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Relucenti M, Familiari G, Donfrancesco O, Taurino M, Li X, Chen R, Artini M, Papa R, Selan L. Microscopy Methods for Biofilm Imaging: Focus on SEM and VP-SEM Pros and Cons. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010051. [PMID: 33445707 PMCID: PMC7828176 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacterial biofilms cause infections that are often resistant to antibiotic treatments. Research about the formation and elimination of biofilms cannot be undertaken without detailed imaging techniques. In this review, traditional and cutting-edge microscopy methods to study biofilm structure, ultrastructure, and 3-D architecture, with particular emphasis on conventional scanning electron microscopy and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy, are addressed, with the respective advantages and disadvantages. When ultrastructural characterization of biofilm matrix and its embedded bacterial cells is needed, as in studies on the effects of drug treatments on biofilm, scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as the osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA), and ionic liquid (IL) must be preferred over other methods for the following: unparalleled image quality, magnification and resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The first step to make a morphological assessment of the effect of the various pharmacological treatments on clinical biofilms is the production of images that faithfully reflect the structure of the sample. The extraction of quantitative parameters from images, possible using specific software, will allow for the scanning electron microscopy morphological evaluation to no longer be considered as an accessory technique, but a quantitative method to all effects. Abstract Several imaging methodologies have been used in biofilm studies, contributing to deepening the knowledge on their structure. This review illustrates the most widely used microscopy techniques in biofilm investigations, focusing on traditional and innovative scanning electron microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), variable pressure SEM (VP-SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), and the more recent ambiental SEM (ASEM), ending with the cutting edge Cryo-SEM and focused ion beam SEM (FIB SEM), highlighting the pros and cons of several methods with particular emphasis on conventional SEM and VP-SEM. As each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages, the choice of the most appropriate method must be done carefully, based on the specific aim of the study. The evaluation of the drug effects on biofilm requires imaging methods that show the most detailed ultrastructural features of the biofilm. In this kind of research, the use of scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA) staining, and ionic liquid (IL) treatment is unrivalled for its image quality, magnification, resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The combined use of innovative SEM protocols and 3-D image analysis software will allow for quantitative data from SEM images to be extracted; in this way, data from images of samples that have undergone different antibiofilm treatments can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649918061
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Orlando Donfrancesco
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Maurizio Taurino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Vascular Surgery, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1039, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (X.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (X.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
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Full-repertoire comparison of the microscopic objects composing the human gut microbiome with sequenced and cultured communities. J Microbiol 2020; 58:377-386. [PMID: 32281049 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of the human gut microbiome is essential in microbiology and infectious diseases as specific alterations in the gut microbiome might be associated with various pathologies, such as chronic inflammatory disease, intestinal infection and colorectal cancer. To identify such dysregulations, several strategies are being used to create a repertoire of the microorganisms composing the human gut microbiome. In this study, we used the "microscomics" approach, which consists of creating an ultrastructural repertoire of all the cell-like objects composing stool samples from healthy donors using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We used TEM to screen ultrathin sections of 8 resin-embedded stool samples. After exploring hundreds of micrographs, we managed to elaborate ultrastructural categories based on morphological criteria or features. This approach explained many inconsistencies observed with other techniques, such as metagenomics and culturomics. We highlighted the value of our culture-independent approach by comparing our microscopic images to those of cultured bacteria and those reported in the literature. This study helped to detect "minimicrobes" Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) for the first time in human stool samples. This "microscomics" approach is non-exhaustive but complements already existing approaches and adds important data to the puzzle of the microbiota.
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Identification and Characterization of Nasal Polyposis and Mycoplasma Superinfection by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Nasal Cytology with Optical Microscopy: A Case Report. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040174. [PMID: 31689994 PMCID: PMC6963757 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal polyposis is characterized by benign, non-cancerous and painless growths originating in the tissue of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. Polyps arise from chronic inflammation due to asthma, recurrent infections, allergies, drug sensitivity or immune disorders. They can obstruct the nasal cavities and thus cause respiratory problems, a reduction in the sense of smell and susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, nasal polyps can recur. Hence the importance of using valid diagnostic methods. In this work, the diagnostic investigation carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nasal cytology led, for the first time, to the identification of a mycoplasma superinfection on nasal polyposis.
