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Gera J, Kumar D, Chauhan G, Choudhary A, Rani L, Mandal L, Mandal S. High sugar diet-induced fatty acid oxidation potentiates cytokine-dependent cardiac ECM remodeling. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306087. [PMID: 38916917 PMCID: PMC11199913 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Context-dependent physiological remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for development and organ homeostasis. On the other hand, consumption of high-caloric diet leverages ECM remodeling to create pathological conditions that impede the functionality of different organs, including the heart. However, the mechanistic basis of high caloric diet-induced ECM remodeling has yet to be elucidated. Employing in vivo molecular genetic analyses in Drosophila, we demonstrate that high dietary sugar triggers ROS-independent activation of JNK signaling to promote fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the pericardial cells (nephrocytes). An elevated level of FAO, in turn, induces histone acetylation-dependent transcriptional upregulation of the cytokine Unpaired 3 (Upd3). Release of pericardial Upd3 augments fat body-specific expression of the cardiac ECM protein Pericardin, leading to progressive cardiac fibrosis. Importantly, this pathway is quite distinct from the ROS-Ask1-JNK/p38 axis that regulates Upd3 expression under normal physiological conditions. Our results unravel an unknown physiological role of FAO in cytokine-dependent ECM remodeling, bearing implications in diabetic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Gera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gunjan Chauhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Adarsh Choudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Lavi Rani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
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2
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Uchiyama C, Yoshimura S, Yamamoto S, Ogawa M, Kawai K. Acaricide Flupentiofenox Inhibits the Mitochondrial β-Oxidation Pathway of Fatty Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18391-18400. [PMID: 39110101 PMCID: PMC11342930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
A newly developed pesticide, flupentiofenox, has a unique trifluoroethyl phenylsulfoxide structure, and it powerfully affects spider mites, including those with resistance to multiple commercial acaricides. To clarify the mode of action of flupentiofenox, we investigated its effect on mitochondrial energy generation. We observed that flupentiofenox decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) at a practical dose. Flupentiofenox potently inhibited mitochondrial oxygen consumption under conditions of palmitoyl-carnitine or octanoic acid supply, but not under conditions of pyruvate supply. These results show that flupentiofenox inhibits the mitochondrial fatty acid metabolic pathway between the uptake of long-chain acylcarnitine or medium-chain fatty acid and the synthesis of acetyl-CoA by β-oxidation, resulting in suppressed mitochondrial energy generation. Our investigations have led us to conclude that flupentiofenox is a pesticide with a novel mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Uchiyama
- Life
& Environment Research Center, Life Science Research Institute,
Research & Development Division, Kumiai
Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 276 Tamari, Kakegawa-shi, Shizuoka 436-0011, Japan
| | - Shingo Yoshimura
- Agrochemical
Research Center, Life Science Research Institute, Research & Development
Division, Kumiai Chemical Industry Co.,
Ltd., 3360 Kamo, Kikugawa-shi, Shizuoka 439-0031, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Life
& Environment Research Center, Life Science Research Institute,
Research & Development Division, Kumiai
Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 276 Tamari, Kakegawa-shi, Shizuoka 436-0011, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Life
& Environment Research Center, Life Science Research Institute,
Research & Development Division, Kumiai
Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 276 Tamari, Kakegawa-shi, Shizuoka 436-0011, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kawai
- Life
& Environment Research Center, Life Science Research Institute,
Research & Development Division, Kumiai
Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 276 Tamari, Kakegawa-shi, Shizuoka 436-0011, Japan
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3
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De Paula IF, Santos-Araujo S, Majerowicz D, Ramos I, Gondim KC. Knockdown of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) reduces fat body lipid mobilization and resistance to starvation in the insect vector Rhodnius prolixus. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1201670. [PMID: 37469565 PMCID: PMC10352773 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1201670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy stored in fatty acids is essential for several critical activities of insects, such as embryogenesis, oviposition, and flight. Rhodnius prolixus is an obligatory hematophagous hemipteran and vector of Chagas disease, and it feeds infrequently on very large blood meals. As digestion slowly occurs, lipids are synthesized and accumulate in the fat body, mainly as triacylglycerol, in lipid droplets. Between feeding bouts, proper mobilization and oxidation of stored lipids are crucial for survival, and released fatty acids are oxidized by mitochondrial β-oxidation. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT1) is the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of the carnitine shuttle, where the activated fatty acid, acyl-CoA, is converted to acyl-carnitine to be transported into the mitochondria. Here, we investigated the role of CPT1 in lipid metabolism and in resistance to starvation in Rhodnius prolixus. The expression of the CPT1 gene (RhoprCpt1) was determined in the organs of adult females on the fourth day after a blood meal, and the flight muscle showed higher expression levels than the ovary, fat body, and anterior and posterior midgut. RhoprCpt1 expression in the fat body dramatically decreased after feeding, and started to increase again 10 days later, but no changes were observed in the flight muscle. β-oxidation rates were determined in flight muscle and fat body homogenates with the use of 3H-palmitate, and in unfed females, they were higher in the flight muscle. In the fat body, lipid oxidation activity did not show any variation before or at different days after feeding, and was not affected by the presence of etomoxir or malonyl-CoA. We used RNAi and generated RhoprCPT1-deficient insects, which surprisingly did not show a decrease in measured 3H-palmitate oxidation rates. However, the RNAi-knockdown females presented increased amounts of triacylglycerol and larger lipid droplets in the fat body, but not in the flight muscle. When subjected to starvation, these insects had a shorter lifespan. These results indicated that the inhibition of RhoprCpt1 expression compromised lipid mobilization and affected resistance to starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iron F. De Paula
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samara Santos-Araujo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ramos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia C. Gondim
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Dou X, Chen K, Brown MR, Strand MR. Multiple endocrine factors regulate nutrient mobilization and storage in Aedes aegypti during a gonadotrophic cycle. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:425-442. [PMID: 36056560 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anautogenous mosquitoes must blood feed on a vertebrate host to produce eggs. Each gonadotrophic cycle is subdivided into a sugar-feeding previtellogenic phase that produces primary follicles and a blood meal-activated vitellogenic phase in which large numbers of eggs synchronously mature and are laid. Multiple endocrine factors including juvenile hormone (JH), insulin-like peptides (ILPs), ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone (OEH), and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) coordinate each gonadotrophic cycle. Egg formation also requires nutrients from feeding that are stored in the fat body. Regulation of egg formation is best understood in Aedes aegypti but the role different endocrine factors play in regulating nutrient mobilization and storage remains unclear. In this study, we report that adult female Ae. aegypti maintained triacylglycerol (TAG) stores during the previtellogenic phase of the first gonadotrophic cycle while glycogen stores declined. In contrast, TAG and glycogen stores were rapidly mobilized during the vitellogenic phase and then replenishment. Several genes encoding enzymes with functions in TAG and glycogen metabolism were differentially expressed in the fat body, which suggested regulation was mediated in part at the transcriptional level. Gain of function assays indicated that stored nutrients were primarily mobilized by adipokinetic hormone (AKH) while juvenoids and OEH regulated replenishment. ILP3 further showed evidence of negatively regulating certain lipolytic enzymes. Loss of function assays indicated AKH depends on the AKH receptor (AKHR) for function. Altogether, our results indicate that the opposing activities of different hormones regulate nutrient stores during a gonadotrophic cycle in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Dou
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mark R Brown
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
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5
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Felmlee KR, Macdonald SJ, Everman ER. Pre-adult exposure to three heavy metals leads to changes in the head transcriptome of adult flies. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000591. [PMID: 35856016 PMCID: PMC9287740 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of developmental exposure to three heavy metals - cadmium, copper, and lead - on gene expression in adult head tissue in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster . All metals affected development time and/or gene expression level. While variation in the response to each metal was apparent, two differentially-expressed genes were upregulated in response to all three metal treatments, and 11 genes were downregulated in two of the three treatments. Our work reveals that developmental metal exposure has the potential to have long-lasting, metal-specific effects on gene expression in adults, even after the metal stress has been removed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart J Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas; Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas
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6
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Arêdes DS, De Paula IF, Santos-Araujo S, Gondim KC. Silencing of Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein A Subunit (HADHA) Increases Lipid Stores, and Reduces Oviposition and Flight Capacity in the Vector Insect Rhodnius prolixus. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:885172. [PMID: 38468769 PMCID: PMC10926480 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.885172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus is an obligatory hematophagous insect, vector of Chagas disease. After blood meal, lipids are absorbed, metabolized, synthesized, and accumulated in the fat body. When necessary, stored lipids are mobilized, transported to other organs, or are oxidized to provide energy. Mitochondrial β-oxidation is a cyclic conserved pathway, where degradation of long-chain fatty acids occurs to contribute to cellular energetic demands. Three of its reactions are catalyzed by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP), which is composed by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunits alpha and beta (HADHA and HADHB, respectively). Here, we investigated the role of HADHA in lipid metabolism and reproduction of Rhodnius prolixus females. The expression of HADHA gene (RhoprHadha) was determined in the organs of starving adult insects. The flight muscle and ovary had higher expression levels when compared to the anterior and posterior midguts or the fat body. RhoprHadha gene expression was upregulated by blood meal in the flight muscle and fat body. We generated insects with RNAi-mediated knockdown of RhoprHadha to address the physiological role of this gene. RhoprHadha deficiency resulted in higher triacylglycerol content and larger lipid droplets in the fat body during starvation. After feeding, lifespan of the knockdown females was not affected, but they exhibited a decrease in oviposition, although hatching was the same in both groups. Silenced females showed lower forced flight capacity than the control ones, and their fat bodies had lower gene expression levels of Brummer lipase (RhoprBmm) and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2 (RhoprAcsl2). Taken together, these findings indicate that HADHA is important to guarantee successful reproduction and efficient mobilization of lipid stores during starvation and flight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katia C. Gondim
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Chatterjee N, Perrimon N. What fuels the fly: Energy metabolism in Drosophila and its application to the study of obesity and diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabg4336. [PMID: 34108216 PMCID: PMC8189582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The organs and metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism, and the process of ATP production from nutrients, are comparable between humans and Drosophila melanogaster This level of conservation, together with the power of Drosophila genetics, makes the fly a very useful model system to study energy homeostasis. Here, we discuss the major organs involved in energy metabolism in Drosophila and how they metabolize different dietary nutrients to generate adenosine triphosphate. Energy metabolism in these organs is controlled by cell-intrinsic, paracrine, and endocrine signals that are similar between Drosophila and mammals. We describe how these signaling pathways are regulated by several physiological and environmental cues to accommodate tissue-, age-, and environment-specific differences in energy demand. Last, we discuss several genetic and diet-induced fly models of obesity and diabetes that can be leveraged to better understand the molecular basis of these metabolic diseases and thereby promote the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Systemic Regulation of Host Energy and Oogenesis by Microbiome-Derived Mitochondrial Coenzymes. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108583. [PMID: 33406416 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota have been shown to promote oogenesis and fecundity, but the mechanistic basis of remote influence on oogenesis remained unknown. Here, we report a systemic mechanism of influence mediated by bacterial-derived supply of mitochondrial coenzymes. Removal of microbiota decreased mitochondrial activity and ATP levels in the whole-body and ovary, resulting in repressed oogenesis. Similar repression was caused by RNA-based knockdown of mitochondrial function in ovarian follicle cells. Reduced mitochondrial function in germ-free (GF) females was reversed by bacterial recolonization or supplementation of riboflavin, a precursor of FAD and FMN. Metabolomics analysis of GF females revealed a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and FAD levels and an increase in metabolites that are degraded by FAD-dependent enzymes (e.g., amino and fatty acids). Riboflavin supplementation opposed this effect, elevating mitochondrial function, ATP, and oogenesis. These findings uncover a bacterial-mitochondrial axis of influence, linking gut bacteria with systemic regulation of host energy and reproduction.
