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Granato M, Zompetta C, Vescarelli E, Rizzello C, Cardi A, Valia S, Antonelli G, Marchese C, Torrisi MR, Faggioni A, Cirone M. HCV derived from sera of HCV-infected patients induces pro-fibrotic effects in human primary fibroblasts by activating GLI2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30649. [PMID: 27476557 PMCID: PMC4967919 DOI: 10.1038/srep30649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver fibrosis, especially in developing countries. The process is characterized by the excess accumulation of ECM that may lead, over time, to hepatic cirrhosis, liver failure and also to hepatocarcinoma. The direct role of HCV in promoting fibroblasts trans-differentiation into myofibroblasts, the major fibrogenic cells, has not been fully clarified. In this study, we found that HCV derived from HCV-infected patients infected and directly induced the trans-differentiation of human primary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, promoting fibrogenesis. This effect correlated with the activation of GLI2, one of the targets of Hedgehog signaling pathway previously reported to be involved in myofibroblast generation. Moreover, GLI2 activation by HCV correlated with a reduction of autophagy in fibroblasts, that may further promoted fibrosis. GLI2 inhibition by Gant 61 counteracted the pro-fibrotic effects and autophagy inhibition mediated by HCV, suggesting that targeting HH/GLI2 pathway might represent a promising strategy to reduce the HCV-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Granato
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Zompetta
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - E Vescarelli
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Rizzello
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - A Cardi
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - S Valia
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - G Antonelli
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Marchese
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M R Torrisi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Dept. Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Sant' Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - A Faggioni
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M Cirone
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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2
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Aoudjehane L, Bisch G, Scatton O, Granier C, Gaston J, Housset C, Roingeard P, Cosset FL, Perdigao F, Balladur P, Wakita T, Calmus Y, Conti F. Infection of Human Liver Myofibroblasts by Hepatitis C Virus: A Direct Mechanism of Liver Fibrosis in Hepatitis C. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214688 PMCID: PMC4516308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis C is a major cause of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. It is generally accepted that inflammation that occurs in response to hepatocyte infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main mechanism that triggers myofibroblast differentiation and stimulation in chronic hepatitis C. The aim of this study was to determine if HCV might infect human liver myofibroblasts (HLMF) and directly stimulate their fibrogenic activities. Methods We evaluated the expression of the viral entry receptors, levels of HCV-RNA and HCV-protein and the expression of fibrosis markers in HLMF by using quantitative PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. Pseudoparticles (HCVpp) and cell culture–derived HCV (HCVcc) were used to study the ability of HLMF to support viral entry, replication and fibrosis induction. Results We showed that HLMF expressed all known molecules of the HCV receptor complex, i.e. CD81, LDL-R, scavenger receptor-BI, claudin-1 and occludin. These cells were also permissive to HCVpp entry. Inoculation with HCVcc caused short-term infection of these cells, as shown by their content in positive- and negative-strand HCV RNA, in core and NS3 viral proteins, and by their release of core protein levels in the culture supernatants. HCV infection stimulated myofibroblastic differentiation, proliferation and collagen production in these cells. In addition, evidence of in vivo infection was provided by the detection of positive- and negative-strand HCV RNA in preparations of HLMF obtained from HCV-infected patients. Conclusion These findings indicate that HCV infection of HLMF can occur and trigger extracellular matrix overproduction, thereby contributing to the development of HCV-related liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Aoudjehane
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75005, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
- Human HepCell, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Grégoire Bisch
- Human HepCell, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75005, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Granier
- CIRI–International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jesintha Gaston
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75005, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI–International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Fabiano Perdigao
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Balladur
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75005, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département de la chirurgie digestive, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology II, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yvon Calmus
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75005, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Filomena Conti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75005, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, F-75013, Paris, France
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3
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Florimond A, Chouteau P, Bruscella P, Le Seyec J, Mérour E, Ahnou N, Mallat A, Lotersztajn S, Pawlotsky JM. Human hepatic stellate cells are not permissive for hepatitis C virus entry and replication. Gut 2015; 64:957-65. [PMID: 25063678 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic HCV infection is associated with the development of hepatic fibrosis. The direct role of HCV in the fibrogenic process is unknown. Specifically, whether HCV is able to infect hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is debated. OBJECTIVE To assess whether human HSCs are susceptible to HCV infection. DESIGN We combined a set of original HCV models, including the infectious genotype 2a JFH1 model (HCVcc), retroviral pseudoparticles expressing the folded HCV genotype 1b envelope glycoproteins (HCVpp) and a subgenomic genotype 1b HCV replicon, and two relevant cellular models, primary human HSCs from different patients and the LX-2 cell line, to assess whether HCV can infect/replicate in HSCs. RESULTS In contrast with the hepatocyte cell line Huh-7, neither infectious HCVcc nor HCVpp infected primary human HSCs or LX-2 cells. The cellular expression of host cellular factors required for HCV entry was high in Huh-7 cells but low in HSCs and LX-2 cells, with the exception of CD81. Finally, replication of a genotype 2a full-length RNA genome and a genotype 1b subgenomic replicon was impaired in primary human HSCs and LX-2 cells, which expressed low levels of cellular factors known to play a key role in the HCV life-cycle, suggesting that human HSCs are not permissive for HCV replication. CONCLUSIONS Human HSCs are refractory to HCV infection. Both HCV entry and replication are deficient in these cells, regardless of the HCV genotype and origin of the cells. Thus, HCV infection of HSCs does not play a role in liver fibrosis. These results do not rule out a direct role of HCV infection of hepatocytes in the fibrogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Florimond
