosphomolybdenum method, cycloalpioside D (6) (4.05 mmol TEs/g) showed the highest activity. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) radical and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation radical scavenging assays, cycloorbicoside A-7-monoacetate (2) (5.03 mg TE/g) and cycloorbicoside B (10) (10.60 mg TE/g) displayed the highest activities, respectively. Oleanolic acid (14) (51.45 mg TE/g) and 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside-(23R,24S)-16β,23;16α,24-diepoxycycloart-25(26)-en-3β,7β-diol 7-monoacetate (4) (13.25 mg TE/g) revealed the highest reducing power in cupric ion-reducing activity (CUPRAC) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. In metal-chelating activity on ferrous ions, compound 2 displayed the highest activity estimated by 41.00 mg EDTAE/g (EDTA equivalents/g). The tested triterpenes showed promising AChE and BChE inhibitory potential with 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside-(23R,24S)-16β,23;16α,24-diepoxycycloart-25(26)-en-3β,7β-diol 2′,3′,4′,7-tetraacetate (3), exhibiting the highest inhibitory activity as estimated from 5.64 and 5.19 mg GALAE/g (galantamine equivalent/g), respectively. Compound 2 displayed the most potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity (113.24 mg KAE/g (mg kojic acid equivalent/g)). Regarding α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside-(23R,24S)-16β,23;16α,24-diepoxycycloart-25(26)-en-3β,7β-diol (5) (0.55 mmol ACAE/g) and compound 3 (25.18 mmol ACAE/g) exerted the highest activities, respectively. In silico studies focused on compounds 2, 6, and 7 as inhibitors of tyrosinase revealed that compound 2 displayed a good ranking score (−7.069 kcal/mole) and also that the ΔG free-binding energy was the highest among the three selected compounds. From the ADMET/TOPKAT prediction, it can be concluded that compounds 4 and 5 displayed the best pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior, with considerable activity in most of the examined assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufar Z. Mamadalieva
- Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (H.H.); (B.W.); (L.A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fadia S. Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (F.S.Y.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (H.H.); (B.W.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey;
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Nawal M. Al Musayeib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed L. Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (F.S.Y.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (H.H.); (B.W.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (H.H.); (B.W.); (L.A.W.)
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5
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Pohanka M. Inhibitors of Cholinesterases in Pharmacology: the Current Trends. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:1532-1542. [PMID: 31656151 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191018170908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of cholinesterases are a wide group of low molecular weight compounds with a significant role in the current pharmacology. Besides the pharmacological importance, they are also known as toxic compounds like military nerve agents. In the pharmacology, drugs for Alzheimer disease, myasthenia gravis and prophylaxis of poisoning by nerve agents can be mentioned as the relevant applications. Besides this, anti-inflammation and antiphrastic drugs are other pharmacological applications of these inhibitors. This review is focused on a survey of cholinesterase inhibitors with known or expected pharmacological impact and indications of their use. Recent literature with comments is provided here as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Baruah P, Das A, Paul D, Chakrabarty S, Aguan K, Mitra S. Sulfonylurea Class of Antidiabetic Drugs Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase Activity: Unexplored Auxiliary Pharmacological Benefit toward Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:193-205. [PMID: 33615172 PMCID: PMC7887854 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary literature documents extensive research on common causative mechanisms, pathogenic pathways and dual effective remedies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Tolbutamide (TBM), chlorpropamide (CPM), and glyburide (GLY) are three sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs of different generations. All these drugs were found to exhibit moderate to strong inhibitory efficiency on the neurotransmitter degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with GLY (IC50 = 0.74 ± 0.02 μM) being the most potent, followed by CPM (IC50 = 5.72 ± 0.24 μM) and TBM (IC50 = 28.9 ± 1.60 μM). Notably, the inhibition efficiency of GLY is even comparable with the FDA approved AD drug, donepezil (DON). The larger size of GLY spans almost the full gorge of AChE ranging from catalytic active site (CAS) to the peripheral active site (PAS) with relatively strong binding affinity (6.0 × 105 M-1) and acts as a competitive inhibitor for AChE. On the other hand, while they show relatively weak binding ((2-6) × 104 M-1), both CPM and TBM act as noncompetitive binders. While these two drugs can bind to PAS, MD simulation results predict an alternative noncompetitive inhibition mechanism for CPM. These results open the possibility of repurposing the antidiabetic drugs, particularly GLY, in the treatment of AD. The consequential side effect of excess acetylcholine production, due to the administration of these drugs to AD-unaffected patients, can be rectified by using colloidal gold and silver nanofluids as potential AChE activity boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayasee Baruah
- Centre
for Advanced Studies in Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology &
Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Abhinandan Das
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Debojit Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kripamoy Aguan
- Centre
for Advanced Studies in Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology &
Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Centre
for Advanced Studies in Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology &
Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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7