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Sato C, Yamazawa T, Ohtani A, Maruyama Y, Memtily N, Sato M, Hatano Y, Shiga T, Ebihara T. Primary cultured neuronal networks and type 2 diabetes model mouse fatty liver tissues in aqueous liquid observed by atmospheric SEM (ASEM): Staining preferences of metal solutions. Micron 2019; 118:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Poidevin M, Sato M, Altinoglu I, Delaplace M, Sato C, Yamaichi Y. Mutation in ESBL Plasmid from Escherichia coli O104:H4 Leads Autoagglutination and Enhanced Plasmid Dissemination. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:130. [PMID: 29456528 PMCID: PMC5801416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugative plasmids are one of the main driving force of wide-spreading of multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. They are self-transmittable via conjugation as carrying the required set of genes and cis-acting DNA locus for direct cell-to-cell transfer. IncI incompatibility plasmids are nowadays often associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteria in clinic and environment. pESBL-EA11 was isolated from Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak strain in Germany in 2011. During the previous study identifying transfer genes of pESBL-EA11, it was shown that transposon insertion at certain DNA region of the plasmid, referred to as Hft, resulted in great enhancement of transfer ability. This suggested that genetic modifications can enhance dissemination of MDR plasmids. Such ‘superspreader’ mutations have attracted little attention so far despite their high potential to worsen MDR spreading. Present study aimed to gain our understanding on regulatory elements that involved pESBL transfer. While previous studies of IncI plasmids indicated that immediate downstream gene of Hft, traA, is not essential for conjugative transfer, here we showed that overexpression of TraA in host cell elevated transfer rate of pESBL-EA11. Transposon insertion or certain nucleotide substitutions in Hft led strong TraA overexpression which resulted in activation of essential regulator TraB and likely overexpression of conjugative pili. Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscopy observation suggested that IncI pili are distinct from other types of conjugative pili (such as long filamentous F-type pili) and rather expressed throughout the cell surface. High transfer efficiency in the mutant pESBL-EA11 was involved with hyperpiliation which facilitates cell-to-cell adhesion, including autoagglutination. The capability of plasmids to evolve to highly transmissible mutant is alarming, particularly it might also have adverse effect on host pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Poidevin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ipek Altinoglu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Graduate School of Structure and Dynamics of Living Systems, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Manon Delaplace
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Master of Science and Technology, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Yamaichi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Yang AJ, Xi K, Yao YQ, Ding YX, Yang LJ, Cui H. Effect of Qingfei Mixture () on pediatric mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with phlegm heat obstructing Fei (Lung) syndrome. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:681-688. [PMID: 28861888 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and mechanism of Qingfei Mixture (), a Chinese medicine, in treating mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) in MP patients and rat model METHODS: A total of 46 MP children with phlegm heat obstructing Fei (Lung) syndrome were randomly assigned to two groups by the method of random number table, with 23 children in each group. The control group was treated with intravenous infusion of azithromycin; the treatment group received intravenous infusion of azithromycin and oral administration of Qingfei Mixture. The treatment course was 7 days. Major symptoms and minor symptoms were observed and scored before and after treatments. A rat model of MP was also established. A total of 120 wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: a normal group, infection group, Qingfei Mixture treatment group, azithromycin treatment group, and Qingfei Mixture + azithromycin treatment group. Each group contained 24 rats, from which every 6 were euthanatized 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after infection. MP DNA in pulmonary tissue homogenates was detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Pathology was assessed after hematoxylin (HE) staining and lung tissue pathology scores were determined in pulmonary tissue. Transmission electron microscopic detection and electronic image analysis were performed on lung tissue 3 days after infection. Interleukin (IL)-17 was detected in serum using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 7 days after infection. RESULTS In the clinical study, both control and the treatment group showed improved results on removing symptoms of phlegm heat syndrome compared to the control group (P<0.05). In animal experiments, On the 7th day after MP infection, as detected by electron microscopy, the pulmonary capillary basement membranes of the azithromycin + Qingfei Mixture treatment group were much thinner than those of the azithromycin or Qingfei mixture treatment groups (P<0.05). The level of serum IL-17 in the azithromycin + Qingfei Mixture treatment group was lower than that in the azithromycin or Qingfei Mixture groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Both Qingfei Mixture and azithromycin have therapeutic effects on mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, but the combination of both agents had the greatest effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kun Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying-Xue Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Abstract
In atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM), the inverted scanning electron microscope (SEM) observes the wet sample from below, while an optical microscope observes it from above simultaneously. The ASEM sample holder has a disposable dish shape with a silicon nitride film window at the bottom. It can be coated variously for the primary-culture of substrate-sensitive cells; primary cells were cultured in a few milliliters of culture medium in a stable incubator environment. For the inverted SEM observation, cells and the excised tissue blocks were aldehyde-fixed, immersed in radical scavenger solution, and observed at minimum electron dose. Neural networking, axonal segmentation, proplatelet-formation and phagocytosis, and Fas expression in embryonic stem cells were captured by optical or fluorescence microscopy, and imaged at high resolution by gold-labeled immuno-ASEM with/without metal staining. By exploiting optical microscopy, the region of interest of organ can be found from the wide area, and the cells and organelle were successfully examined at high resolution by the following scanning electron microscopy. We successfully visualized islet of Langerhans, blood microvessels, neuronal endplate, and bacterial flora on stomach epidermal surfaces. Bacterial biofilms and the typical structural features including "leg complex" of mycoplasma were visualized by exploiting CLEM of ASEM. Based on these studies, ASEM correlative microscopy promises to allow the research of various mesoscopic-scale biological phenomena in the near future.
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Yamazawa T, Nakamura N, Sato M, Sato C. Secretory glands and microvascular systems imaged in aqueous solution by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM). Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:1179-1187. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Yamazawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8461 Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakamura
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan
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Sugimoto S, Okuda KI, Miyakawa R, Sato M, Arita-Morioka KI, Chiba A, Yamanaka K, Ogura T, Mizunoe Y, Sato C. Imaging of bacterial multicellular behaviour in biofilms in liquid by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25889. [PMID: 27180609 PMCID: PMC4867632 DOI: 10.1038/srep25889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microbes that attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces causing chronic infectious diseases. Within a biofilm, microbes are embedded in a self-produced soft extracellular matrix (ECM), which protects them from the host immune system and antibiotics. The nanoscale visualisation of delicate biofilms in liquid is challenging. Here, we develop atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) to visualise Gram-positive and -negative bacterial biofilms immersed in aqueous solution. Biofilms cultured on electron-transparent film were directly imaged from below using the inverted SEM, allowing the formation of the region near the substrate to be studied at high resolution. We visualised intercellular nanostructures and the exocytosis of membrane vesicles, and linked the latter to the trafficking of cargos, including cytoplasmic proteins and the toxins hemolysin and coagulase. A thick dendritic nanotube network was observed between microbes, suggesting multicellular communication in biofilms. A universal immuno-labelling system was developed for biofilms and tested on various examples, including S. aureus biofilms. In the ECM, fine DNA and protein networks were visualised and the precise distribution of protein complexes was determined (e.g., straight curli, flagella, and excreted cytoplasmic molecular chaperones). Our observations provide structural insights into bacteria-substratum interactions, biofilm development and the internal microbe community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Okuda
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Reina Miyakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Arita-Morioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Akio Chiba
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Teru Ogura
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Mizunoe
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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Gradov OV, Gradova MA. Methods of electron microscopy of biological and abiogenic structures in artificial gas atmospheres. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375516010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Miyazako H, Mabuchi K, Hoshino T. Spatiotemporal Control of Electrokinetic Transport in Nanofluidics Using an Inverted Electron-Beam Lithography System. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6595-6603. [PMID: 25996098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation techniques of biomolecules have been proposed for biochemical analysis which combine electrokinetic dynamics, such as electrophoresis or electroosmotic flow, with optical manipulation to provide high throughput and high spatial degrees of freedom. However, there are still challenging problems in nanoscale manipulation due to the diffraction limit of optics. We propose here a new manipulation technique for spatiotemporal control of chemical transport in nanofluids using an inverted electron-beam (EB) lithography system for liquid samples. By irradiating a 2.5 keV EB to a liquid sample through a 100-nm-thick SiN membrane, negative charges can be generated within the SiN membrane, and these negative charges can induce a highly focused electric field in the liquid sample. We showed that the EB-induced negative charges could induce fluid flow, which was strong enough to manipulate 240 nm nanoparticles in water, and we verified that the main dynamics of this EB-induced fluid flow was electroosmosis caused by changing the zeta potential of the SiN membrane surface. Moreover, we demonstrated manipulation of a single nanoparticle and concentration patterning of nanoparticles by scanning EB. Considering the shortness of the EB wavelength and Debye length in buffer solutions, we expect that our manipulation technique will be applied to nanomanipulation of biomolecules in biochemical analysis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miyazako