- Team 'Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis', Inserm U955, Créteil, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Chouteau
- Team 'Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis', Inserm U955, Créteil, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Patrice Bruscella
- Team 'Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis', Inserm U955, Créteil, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Le Seyec
- Inserm U1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France Fédération de Recherche BIOSIT de Rennes, UMS 3480-US18, Rennes, France
| | - Emilie Mérour
- Team 'Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis', Inserm U955, Créteil, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Nazim Ahnou
- Team 'Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis', Inserm U955, Créteil, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Ariane Mallat
- Team 'Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis', Inserm U955, Créteil, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Sophie Lotersztajn
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMR 1149-Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- Team 'Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis', Inserm U955, Créteil, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C, and Delta, Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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4
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Martín-Vílchez S, Rodríguez-Muñoz Y, López-Rodríguez R, Hernández-Bartolomé Á, Borque-Iñurrita MJ, Molina-Jiménez F, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R, Sanz-Cameno P. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2 reverts HCV-induced hepatic stellate cell activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106958. [PMID: 25302785 PMCID: PMC4193738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) and is frequently linked to intrahepatic microvascular disorders. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is a central event in liver damage, due to their contribution to hepatic renewal and to the development of fibrosis and hepatocarcinoma. During the progression of CLDs, HSC attempt to restore injured tissue by stimulating repair processes, such as fibrosis and angiogenesis. Because HSC express the key vascular receptor Tie2, among other angiogenic receptors and mediators, we analyzed its involvement in the development of CLD. Methods Tie2 expression was monitored in HSC cultures that were exposed to media from HCV-expressing cells (replicons). The effects of Tie2 blockade on HSC activation by either neutralizing antibody or specific signaling inhibitors were also examined. Results Media from HCV-replicons enhanced HSC activation and invasion and upregulated Tie2 expression. Notably, the blockade of Tie2 receptor (by a specific neutralizing antibody) or signaling (by selective AKT and MAPK inhibitors) significantly reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and the invasive potential of HCV-conditioned HSC. Conclusions These findings ascribe a novel profibrogenic function to Tie2 receptor in the progression of chronic hepatitis C, highlighting the significance of its dysregulation in the evolution of CLDs and its potential as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Martín-Vílchez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yolanda Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Unidad de Hepatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario López-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Hepatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Hernández-Bartolomé
- Unidad de Hepatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Borque-Iñurrita
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Molina-Jiménez
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa García-Buey
- Unidad de Hepatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Moreno-Otero
- Unidad de Hepatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz-Cameno
- Unidad de Hepatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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5
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The transcriptomic response of rat hepatic stellate cells to endotoxin: implications for hepatic inflammation and immune regulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82159. [PMID: 24349206 PMCID: PMC3857241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With their location in the perisinusoidal space of Disse, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) communicate with all of the liver cell types both by physical association (cell body as well as cytosolic processes penetrating into sinusoids through the endothelial fenestrations) and by producing several cytokines and chemokines. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), circulating levels of which are elevated in liver diseases and transplantation, stimulates HSCs to produce increased amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Although recent research provides strong evidence for the role of HSCs in hepatic inflammation and immune regulation, the number of HSC-elaborated inflammatory and immune regulatory molecules may be much greater then known at the present time. Here we report time-dependent changes in the gene expression profile of inflammatory and immune-regulatory molecules in LPS-stimulated rat HSCs, and their validation by biochemical analyses. LPS strongly up-regulated LPS-response elements (TLR2 and TLR7) but did not affect TLR4 and down-regulated TLR9. LPS also up-regulated genes in the MAPK, NFκB, STAT, SOCS, IRAK and interferon signaling pathways, numerous CC and CXC chemokines and IL17F. Interestingly, LPS modulated genes related to TGFβ and HSC activation in a manner that would limit their activation and fibrogenic activity. The data indicate that LPS-stimulated HSCs become a major cell type in regulating hepatic inflammatory and immunological responses by altering expression of numerous relevant genes, and thus play a prominent role in hepatic pathophysiology including liver diseases and transplantation.
