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Mohamed W, Kumar J, Alghamdi BS, Soliman AH, Toshihide Y. Neurodegeneration and inflammation crosstalk: Therapeutic targets and perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:95-110. [PMID: 37388502 PMCID: PMC10300452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia, which was formerly considered to exist just to connect neurons, now plays a key function in a wide range of physiological events, including formation of memory, learning, neuroplasticity, synaptic plasticity, energy consumption, and homeostasis of ions. Glial cells regulate the brain's immune responses and confers nutritional and structural aid to neurons, making them an important player in a broad range of neurological disorders. Alzheimer's, ALS, Parkinson's, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and epilepsy are a few of the neurodegenerative diseases that have been linked to microglia and astroglia cells, in particular. Synapse growth is aided by glial cell activity, and this activity has an effect on neuronal signalling. Each glial malfunction in diverse neurodegenerative diseases is distinct, and we will discuss its significance in the progression of the illness, as well as its potential for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kareem SS, Viswanathan N, Sahebjam S, Tran ND, Gatewood T, Tobon K, Baz R, Piña Y, Shain KH, Mokhtari S. Leukoencephalopathy During Daratumumab-Based Therapy: A Case Series of Two Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:953-962. [PMID: 36097632 PMCID: PMC9464026 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s365657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy in the setting of multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare demyelinating condition, with few reported cases in literature. Daratumumab is a CD38 targeted monoclonal antibody that has been widely used for the management of MM. In the absence of central nervous system (CNS) disease, many medication-induced leukoencephalopathy cases reported with MM, including daratumumab-induced, are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and John Cunningham (JC) virus. Currently, there are no reported cases of daratumumab-induced leukoencephalopathy among patients without CNS involvement or PML. We discuss 2 patients who developed leukoencephalopathy while receiving daratumumab-based therapy without evidence of PML or CNS disease. Both patients had baseline MRIs without significant white matter changes before daratumumab-based therapy. Patients began experiencing neurological deficits about 6 to 8 months after daratumumab-based therapy initiation. One patient passed away before being assessed for improvement of symptoms with daratumumab cessation. The second patient had some stabilization of symptoms after cessation; however, the leukoencephalopathy remained irreversible. As the class of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies expands in MM therapy, we highlight a potential treatment complication and the importance of detecting leukoencephalopathy early among patients receiving anti-CD38 therapy. We recommend vigilant monitoring of any new or worsening neurological symptoms to avoid serious complications of irreversible leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Saba Kareem
- Malignant Hematology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Solmaz Sahebjam
- Neuro-Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nam D Tran
- Neuro-Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tyra Gatewood
- Neuro-Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Katherine Tobon
- Malignant Hematology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rachid Baz
- Malignant Hematology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yolanda Piña
- Neuro-Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth H Shain
- Malignant Hematology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.,Tumor Biology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sepideh Mokhtari
- Neuro-Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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Hu Y, Huang Y, Xing S, Chen C, Shen D, Chen J. Aβ promotes CD38 expression in senescent microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Res 2022; 55:10. [PMID: 35241173 PMCID: PMC8892694 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the neuroinflammatory response mediated by the activation of senescent microglia is closely related to energy dysmetabolism. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction between the energy metabolism of aging microglia and neuroinflammation remains unclear. METHODS We used biochemical methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and western blot to determine the effects and mechanism of CD38 knockdown on energy metabolism and neuroinflammation in Aβ1-40 injured BV2 cells. Using AD model mice, we detected CD38 enzyme activity, energy metabolism factors (ATP, NAD +, and NAD + /NADH), and neuroinflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) following the addition of CD38 inhibitor. Using a combination of biochemical analysis and behavioral testing, we analyzed the effects of the CD38 inhibitor on energy metabolism disorder, the neuroinflammatory response, and the cognition of AD mice. RESULTS Following Aβ1-40 injury, SA-β-Gal positive cells and senescence-related proteins P16 and P21 increased in BV2 cells, while energy-related molecules (ATP, NAD +, and NAD + /NADH) and mitochondrial function (mitochondrial ROS and MMP) decreased. Further studies showed that CD38 knockdown could improve Aβ1-40-induced BV2 cells energy dysmetabolism and reduce the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In vivo results showed an increase in senile plaque deposition and microglial activation in the hippocampus and cortex of 34-week-old APP/PS1 mice. Following treatment with the CD38 inhibitor, senile plaque deposition decreased, the number of Iba1 + BV2 cells increased, the energy metabolism disorder was improved, the proinflammatory cytokines were reduced, and the spatial learning ability was improved. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that senescent microglia appeared in the brain of 34-week-old APP/PS1 mice, and that Aβ1-40 can induce senescence of BV2 cells. The expression of CD38 increases in senescent BV2 cells, resulting in energy metabolism disorder. Therefore, reducing CD38 expression can effectively improve energy metabolism disorder and reduce proinflammatory cytokines. Following intervention with the CD38 inhibitor in APP/PS1 mice, the energy metabolism disorder was improved in the hippocampus and cortex, the level of proinflammatory cytokines was reduced, and cognitive impairment was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Hu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, 365C South Xiangyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Sanli Xing