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9
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Targeting metabolic pathways for extension of lifespan and healthspan across multiple species. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101188. [PMID: 33031925 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism plays a significant role in the regulation of aging at different levels, and metabolic reprogramming represents a major driving force in aging. Metabolic reprogramming leads to impaired organismal fitness, an age-dependent increase in susceptibility to diseases, decreased ability to mount a stress response, and increased frailty. The complexity of age-dependent metabolic reprogramming comes from the multitude of levels on which metabolic changes can be connected to aging and regulation of lifespan. This is further complicated by the different metabolic requirements of various tissues, cross-organ communication via metabolite secretion, and direct effects of metabolites on epigenetic state and redox regulation; however, not all of these changes are causative to aging. Studies in yeast, flies, worms, and mice have played a crucial role in identifying mechanistic links between observed changes in various metabolic traits and their effects on lifespan. Here, we review how changes in the organismal and organ-specific metabolome are associated with aging and how targeting of any one of over a hundred different targets in specific metabolic pathways can extend lifespan. An important corollary is that restriction or supplementation of different metabolites can change activity of these metabolic pathways in ways that improve healthspan and extend lifespan in different organisms. Due to the high levels of conservation of metabolism in general, translating findings from model systems to human beings will allow for the development of effective strategies for human health- and lifespan extension.
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10
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Pridie C, Ueda K, Simmonds AJ. Rosy Beginnings: Studying Peroxisomes in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:835. [PMID: 32984330 PMCID: PMC7477296 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has traditionally focused on understanding how mutations affecting gene regulation or function affect processes linked to animal development. Accordingly, flies have become an essential foundation of modern medical research through repeated contributions to our fundamental understanding of how their homologs of human genes function. Peroxisomes are organelles that metabolize lipids and reactive oxygen species like peroxides. However, despite clear linkage of mutations in human genes affecting peroxisomes to developmental defects, for many years fly models were conspicuously absent from the study of peroxisomes. Now, the few early studies linking the Rosy eye color phenotype to peroxisomes in flies have been joined by a growing body of research establishing novel roles for peroxisomes during the development or function of specific tissues or cell types. Similarly, unique properties of cultured fly Schneider 2 cells have advanced our understanding of how peroxisomes move on the cytoskeleton. Here, we profile how those past and more recent Drosophila studies started to link specific effects of peroxisome dysfunction to organ development and highlight the utility of flies as a model for human peroxisomal diseases. We also identify key differences in the function and proliferation of fly peroxisomes compared to yeast or mammals. Finally, we discuss the future of the fly model system for peroxisome research including new techniques that should support identification of additional tissue specific regulation of and roles for peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pridie
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kazuki Ueda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Tiwari SK, Toshniwal AG, Mandal S, Mandal L. Fatty acid β-oxidation is required for the differentiation of larval hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:53247. [PMID: 32530419 PMCID: PMC7347386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic signals regulate the state and fate of stem and progenitor cells. Recent advances in metabolomics illustrate that various metabolic pathways are also important in regulating stem cell fate. However, our understanding of the metabolic control of the state and fate of progenitor cells is in its infancy. Using Drosophila hematopoietic organ: lymph gland, we demonstrate that Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) is essential for the differentiation of blood cell progenitors. In the absence of FAO, the progenitors are unable to differentiate and exhibit altered histone acetylation. Interestingly, acetate supplementation rescues both histone acetylation and the differentiation defects. We further show that the CPT1/whd (withered), the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, is transcriptionally regulated by Jun-Kinase (JNK), which has been previously implicated in progenitor differentiation. Our study thus reveals how the cellular signaling machinery integrates