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6
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Role of hyaluronic acid, its degrading enzymes, degradation products, and ferritin in the assessment of fibrosis stage in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25:69-76. [PMID: 23011038 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3283594924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Liver biopsy is considered a gold standard for fibrosis staging, but it has a high risk of morbidity. Therefore, there is an interest in developing noninvasive markers for the prediction of liver fibrosis stages. METHODS Hyaluronic acid, ferritin, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, β-glucuronidase, glucosamine, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase were assayed in 210 individuals with chronic hepatitis C infection. Statistical analysis was carried out by logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic curves. RESULTS The best linear combination of only significant blood markers was used for the determination of the fibrosis discriminant score; score=[1.64 (numerical constant)-0.002×hyaluronic acid (pg/l)-2.68×β-glucuronidase (µmol/ml/min)-0.026×glucosamine (µg/dl)-0.001×ferritin-0.033 (ng/ml)×aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase]. The selected fibrosis discriminant score function correctly classified 81% of patients with severe liver fibrosis at a discriminant cut-off score=0.55 (i.e. less than 0.55 indicated mild liver fibrosis and greater than 0.55 indicated severe liver fibrosis), with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 73%. CONCLUSION A simple fibrosis index can be useful to select hepatitis C virus-infected patients with a very low risk of significant fibrosis in whom the protocol of liver biopsies may be avoided.
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Rasmussen AL, Tchitchek N, Susnow NJ, Krasnoselsky AL, Diamond DL, Yeh MM, Proll SC, Korth MJ, Walters KA, Lederer S, Larson AM, Carithers RL, Benecke A, Katze MG. Early transcriptional programming links progression to hepatitis C virus-induced severe liver disease in transplant patients. Hepatology 2012; 56:17-27. [PMID: 22278598 PMCID: PMC3349763 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver failure resulting from chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause for liver transplantation worldwide. Recurrent infection of the graft is universal in HCV patients after transplant and results in a rapid progression to severe fibrosis and end-stage liver disease in one third of all patients. No single clinical variable, or combination thereof, has, so far, proven accurate in identifying patients at risk of hepatic decompensation in the transplant setting. A combination of longitudinal, dimensionality reduction and categorical analysis of the transcriptome from 111 liver biopsy specimens taken from 57 HCV-infected patients over time identified a molecular signature of gene expression of patients at risk of developing severe fibrosis. Significantly, alterations in gene expression occur before histologic evidence of liver disease progression, suggesting that events that occur during the acute phase of infection influence patient outcome. Additionally, a common precursor state for different severe clinical outcomes was identified. CONCLUSION Based on this patient cohort, incidence of severe liver disease is a process initiated early during HCV infection of the donor organ. The probable cellular network at the basis of the initial transition to severe liver disease was identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Rasmussen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nathan J. Susnow
- University of Washington Medical Center, Hepatology Section, Seattle, WA,Meriter Medical Group, Madison, WI
| | | | - Deborah L. Diamond
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew M. Yeh
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA
| | - Sean C. Proll
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA
| | - Marcus J. Korth
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathie-Anne Walters
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Sharon Lederer
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA
| | - Anne M. Larson
- University of Washington Medical Center, Hepatology Section, Seattle, WA,The Liver Center, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Arndt Benecke
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael G. Katze
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA
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Expression of microRNA miR-122 facilitates an efficient replication in nonhepatic cells upon infection with hepatitis C virus. J Virol 2012; 86:7918-33. [PMID: 22593164 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00567-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most common etiologic agents of chronic liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, HCV infection is often associated with extrahepatic manifestations (EHM), including mixed cryoglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, the mechanisms of cell tropism of HCV and HCV-induced EHM remain elusive, because in vitro propagation of HCV has been limited in the combination of cell culture-adapted HCV (HCVcc) and several hepatic cell lines. Recently, a liver-specific microRNA called miR-122 was shown to facilitate the efficient propagation of HCVcc in several hepatic cell lines. In this study, we evaluated the importance of miR-122 on the replication of HCV in nonhepatic cells. Among the nonhepatic cell lines expressing functional HCV entry receptors, Hec1B cells derived from human uterus exhibited a low level of replication of the HCV genome upon infection with HCVcc. Exogenous expression of miR-122 in several cells facilitates efficient viral replication but not production of infectious particles, probably due to the lack of hepatocytic lipid metabolism. Furthermore, expression of mutant miR-122 carrying a substitution in a seed domain was required for efficient replication of mutant HCVcc carrying complementary substitutions in miR-122-binding sites, suggesting that specific interaction between miR-122 and HCV RNA is essential for the enhancement of viral replication. In conclusion, although miR-122 facilitates efficient viral replication in nonhepatic cells, factors other than miR-122, which are most likely specific to hepatocytes, are required for HCV assembly.
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9
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Biological significance of HCV in various kinds of lymphoid cells. Int J Microbiol 2012; 2012:647581. [PMID: 22518147 PMCID: PMC3299277 DOI: 10.1155/2012/647581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that HCV can infect not only hepatocytes but also various kinds of lymphoid cells. Although many reports have described the biological significance of lymphotropic HCV, the issue remains controversial since the target lymphoid cells might have various kinds of functions in the immune system. One of the important roles of lymphoid cells in HCV replication is being a reservoir of HCV. Several groups described the detection of HCV-RNA in lymphoid cells after HCV eradication in plasma. Another important role of lymphotropic HCV is that it acts as a carcinogenic agent and induces immune dysfunction. In this paper, we summarize the reports regarding the biological significance of lymphotropic HCV in representative lymphoid cells.
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