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, 365C South Xiangyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, 365C South Xiangyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Dingzhu Shen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, 365C South Xiangyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiulin Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, 365C South Xiangyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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CD38 in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020471. [PMID: 32085567 PMCID: PMC7072759 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal degeneration as well as neuroinflammation. While CD38 is strongly expressed in brain cells including neurons, astrocytes as well as microglial cells, the role played by CD38 in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation remains elusive. Yet, CD38 expression increases as a consequence of aging which is otherwise the primary risk associated with neurodegenerative diseases, and several experimental data demonstrated that CD38 knockout mice are protected from neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory insults. Moreover, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, whose levels are tightly controlled by CD38, is a recognized and potent neuroprotective agent, and NAD supplementation was found to be beneficial against neurodegenerative diseases. The aims of this review are to summarize the physiological role played by CD38 in the brain, present the arguments indicating the involvement of CD38 in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, and to discuss these observations in light of CD38 complex biology.
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Falero-Perez J, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Cyp1b1-deficient retinal astrocytes are more proliferative and migratory and are protected from oxidative stress and inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C767-C781. [PMID: 30892936 PMCID: PMC6620579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes (ACs) are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. Retinal ACs play an important role in maintaining the integrity of retinal neurovascular function, and their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of various eye diseases including diabetic retinopathy. Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) expression in the neurovascular structures of the central nervous system including ACs has been reported. We previously showed that CYP1B1 expression is a key regulator of redox homeostasis in retinal vascular cells. Its deficiency in mice resulted in increased oxidative stress and attenuation of angiogenesis in vivo and proangiogenic activity of retinal vascular cells in vitro. Here, using retinal ACs prepared from wild-type (Cyp1b1+/+) and Cyp1b1-deficient (Cyp1b1-/-) mice, we determined the impact of Cyp1b1 expression on retinal AC function. We showed that Cyp1b1-/- retinal ACs were more proliferative and migratory. These cells also produced increased amounts of fibronectin and its receptors, αvβ3- and α5β1-integrin. These results were consistent with the increased adhesive properties of Cyp1b1-/- ACs and their lack of ability to form a network in Matrigel. This was reversed by reexpression of Cyp1b1 in Cyp1b1-/- ACs. Although no significant changes were observed in Akt/SRC/MAPK signaling pathways, production of inflammatory mediators bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was decreased in Cyp1b1-/- ACs. Cyp1b1-/- ACs also showed increased levels of connexin 43 phosphorylation and cluster of differentiation 38 expression when challenged with H2O2. These results are consistent with increased proliferation and diminished oxidative stress in Cyp1b1-/- cells. Thus, Cyp1b1 expression in ACs plays an important role in retinal neurovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Falero-Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
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Zou Y, He X, Peng QY, Guo QL. Inhibition of CD38/Cyclic ADP-ribose Pathway Protects Rats against Ropivacaine-induced Convulsion. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:2354-2360. [PMID: 28937043 PMCID: PMC5634088 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.215333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD38/cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) pathway plays a role in various central nervous system diseases and in morphine tolerance, but its role in local anesthetic intoxication is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the CD38/cADPR pathway in ropivacaine-induced convulsion. METHODS Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8 per group): sham group, ropivacaine group, ropivacaine+8-Br-cADPR (5 nmol) group, ropivacaine+8-Br-cADPR (10 nmol) group, and ropivacaine+8-Br-cADPR (20 nmol) group (no rats died). Rats were intracerebroventricularly injected with normal saline or 8-Br-cADPR 30 min before receiving an intraperitoneal injection of ropivacaine. Electroencephalography and convulsion behavior scores were recorded. The hippocampus was harvested from each group and subjected to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and cADPR assays, Western blotting analysis, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of ropivacaine (33.8 mg/kg) induced convulsions in rats. CD38 and cADPR levels increased significantly following ropivacaine-induced convulsion (P = 0.031 and 0.020, respectively, compared with the sham group). Intraventricular injection of 8-Br-cADPR (5, 10, and 20 nmol) significantly prolonged convulsion latency (P = 0.037, 0.034, and 0.000, respectively), reduced convulsion duration (P = 0.005, 0.005, and 0.005, respectively), and reduced convulsion behavior scores (P = 0.015, 0.015, and 0.000, respectively). Intraventricular injection of 8-Br-cADPR (10 nmol) also increased the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein ratio (P = 0.044) and reduced cleaved Caspase 3/Caspase 3 ratio, inducible nitric oxide synthase, MDA and SOD levels (P = 0.014, 0.044, 0.001, and 0.010, respectively) compared with the ropivacaine group. CONCLUSIONS The CD38/cADPR pathway is activated in ropivacaine-induced convulsion. Inhibiting this pathway alleviates ropivacaine-induced convulsion and protects the brain from apoptosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qian-Yi Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qu-Lian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Peng QY, Wang YM, Chen CX, Zou Y, Zhang LN, Deng SY, Ai YH. Inhibiting the CD38/cADPR pathway protected rats against sepsis associated brain injury. Brain Res 2017; 1678:56-63. [PMID: 29030054 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD38/cADPR pathway has been found to play roles in various inflammatory conditions. However, whether CD38 plays a protective or detrimental effect in the central nervous system (CNS) is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CD38/cADPR pathway in sepsis associated brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were undergone cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham laparotomies. NAD+, cADPR and CD38 were measured in the hippocampus of septic rats at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48h after CLP surgery. Rats were divided into the sham, CLP group, CLP+ CD38 expression lentivirus (CLP+ CD38 LV), CLP+ CD38 interference lentivirus (CLP+ CD38 Ri), CLP+ negative control lentivirus (CLP+NC) and the CLP+8-Br-cADPR groups. The Western blots of Bcl-2, Bax and iNOS, TUNEL assays, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays, transmission electron microscope analysis were performed in the hippocampus of rats. RESULTS NAD+, cADPR and CD38 levels increased significantly in the hippocampus of septic rats as early as 12-24h after CLP surgery. CD38 knockdown or blocking cADPR with 8-Br-cADPR significantly reduced apoptosis, MDA and SOD activity, iNOS expression and ultrastructural morphology damages in the hippocampus of septic rats. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that the CD38/cADPR pathway was activated in sepsis associated brain injury. Blocking this pathway protected the hippocampus from apoptosis, oxidative stress and ultrastructural morphology damages in septic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yi Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Min Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Cai-Xia Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Song-Yun Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu-Hang Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Wang YM, Liu ZY, Ai YH, Zhang LN, Zou Y, Peng QY. Blocking the CD38/cADPR pathway plays a double-edged role in LPS stimulated microglia. Neuroscience 2017; 361:34-42. [PMID: 28807785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Whether the CD38/cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) pathway plays a protective or detrimental role in neuroinflammation remains controversial. This study aimed to determine the role of CD38 in neuroinflammation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and co-cultured Neuro-2a (N2a) cells. In monoculture experiments, BV2 cells were divided into control, CD38 interference (CD38Ri), negative control (NC), LPS, CD38Ri+LPS, NC+LPS and 8-Br-cADPR+LPS groups. In co-culture experiments, N2a cells were co-cultured with BV2 cells for 48h. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), cADPR and intracellular Ca2+ levels and CD38 expression increased significantly in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. CD38 knockdown or 8-Br-cADPR treatment significantly reduced NAD+, cADPR and intracellular Ca2+ levels. CD38 knockdown increased iNOS and NO levels in BV2 cells without LPS treatment; however, CD38 knockdown or 8-Br-cADPR treatment reduced iNOS and NO levels in BV2 cells with LPS treatment. CD38 knockdown increased the ratio of TUNEL-positive cells and cleaved Caspase 3/Caspase 3 ratio, and decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in BV2 cells without LPS treatment; however, CD38 knockdown reduced the TUNEL positivity in BV2 cells with LPS treatment. CD38 knockdown or 8-Br-cADPR inhibited TNF-α, IL-6 (interleukin-6) and IL-1β levels in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Co-culture with CD38 knockdown or 8-Br-cADPR-treated BV2 cells did not influence apoptosis or iNOS expression in N2a cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that blocking the CD38/cADPR pathway reduces intracellular Ca2+, NO and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. CD38 knockdown exerted a detrimental effect in apoptosis and NO production in normal microglia, but played a protective role in apoptosis and NO production in LPS-stimulated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu-Hang Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qian-Yi Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Schnitzler S, Kopitz J, Plaschke K. Increased hippocampal CD38 and systemic inflammation after partial hepatectomy does not induce impairment of spatial cognition. Neurol Res 2016; 38:973-980. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1242452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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SIRT2 Plays Significant Roles in Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Neuroinflammation and Brain Injury in Mice. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2490-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Complex role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the regulation of programmed cell death pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 101:13-26. [PMID: 26343585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, a growing body of experimental observations has led to the identification of novel and alternative programs of regulated cell death. Recently, autophagic cell death and controlled forms of necrosis have emerged as major alternatives to apoptosis, the best characterized form of regulated cell demise. These recently identified, caspase-independent, forms of cell death appear to play a role in the response to several forms of stress, and their importance in different pathological conditions such as ischemia, infection and inflammation has been recognized. The functional link between cell metabolism and survival has also been the matter of recent studies. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) has gained particular interest due to its role in cell energetics, and as a substrate for several families of enzymes, comprising poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuins, involved in numerous biological functions including cell survival and death. The recently uncovered diversity of cell death programs has led us to reevaluate the role of this important metabolite as a universal pro-survival factor, and to discuss the potential benefits and limitations of pharmacological approaches targeting NAD(+) metabolism.