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Almeida RBMD, Conceição RS, Silva KSD, Santos Junior MCD, Branco A, Botura MB. Ocotea daphnifolia: phytochemical investigation, in vitro dual cholinesterase inhibition, and molecular docking studies. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000418310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Pohanka M. Diagnoses of Pathological States Based on Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2994-3011. [PMID: 30706778 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190130161202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two cholinesterases exist: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). While AChE plays a crucial role in neurotransmissions, BChE has no specific function apart from the detoxification of some drugs and secondary metabolites from plants. Thus, both AChE and BChE can serve as biochemical markers of various pathologies. Poisoning by nerve agents like sarin, soman, tabun, VX, novichok and overdosing by drugs used in some neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer´s disease and myasthenia gravis, as well as poisoning by organophosphorus pesticides are relevant to this issue. But it appears that changes in these enzymes take place in other processes including oxidative stress, inflammation, some types of cancer and genetically conditioned diseases. In this review, the cholinesterases are introduced, the mechanism of inhibitors action is explained and the relations between the cholinesterases and pathologies are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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9
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Cai R, Wang LN, Fan JJ, Geng SQ, Liu YM. New 4-N-phenylaminoquinoline derivatives as antioxidant, metal chelating and cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Structural aspects of 4-aminoquinolines as reversible inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:101-109. [PMID: 31100281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eight derivatives of 4-aminoquinolines differing in the substituents attached to the C(4)-amino group and C(7) were synthesised and tested as inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Both enzymes were inhibited by all of the compounds with inhibition constants (Ki) ranging from 0.50 to 50 μM exhibiting slight selectivity toward AChE over BChE. The most potent inhibitors of AChE were compounds with an n-octylamino chain or adamantyl group. The shortening of the chain length resulted in a decrease in AChE inhibition by 5-20 times. Docking studies revealed that the quinoline group within the AChE active site was positioned in the choline binding site, while the C(4)-amino group substituents, depending on their lipophilicity, could establish hydrogen bonds or π-interactions with residues of the peripheral anionic site. The most potent inhibitors of BChE were compounds with the most voluminous substituent on C(4)-amino group (adamantyl) or those with a stronger electron withdrawing substituent on C(7) (trifluormethyl group). Based on AChE inhibition, compounds with an n-octylamino chain or adamantyl substituent were shown to possess the capacity for further development as potential drugs for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Baruah P, Rohman MA, Yesylevskyy SO, Mitra S. Therapeutic potency of substituted chromones as Alzheimer's drug: Elucidation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity through spectroscopic and molecular modelling investigation. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2019; 9:79-88. [PMID: 31334039 PMCID: PMC6637216 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2019.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Documentation on the potency of chromones as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) antagonists has paved the way for the design and usage of new chromone analogues as inhibitors of AChE modelled on the hypothesis based on cholinergic pathway of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, 2 minimally substituted chromones, namely 3-cyanochromone (CyC) and 7-amino-3- methylchromone (AMC), were checked for their AChE inhibition efficacies and plasma protein modulation. Methods: Colorimetric enzymatic assay as well as fluorescence measurements were performed for obtaining the experimental results, which were further corroborated by molecular docking and simulation studies. Results: The investigated systems exhibited strong inhibition activities against AChE, with CyC (IC50= 85.12 ± 6.70 nM) acting as better inhibitor than AMC (IC50 = 103.09 ± 11.90 nM) and both having IC50 values in the range of FDA approved cholinergic drug Donepezil (IC50 = 74.13 ± 8.30 nM). Non-competitive inhibition was observed in both the cases with the inhibitors binding near the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the enzyme. Having one planar nitrile group in CyC as compared to sp3 hybridised substituents in AMC facilitated stacking interactions in the former, accounting for its higher inhibitory efficacy. A significant decrease in the inhibition potency of CyC (~32%) was noted in comparison with AMC (~5%) when the experiments were performed in presence of human serum albumin (HSA) instead of pure aqueous buffer. Conclusion: This comparative study affirms the importance of meticulous substitution in the chromone scaffold to promote maximum inhibition potency, while considering their usage as AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayasee Baruah
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong – 793 022, India
| | - Mostofa Ataur Rohman
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong – 793 022, India
| | - Semen O. Yesylevskyy
- Department of Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong – 793 022, India
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12