- †Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, and ‡Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Mabuchi
- †Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, and ‡Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshino
- †Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, and ‡Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Memtily N, Okada T, Ebihara T, Sato M, Kurabayashi A, Furihata M, Suga M, Nishiyama H, Mio K, Sato C. Observation of tissues in open aqueous solution by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy: applicability to intraoperative cancer diagnosis. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1872-82. [PMID: 25707365 PMCID: PMC4383018 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM), a 2- to 3-μm layer of the sample resting on a silicon nitride-film window in the base of an open sample dish is imaged, in liquid, at atmospheric pressure, from below by an inverted SEM. Thus, the time-consuming pretreatments generally required for biological samples to withstand the vacuum of a standard electron microscope are avoided. In the present study, various mouse tissues (brain, spinal cord, muscle, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and stomach) were fixed, stained with heavy metals, and visualized in radical scavenger D-glucose solution using the ASEM. While some stains made the nuclei of cells very prominent (platinum-blue, phosphotungstic acid), others also emphasized cell organelles and membranous structures (uranium acetate or the NCMIR method). Notably, symbiotic bacteria were sometimes observed on stomach mucosa. Furthermore, kidney tissue could be stained and successfully imaged in <30 min. Lung and spinal cord tissue from normal mice and mice metastasized with breast cancer cells was also examined. Cancer cells present in lung alveoli and in parts of the spine tissue clearly had larger nuclei than normal cells. The results indicate that the ASEM has the potential to accelerate intraoperative cancer diagnosis, the diagnosis of kidney diseases and pathogen detection. Importantly, in the course of the present study it was possible to increase the observable tissue area by using a new multi-windowed ASEM sample dish and sliding the tissue across its eight windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassirhadjy Memtily
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ebihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kurabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, University of Kochi, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Furihata
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, University of Kochi, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Advanced Technology Division, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo 196‑8558, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Mio
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
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Shibata S, Komaki Y, Seki F, Inouye MO, Nagai T, Okano H. Connectomics: comprehensive approaches for whole-brain mapping. Microscopy (Oxf) 2014; 64:57-67. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Atmospheric scanning electron microscope system with an open sample chamber: Configuration and applications. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 147:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Suga M, Asahina S, Sakuda Y, Kazumori H, Nishiyama H, Nokuo T, Alfredsson V, Kjellman T, Stevens SM, Cho HS, Cho M, Han L, Che S, Anderson MW, Schüth F, Deng H, Yaghi OM, Liu Z, Jeong HY, Stein A, Sakamoto K, Ryoo R, Terasaki O. Recent progress in scanning electron microscopy for the characterization of fine structural details of nano materials. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kinoshita T, Mori Y, Hirano K, Sugimoto S, Okuda KI, Matsumoto S, Namiki T, Ebihara T, Kawata M, Nishiyama H, Sato M, Suga M, Higashiyama K, Sonomoto K, Mizunoe Y, Nishihara S, Sato C. Immuno-electron microscopy of primary cell cultures from genetically modified animals in liquid by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:469-483. [PMID: 24564988 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput immuno-electron microscopy is required to capture the protein-protein interactions realizing physiological functions. Atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) allows in situ correlative light and electron microscopy of samples in liquid in an open atmospheric environment. Cells are cultured in a few milliliters of medium directly in the ASEM dish, which can be coated and transferred to an incubator as required. Here, cells were imaged by optical or fluorescence microscopy, and at high resolution by gold-labeled immuno-ASEM, sometimes with additional metal staining. Axonal partitioning of neurons was correlated with specific cytoskeletal structures, including microtubules, using primary-culture neurons from wild type Drosophila, and the involvement of ankyrin in the formation of the intra-axonal segmentation boundary was studied using neurons from an ankyrin-deficient mutant. Rubella virus replication producing anti-double-stranded RNA was captured at the host cell's plasma membrane. Fas receptosome formation was associated with clathrin internalization near the surface of primitive endoderm cells. Positively charged Nanogold clearly revealed the cell outlines of primitive endoderm cells, and the cell division of lactic acid bacteria. Based on these experiments, ASEM promises to allow the study of protein interactions in various complexes in a natural environment of aqueous liquid in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kinoshita