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Mutafova-Yambolieva VN, Durnin L. The purinergic neurotransmitter revisited: a single substance or multiple players? Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:162-91. [PMID: 24887688 PMCID: PMC4185222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past half century has witnessed tremendous advances in our understanding of extracellular purinergic signaling pathways. Purinergic neurotransmission, in particular, has emerged as a key contributor in the efficient control mechanisms in the nervous system. The identity of the purine neurotransmitter, however, remains controversial. Identifying it is difficult because purines are present in all cell types, have a large variety of cell sources, and are released via numerous pathways. Moreover, studies on purinergic neurotransmission have relied heavily on indirect measurements of integrated postjunctional responses that do not provide direct information for neurotransmitter identity. This paper discusses experimental support for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as a neurotransmitter and recent evidence for possible contribution of other purines, in addition to or instead of ATP, in chemical neurotransmission in the peripheral, enteric and central nervous systems. Sites of release and action of purines in model systems such as vas deferens, blood vessels, urinary bladder and chromaffin cells are discussed. This is preceded by a brief discussion of studies demonstrating storage of purines in synaptic vesicles. We examine recent evidence for cell type targets (e.g., smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells, neurons and glia) for purine neurotransmitters in different systems. This is followed by brief discussion of mechanisms of terminating the action of purine neurotransmitters, including extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis and possible salvage and reuptake in the cell. The significance of direct neurotransmitter release measurements is highlighted. Possibilities for involvement of multiple purines (e.g., ATP, ADP, NAD(+), ADP-ribose, adenosine, and diadenosine polyphosphates) in neurotransmission are considered throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Durnin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
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Ma Y, Cao W, Wang L, Jiang J, Nie H, Wang B, Wei X, Ying W. Basal CD38/cyclic ADP-ribose-dependent signaling mediates ATP release and survival of microglia by modulating connexin 43 hemichannels. Glia 2014; 62:943-55. [PMID: 24578339 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying ATP release from neural cells, because extracellular ATP plays multiple important biological roles in the brain. CD38 is an ectoenzyme that consumes NAD(+) to produce cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a potent agonist of ryanodine receptors. Our previous study showed that CD38 reductions led to microglial apoptosis. In this study, we used both murine microglial BV2 cells and primary microglial cultures as cellular models to test our hypothesis that basal CD38/cyclic ADP-ribose (CD38/cADPR)-dependent signaling plays a key role in ATP release, which mediates basal survival of microglia. We found that inhibition of CD38/cADPR-dependent signaling by CD38 silencing or 8-Bromo-cADPR, a ryanodine receptor antagonist, produced significant ATP release from BV2 microglia. Cx43 small interfering RNA and Cx43 hemichannel blocker 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid completely prevented the CD38 silencing or 8-Bromo-cADPR-induced ATP release. Prevention of the ATP release could also be due to P2X7 receptor antagonists. Our study has further suggested a key role of ATP release in the microglial apoptosis induced by decreased CD38/cADPR-dependent signaling. In addition, by using primary microglial cultures, we found that 8-Bromo-cADPR also induced significant ATP release, which could be attenuated by 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid. 8-Bromo-cADPR was also found to induce death of primary microglial cultures. In conclusion, our results have suggested novel roles of basal activation of CD38/cADPR-dependent signaling in mediating microglial functions and survival: It mediates ATP release from microglia by modulating Cx43 hemichannels, which can significantly affect microglial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Ma
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
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Ying W. Roles of NAD (+) , PARP-1, and Sirtuins in Cell Death, Ischemic Brain Injury, and Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray-Induced Tissue Injury. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:691251. [PMID: 24386592 PMCID: PMC3872437 DOI: 10.1155/2013/691251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