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Bosak A, Ramić A, Šmidlehner T, Hrenar T, Primožič I, Kovarik Z. Design and evaluation of selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors based on Cinchona alkaloid scaffold. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205193. [PMID: 30289893 PMCID: PMC6173406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and anticholinesterase potency of Cinchona-based alkaloids; ten quaternary derivatives of cinchonines and their corresponding pseudo-enantiomeric cinchonidines. The quaternization of quinuclidine moiety of each compound was carried out with groups diverse in their size: methyl, benzyl and differently meta- and para-substituted benzyl groups. All of the prepared compounds reversibly inhibited human butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase with Ki constants within nanomolar to micromolar range. Five cinchonidine derivatives displayed 95-510 times higher inhibition selectivity to butyrylcholinesterase over acetylcholinesterase and four were potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors with Ki constants up to 100 nM, of which N-para-bromobenzyl cinchonidinium bromide can be considered a lead for further modifications and optimizations for possible use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bosak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alma Ramić
- Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102A, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Šmidlehner
- Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102A, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomica Hrenar
- Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102A, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Primožič
- Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102A, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Thomé GR, Oliveira VA, Chitolina Schetinger MR, Saraiva RA, Souza D, Dorneles Rodrigues OE, Teixeira Rocha JB, Ineu RP, Pereira ME. Selenothymidine protects against biochemical and behavioral alterations induced by ICV-STZ model of dementia in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 294:135-143. [PMID: 30120923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of one selenium-containing AZT derivative compound (S1073) in memory and learning impairment caused by Intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin (ICV-STZ). ICV-STZ in mice causes impairment of energy metabolism with oxidative damage and cholinergic dysfunction, and provides a relevant model for sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type (AD). Acetylcolinesterase (AChE), Catalase (CAT), dichlorofluorescein oxidation (DCFH), TBARS and thiol content were measured. Swiss adult mice were pre-treated with S1073 [1 mmol/kg] (i.p.) and after 30 min of the injection received a bilateral dose of STZ [11.3 μmol/l]. After 8 days' STZ injection, we performed the behavioral experiments (Beaker test, Open field and Morris water maze task). ICV-STZ caused significant learning and memory impairments, which were significantly improved by S1073 pre-treatment. A significant increase in cerebral DFCH, TBARS levels and AChE activity and a disturbance in the memory and learning were observed in ICV-STZ injected animals. S1073 significantly ameliorated all alterations induced by ICV-STZ in mice. All these findings support the neuroprotective role of S1073 in mice model of Alzheimer's dementia-type induced by ICV-STZ, which may be associated with its antioxidant activity and/or with its inhibitory effect in brain AChE. In fact, in silico analysis indicated that S1073 may be an inhibitor of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Roberto Thomé
- Federal Technology University of Paraná, Post-Graduation Program of Chemical and Biochemical Processes, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Souza
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brazil
| | - Oscar Endrigo Dorneles Rodrigues
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brazil
| | - João Batista Teixeira Rocha
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brazil
| | - Rafael Porto Ineu
- Federal Technology University of Paraná, Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology, Brazil
| | - Maria Ester Pereira
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brazil
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14
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Hussein W, Sağlık BN, Levent S, Korkut B, Ilgın S, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082033. [PMID: 30110946 PMCID: PMC6222329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder mostly influencing the elderly, and causes death due to dementia. The main pathogenic feature connected with the progression of this multifactorial disease is the weakening of the cholinergic system in the brain. Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors are recognized as one of the choices in the treatment of AD. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were approved as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the symptoms of AD and prevent its progression. The capacity of BChE is not completely known yet; rather, it is accepted to assume a part in a few disorders such as AD. Thus, BChE inhibitors may have a greater role for the treatment of AD in the future. In the present study, 2-(9-acridinylamino)-2-oxoethyl piperazine/piperidine/morpholinecarbodithioate derivatives were synthesized in order to investigate anticholinesterase activity. Eight derivatives demonstrated a specific and promising action against BChE. Furthermore, compound 4n showed inhibitory activity against both enzymes. It was found that the active compounds were well tolerated in the cytotoxicity test. Possible interactions between the lead compound, 4n, and the BChE enzyme were determined through a docking study. The findings obtained within this paper will contribute to the development of new and effective synthetic anti-Alzheimer compounds, and will ideally encourage future screening against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiam Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aden University, 6075 Aden, Yemen.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Büşra Korkut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Ilgın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
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15