- 1 Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Yosio Mori
- 2 Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hirano
- 1 Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- 3 Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Okuda
- 3 Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsumoto
- 4 Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Namiki
- 5 Suntory Global Innovation Center, Research Institute, 5-2-5 Yamazaki, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-0001, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ebihara
- 6 Biomedical Research Institute and Information Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kawata
- 6 Biomedical Research Institute and Information Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | | | - Mari Sato
- 6 Biomedical Research Institute and Information Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- 7 JEOL Ltd., 1-2 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashiyama
- 5 Suntory Global Innovation Center, Research Institute, 5-2-5 Yamazaki, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-0001, Japan
| | - Kenji Sonomoto
- 8 Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Mizunoe
- 3 Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- 1 Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- 6 Biomedical Research Institute and Information Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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Nishiyama H, Teramoto K, Suga M, Sato C. Positively charged nanogold label allows the observation of fine cell filopodia and flagella in solution by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 77:153-60. [PMID: 24343867 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is generally the first choice to observe microbes and cells. However, its resolution is not always sufficient to reveal specific target structures, such as flagella and pili, which are only nanometers wide. ASEM is an attractive higher resolution alternative, as the sample is observed in aqueous solution at atmospheric pressure. Sample pretreatment for ASEM only comprises simple tasks including fixation, gold labeling, and reagent exchange, taking less than 1 h in total. The lengthy sample pretreatments often required for more classical electron microscopies, such as embedding and dehydration, are unnecessary, and native morphology is preserved. In this study, positively charged nanogold particles were used to label the surfaces of bacteria and cultured animal cells, exploiting their net negative surface charge. After gold enhancement to increase the size of the nanogold particles, ASEM imaging of the bacteria in aqueous solution revealed pili and delicate spiral flagella. This natural shape contrasts starkly with images of dried flagella recorded by standard SEM. Positively charged nanogold labeled the plasma membrane of cultured COS7 cells, and after enhancement allowed filopodia as thin as 100 nm in diameter to be clearly visualized. Based on these studies, ASEM combined with positively charged nanogold labeling promises to become an important tool for the study of cell morphology and dynamics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Nishiyama
- SM Technical Development Department, SM Business Unit, JEOL Ltd., 1-2 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
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Murai T, Sato M, Nishiyama H, Suga M, Sato C. Ultrastructural analysis of nanogold-labeled cell surface microvilli in liquid by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy and their relevance in cell adhesion. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20809-19. [PMID: 24135874 PMCID: PMC3821644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of leukocytes circulating in the blood to vascular endothelium is critical for their trafficking in the vasculature, and CD44 is an important cell surface receptor for rolling adhesion. In this study, we demonstrate the correlative observation of CD44 distribution at the lymphocyte cell surface in liquid by fluorescence optical microscopy and immuno-electron microscopy using an atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM). The ultrastructure of the cell surface was clearly imaged by ASEM using positively charged Nanogold particles. ASEM analysis demonstrated microvilli projections around the cell surface and the localization of CD44 on the microvilli. Treatment of cells with cytochalasin D resulted in a loss of the microvilli projections and concomitantly abrogated CD44-mediated adhesion to its ligand hyaluronan. These results suggest the functional relevance of microvilli in CD44-mediated rolling adhesion under shear flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; E-Mails: (M.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Hidetoshi Nishiyama
- Advanced Technology Division, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (H.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Advanced Technology Division, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (H.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; E-Mails: (M.S.); (C.S.)