NAD(+) plays crucial roles in a variety of biological processes including energy metabolism, aging, and calcium homeostasis. Multiple studies have also shown that NAD(+) administration can profoundly decrease oxidative cell death and ischemic brain injury. A number of recent studies have further indicated that NAD(+) administration can decrease ischemic brain damage, traumatic brain damage and synchrotron radiation X-ray-induced tissue injury by such mechanisms as inhibiting inflammation, decreasing autophagy, and reducing DNA damage. Our latest study that applies nano-particles as a NAD(+) carrier has also provided first direct evidence demonstrating a key role of NAD(+) depletion in oxidative stress-induced ATP depletion. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and sirtuins are key NAD(+)-consuming enzymes that mediate multiple biological processes. Recent studies have provided new information regarding PARP-1 and sirtuins in cell death, ischemic brain damage and synchrotron radiation X-ray-induced tissue damage. These findings have collectively supported the hypothesis that NAD(+) metabolism, PARP-1 and sirtuins play fundamental roles in oxidative stress-induced cell death, ischemic brain injury, and radiation injury. The findings have also supported "the Central Regulatory Network Hypothesis", which proposes that a fundamental network that consists of ATP, NAD(+) and Ca(2+) as its key components is the essential network regulating various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Ying
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
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15
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Hong Y, Nie H, Wu D, Wei X, Ding X, Ying W. NAD(+) treatment prevents rotenone-induced apoptosis and necrosis of differentiated PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 560:46-50. [PMID: 24304867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) plays critical roles in not only energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions, but also calcium homeostasis and immunological functions. It has been reported that NAD(+) administration can reduce ischemic brain damage. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects remain unclear. Because mitochondrial impairments play a key role in the cell death in cerebral ischemia, in this study we tested our hypothesis that NAD(+) can decrease mitochondrial damage-induced cell death using differentiated PC12 cells as a cellular model. We found that NAD(+) can decrease both early-stage and late-stage apoptosis, as well as necrosis of rotenone-treated PC12 cells, as assessed by FACS-based Annexin V/AAD assay. We also found that NAD(+) treatment can restore the intracellular NAD(+) levels of the rotenone-treated cells. Moreover, NAD(+) treatment can prevent rotenone-induced mitochondria depolarization. In summary, our study has provided first direct evidence that NAD(+) treatment can prevent rotenone-induced apoptosis and necrosis. Our study has also indicated that NAD(+) treatment can prevent mitochondrial damage-induced cell death, which may at least partially result from its protective effects on rotenone-induced mitochondrial depolarization. Because both mitochondrial damage and apoptosis play key roles in multiple neurological disorders, our study has highlighted the therapeutic potential of NAD(+) for brain ischemia and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Hong
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Hui Nie
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Danhong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Third People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201999, PR China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xianting Ding
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Weihai Ying
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China; Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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16
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Kato TA, Hayakawa K, Monji A, Kanba S. Missing and Possible Link between Neuroendocrine Factors, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Microglia. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:53. [PMID: 23874274 PMCID: PMC3711058 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine systems have long been suggested to be one of the important factors in neuropsychiatric disorders, while the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. Traditionally, neuropsychiatric disorders have been mainly considered the consequence of abnormal conditions in neural circuitry. Beyond the neuronal doctrine, microglia, one of the glial cells with inflammatory/immunological functions in the central nervous system (CNS), have recently been suggested to play important roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the crosstalk between neuroendocrine factors, neuropsychiatric disorders, and microglia has been unsolved. Therefore, we herein introduce and discuss a missing and possible link between these three factors; especially highlighting the following hormones; (1) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis-related hormones such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids, (2) sex-related hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, and (3) oxytocin. A growing body of evidence has suggested that these hormones have a direct effect on microglia. We hypothesize that hormone-induced microglial activation and the following microglia-derived mediators may lead to maladaptive neuronal networks including synaptic dysfunctions, causing neuropsychiatric disorders. Future investigations to clarify the correlation between neuroendocrine factors and microglia may contribute to a novel understanding of the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan ; Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
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