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da Silva AMPW, da Silva FM, Nogara PA, Dutra EJM, Serres JDS, Saraiva RA, Piccoli BC, Oliveira CS, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VMM, Rocha JBT, Bonacorso HG, Martins MAP, Zanatta N. Regioselective synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of dihydropyrimidin-4-ols as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:1161-1172. [PMID: 28581643 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 3,6-disubstituted 2-(methylthio)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-4-ols displaying methyl, phenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups at the 6-position; and methyl, ethyl, allyl, and phenyl groups at the 3-position of the dihydropyrimidine ring, were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Seven compounds showed activity with IC50 values in the lower micromolar range. The compound 4-trifluoromethyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-2-methylthio-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-4-ol (6e) had the best inhibitory activity (IC50 2.2 ± 0.9 μm) and this inhibition was characterized as competitive. The molecular docking study showed that the acetylcholinesterase enzyme accommodates compound 6e in its catalytic site. The enantiomers of compound 6e, present similar interactions: π-π stacking interactions between the aromatic ring of the ligand's 4-fluorophenyl moiety and the aromatic rings of the electron-rich Trp84; and H-bonds between the hydroxyl group of Tyr121 and the hydroxyl moiety from 6e. The antioxidant effect of the dihydropyrimidin-4-ols was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M P W da Silva
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fabio M da Silva
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Nogara
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J M Dutra
- Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, PPGBTOX, DBBM, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jonas D S Serres
- Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, PPGBTOX, DBBM, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Rogério A Saraiva
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioquímica, Farmacologia e Toxicologia Molecular, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Piccoli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cláudia S Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria R C Schetinger
- Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, PPGBTOX, DBBM, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Vera M M Morsch
- Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, PPGBTOX, DBBM, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Helio G Bonacorso
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marcos A P Martins
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Nilo Zanatta
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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16
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New Cinchona Oximes Evaluated as Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibited by Organophosphorus Compounds. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071234. [PMID: 28737687 PMCID: PMC6151989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last six decades, researchers have been focused on finding efficient reactivators of organophosphorus compound (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). In this study, we have focused our research on a new oxime scaffold based on the Cinchona structure since it was proven to fit the cholinesterases active site and reversibly inhibit their activity. Three Cinchona oximes (C1, C2, and C3), derivatives of the 9-oxocinchonidine, were synthesized and investigated in reactivation of various OP-inhibited AChE and BChE. As the results showed, the tested oximes were more efficient in the reactivation of BChE and they reactivated enzyme activity to up to 70% with reactivation rates similar to known pyridinium oximes used as antidotes in medical practice today. Furthermore, the oximes showed selectivity towards binding to the BChE active site and the determined enzyme-oxime dissociation constants supported work on the future development of inhibitors in other targeted studies (e.g., in treatment of neurodegenerative disease). Also, we monitored the cytotoxic effect of Cinchona oximes on two cell lines Hep G2 and SH-SY5Y to determine the possible limits for in vivo application. The cytotoxicity results support future studies of these compounds as long as their biological activity is targeted in the lower micromolar range.
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17
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Novel series of tacrine-tianeptine hybrids: Synthesis, cholinesterase inhibitory activity, S100B secretion and a molecular modeling approach. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:758-772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Sawatzky E, Wehle S, Kling B, Wendrich J, Bringmann G, Sotriffer CA, Heilmann J, Decker M. Discovery of Highly Selective and Nanomolar Carbamate-Based Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors by Rational Investigation into Their Inhibition Mode. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2067-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Sawatzky
- Pharmazeutische
und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wehle
- Pharmazeutische
und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beata Kling
- Lehrstuhl
für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Wendrich
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie I, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie I, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Sotriffer
- Pharmazeutische
und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Lehrstuhl
für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische
und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Biosensors containing acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase as recognition tools for detection of various compounds. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2015. [DOI: 10.2478/s11696-014-0542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are enzymes expressed in the human body under physiological conditions. AChE is an important part of the cholinergic nerves where it hydrolyses neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Both cholinesterases are sensitive to inhibitors acting as neurotoxic compounds. In analytical applications, the enzymes can serve as a biorecognition element in biosensors as well as simple disposable sensors (dipsticks) and be used for assaying the neurotoxic compounds. In the present review, the mechanism of AChE and BChE inhibition by disparate compounds is explained and methods for assaying the enzymes activity are shown. Optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors are described. Attention is also given to the application of sol-gel techniques and quantum dots in the biosensors’ construction. Examples of the biosensors are provided and the pros and cons are discussed.