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Akita M, Tanaka K, Murai N, Matsumoto S, Fujita K, Takaki T, Nishiyama H. Detection of CD133 (prominin-1) in a human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH-6 clone 5). Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:844-52. [PMID: 23712466 PMCID: PMC3842112 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined CD133 distribution in a human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH-6 clone 5). We directly observed the cultured cells on a pressure-resistant thin film (silicon nitride thin film) in a buffer solution by using the newly developed atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM), which features an open sample dish with a silicon nitride thin film window at its base, through which the scanning electron microscope beam scans samples in solution, from below. The ASEM enabled observation of the ventral cell surface, which could not be observed using standard SEM. However, observation of the dorsal cell surface was difficult with the ASEM. Therefore, we developed a new method to observe the dorsal side of cells by using Aclar® plastic film. In this method, cells are cultured on Aclar plastic film and the dorsal side of cells is in contact with the thin silicon nitride film of the ASEM dish. A preliminary study using the ASEM showed that CD133 was mainly localized in membrane ruffles in the peripheral regions of the cell. Standard transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that CD133 was preferentially concentrated in a complex structure comprising filopodia and the leading edge of lamellipodia. We also observed co-localization of CD133 with F-actin. An antibody against CD133 decreased cell migration. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment decreased cell adhesion as well as lamellipodium and filopodium formation. A decrease in the cholesterol level may perturb CD133 membrane localization. The results suggest that CD133 membrane localization plays a role in tumor cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Akita
- Division of Morphological Science, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan.
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Sato C, Nishiyama H, Suga M, Sato M, Ebihara T. [Immuno-EM in solution using the Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscope (ASEM)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:245-50. [PMID: 23665554 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Hoshino T, Mabuchi K. Closed-looped in situ nano processing on a culturing cell using an inverted electron beam lithography system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:345-9. [PMID: 23396058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The beam profile of an electron beam (EB) can be focused onto less than a nanometer spot and scanned over a wide field with extremely high speed sweeping. Thus, EB is employed for nano scale lithography in applied physics research studies and in fabrication of semiconductors. We applied a scanning EB as a control system for a living cell membrane which is representative of large scale complex systems containing nanometer size components. First, we designed the opposed co-axial dual optics containing inverted electron beam lithography (I-EBL) system and a fluorescent optical microscope. This system could provide in situ nano processing for a culturing living cell on a 100-nm-thick SiN nanomembrane, which was placed between the I-EBL and the fluorescent optical microscope. Then we demonstrated the EB-induced chemical direct nano processing for a culturing cell with hundreds of nanometer resolution and visualized real-time images of the scanning spot of the EB-induced luminescent emission and chemical processing using a high sensitive camera mounted on the optical microscope. We concluded that our closed-loop in situ nano processing would be able to provide a nanometer resolution display of virtual molecule environments to study functional changes of bio-molecule systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hoshino
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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22
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LUO P, MORRISON I, DUDKIEWICZ A, TIEDE K, BOYES E, O’TOOLE P, PARK S, BOXALL A. Visualization and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in complex environmental and food matrices using atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. J Microsc 2013; 250:32-41. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Shima F, Kawakami K, Akagi T, Mochizuki E, Tsuda T, Kuwabata S, Akashi M. Simple Observation of the Interaction between Nanoparticles and Cells by Scanning Electron Microscopy Employing Ionic Liquid. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20120227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Shima
- Department of Applied Chemistry (Course of Molecular Chemistry), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST
| | - Koshi Kawakami
- Department of Applied Chemistry (Course of Materials Chemistry), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST
| | - Takami Akagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry (Course of Molecular Chemistry), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST
| | - Eiko Mochizuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry (Course of Materials Chemistry), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST
| | - Tetsuya Tsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry (Course of Materials Chemistry), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST
| | - Susumu Kuwabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry (Course of Materials Chemistry), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry (Course of Molecular Chemistry), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST
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24
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Immuno EM–OM correlative microscopy in solution by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM). J Struct Biol 2012; 180:259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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