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20
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Dalai MK, Bhadra S, Chaudhary SK, Bandyopadhyay A, Mukherjee PK. Anti-cholinesterase activity of the standardized extract of Syzygium aromaticum L. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S276-82. [PMID: 24991103 PMCID: PMC4078338 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.133275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a well-known culinary spice with strong aroma; contains a high amount of oil known as clove oil. The major phyto-constituent of the clove oil is eugenol. Clove and its oil possess various medicinal uses in indigenous medicine as an antiseptic, anti-oxidant, analgesic and neuroprotective properties. Thus, it draws much attention among researchers from pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-cholinesterase activity of the methanol extract of clove, its oil and eugenol. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro anti-cholinesterase activity of S. aromaticum was performed by a thin layer chromatography bio autography, 96 well micro titer plate and kinetic methods. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis was carried out to identify the biomarker compound eugenol in clove oil. RESULTS Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition study revealed that eugenol possess better inhibition of the enzymes than extract and oil. Clove extract, its oil and eugenol showed better inhibition of AChE than BChE. Polyphenolic compound eugenol was detected through RP-HPLC analysis. The content of eugenol in essential oil was found to be 0.5 μg/ml. Kinetic analysis of the cholinesterase inhibition study of the extract; clove oil and eugenol have shown that they possess mixed type of inhibition for AChE and non-competitive type of inhibition for BChE. CONCLUSION These results might be useful in explaining the effect of clove as anti-cholinesterase agent for the management of cognitive ailments like Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Dalai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India
| | - Santanu Bhadra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India
| | - Sushil K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Pulok K Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India
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21
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Karlsson D, Fallarero A, Shinde P, Anju CP, Busygin I, Leino R, Mohan CG, Vuorela P. Chemical Modifications of Cinchona Alkaloids Lead to Enhanced Inhibition of Human Butyrylcholinesterase. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors were identified from a collection containing cinchonine, cinchonidine and synthetic derivatives, and further characterized using cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies. The most active ones were: (10≡)-10,11-dibromo-10,11-dihydrocinchonidine (11), a competitive inhibitor with Ki, = 3.45±0.39 μM, and IC50 BChE = 9.83±0.30 μM/human (h)BChE = 34.47±4.63 and O-(trimethylsilyl)cinchonine (15), a mixed inhibitor with Kiuc = 1.73±0.46 μM and Kic = 0.85±0.26 μM, and IC50 BChE = 0.56±0.14 μM / hBChE = 0.24±0.04. In cytotoxicity experiments, ≥80% of the cells remained viable when exposed to concentrations of up to 80 μM of both inhibitors in four different cell lines, including neurons. Due to the bulkier trimethylsilyl side group of 15, it covered the active site of hBChE better than 11 with an OH-group while not being able to fit into the active site gorge of hAChE, thus explaining the selectivity of 15 towards hBChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Karlsson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pravin Shinde
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine (ACNSMM), Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi- 682 041, Kerala State, India
| | - CP Anju
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine (ACNSMM), Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi- 682 041, Kerala State, India
| | - Igor Busygin
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - C. Gopi Mohan
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine (ACNSMM), Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi- 682 041, Kerala State, India
| | - Pia Vuorela
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Karlsson D, Fallarero A, Brunhofer G, Mayer C, Prakash O, Mohan CG, Vuorela P, Erker T. The exploration of thienothiazines as selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:190-205. [PMID: 22683890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has recently become more crucial. In the AD brain, selective BChE inhibitors have been demonstrated to have a beneficial effect in vivo, probably by recovering cholinergic activity and/or by restoring AChE:BChE activity ratios to the levels observed in the healthy brain. Thienothiazines are compounds sharing some structural features with phenothiazines, which are known to be potent BChE inhibitors. Thus, in this contribution 45 thienothiazines were investigated for their BChE inhibitory activity. Six of them were proven to be potent and selective inhibitors of equine BChE's hydrolase activity. Structure-activity relationships were laid out, and a tentative pharmacophore model for BChE inhibitors of the thienothiazine type was proposed. The most active compound, 3f, displayed a mixed type of inhibition and was also active against the human BChE (huBChE) with an IC(50) huBChE of 0.51 ± 0.07 μM. Computational studies suggested that 3f likely binds to the catalytic site and nearby to the peripheral site of the huBChE in an extended form. In addition, the chemical space occupied by the active thienothiazines, as opposed to phenothiazines and other representative chemical classes of BChE inhibitors, was explored with the aid of ChemGPS-NP, and the relevant chemical space regions were identified. This study shows for the first time that thienothiazines represent a new group of BChE inhibitors that can be used as molecular probes for studying the role of BChE in the brain or for developing newer drug leads for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Karlsson
- Department of Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6 A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Woo YJ, Lee BH, Yeun GH, Kim HJ, Won MH, Kim SH, Lee BH, Park JH. Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Using Polyphenol-polyphenol Hybrid Molecules. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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