with the metabolic cue to facilitate the differentiation program. Stem cells are special precursor cells, found in all animals from flies to humans, that can give rise to all the mature cell types in the body. Their job is to generate supplies of new cells wherever these are needed. This is important because it allows damaged or worn-out tissues to be repaired and replaced by fresh, healthy cells. As part of this renewal process, stem cells generate pools of more specialized cells, called progenitor cells. These can be thought of as half-way to maturation and can only develop in a more restricted number of ways. For example, so-called myeloid progenitor cells from humans can only develop into a specific group of blood cell types, collectively termed the myeloid lineage. Fruit flies, like many other animals, also have several different types of blood cells. The fly’s repertoire of blood cells is very similar to the human myeloid lineage, and these cells also develop from the fly equivalent of myeloid progenitor cells. These progenitors are found in a specialized organ in fruit fly larvae called the lymph gland, where the blood forms. These similarities between fruit flies and humans mean that flies are a good model to study how myeloid progenitor cells mature. A lot is already known about the molecules that signal to progenitor cells how and when to mature. However, the role of metabolism – the chemical reactions that process nutrients and provide energy inside cells – is still poorly understood. Tiwari et al. set out to identify which metabolic reactions myeloid progenitor cells require and how these reactions might shape the progenitors’ development into mature blood cells. The experiments in this study used fruit fly larvae that had been genetically altered so that they could no longer perform key chemical reactions needed for the breakdown of fats. In these mutant larvae, the progenitors within the lymph gland could not give rise to mature blood cells. This showed that myeloid progenitor cells need to be able to break down fats in order to develop properly. These results highlight a previously unappreciated role for metabolism in controlling the development of progenitor cells. If this effect also occurs in humans, this knowledge could one day help medical researchers engineer replacement tissues in the lab, or even increase our own bodies’ ability to regenerate blood, and potentially other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Tiwari
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Ashish Ganeshlalji Toshniwal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
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12
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Tan C, Liu X, Peng W, Wang H, Zhou W, Jiang J, Wei X, Mo L, Chen Y, Chen L. Seizure-induced impairment in neuronal ketogenesis: Role of zinc-α2-glycoprotein in mitochondria. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6833-6845. [PMID: 32340079 PMCID: PMC7299723 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies (KBs) were known to suppress seizure. Untraditionally, neurons were recently reported to utilize fatty acids and produce KBs, but the effect of seizure on neuronal ketogenesis has not been researched. Zinc‐α2‐glycoprotein (ZAG) was reported to suppress seizure via unclear mechanism. Interestingly, ZAG was involved in fatty acid β‐oxidation and thus may exert anti‐epileptic effect by promoting ketogenesis. However, this promotive effect of ZAG on neuronal ketogenesis has not been clarified. In this study, we performed immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify potential interaction partners with ZAG. The mechanisms of how ZAG translocated into mitochondria were determined by quantitative coimmunoprecipitation after treatment with apoptozole, a heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) inhibitor. ZAG level was modulated by lentivirus in neurons or adeno‐associated virus in rat brains. Seizure models were induced by magnesium (Mg2+)‐free artificial cerebrospinal fluid in neurons or intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole kindling in rats. Ketogenesis was determined by cyclic thio‐NADH method in supernatant of neurons or brain homogenate. The effect of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) on ZAG expression was examined by Western blot, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and chromatin immunoprecipitation qRT‐PCR. We found that seizure induced ketogenesis deficiency via a ZAG‐dependent mechanism. ZAG entered mitochondria through a HSC70‐dependent mechanism, promoted ketogenesis by binding to four β‐subunits of long‐chain L‐3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HADHB) and alleviated ketogenesis impairment in a neuronal seizure model and pentylenetetrazole‐kindled epileptic rats. Additionally, PPARγ activation up‐regulated ZAG expression by binding to promoter region of AZGP1 gene and promoted ketogenesis through a ZAG‐dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wuxue Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Stobdan T, Sahoo D, Azad P, Hartley I, Heinrichsen E, Zhou D, Haddad GG. High fat diet induces sex-specific differential gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213474. [PMID: 30861021 PMCID: PMC6413938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently about 2 billion adults globally are estimated to be overweight and ~13% of them are obese. High fat diet (HFD) is one of the major contributing factor to obesity, heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Recent findings on the role of HFD in inducing abnormalities in neurocognition and susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease are highly intriguing. Since fundamental molecular pathways are often conserved across species, studies involving Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms involving human disease. In order to study some of such mechanisms in the central nervous system as well in the rest of the body, we investigated the effect of HFD on the transcriptome in the heads and bodies of male and female flies kept on either HFD or regular diet (RD). Using comprehensive genomic analyses which include high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, pathway enrichment and gene network analyses, we found that HFD induces a number of responses that are sexually dimorphic in nature. There was a robust transcriptional response consisting of a downregulation of stress-related genes in the heads and glycoside hydrolase activity genes in the bodies of males. In the females, the HFD led to an increased transcriptional change in lipid metabolism. A strong correlation also existed between the takeout gene and hyperphagic behavior in both males and females. We conclude that a) HFD induces a differential transcriptional response between males and females, in heads and bodies and b) the non-dimorphic transcriptional response that we identified was associated with hyperphagia. Therefore, our data on the transcriptional responses in flies to HFD provides potentially relevant information to human conditions including obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsering Stobdan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Priti Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Iain Hartley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Erilynn Heinrichsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel G. Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Triacylglycerol Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2019; 210:1163-1184. [PMID: 30523167 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the most important caloric source with respect to energy homeostasis in animals. In addition to its evolutionarily conserved importance as an energy source, TAG turnover is crucial to the metabolism of structural and signaling lipids. These neutral lipids are also key players in development and disease. Here, we review the metabolism of TAG in the Drosophila model system. Recently, the fruit fly has attracted renewed attention in research due to the unique experimental approaches it affords in studying the tissue-autonomous and interorgan regulation of lipid metabolism in vivo Following an overview of the systemic control of fly body fat stores, we will cover lipid anabolic, enzymatic, and regulatory processes, which begin with the dietary lipid breakdown and de novo lipogenesis that results in lipid droplet storage. Next, we focus on lipolytic processes, which mobilize storage TAG to make it metabolically accessible as either an energy source or as a building block for biosynthesis of other lipid classes. Since the buildup and breakdown of fat involves various organs, we highlight avenues of lipid transport, which are at the heart of functional integration of organismic lipid metabolism. Finally, we draw attention to some "missing links" in basic neutral lipid metabolism and conclude with a perspective on how fly research can be exploited to study functional metabolic roles of diverse lipids.
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Huerta-Ocampo JA, García-Muñoz MS, Velarde-Salcedo AJ, Hernández-Domínguez EE, González-Escobar JL, Barrera-Pacheco A, Grajales-Lagunes A, Barba de la Rosa AP. The proteome map of the escamolera ant (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr) larvae reveals immunogenic proteins and several hexamerin proteoforms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:107-121. [PMID: 30149319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The larvae of escamolera ant (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr) have been considered a delicacy since Pre-Hispanic times. The increased demand for this stew has led to massive collection of ant nests. Yet biological aspects of L. apiculatum larvae remain unknown, and mapping the proteome of this species is important for understanding its biological characteristics. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was used to characterize the larvae proteome profile. From 380 protein spots analyzed, 174 were identified by LC-MS/MS and homology search against the Hymenoptera subset of the NCBInr protein database using the Mascot search engine. Peptide de novo sequencing and homology-based alignment allowed the identification of 36 additional protein spots. Identified proteins were classified by cellular location, molecular function, and biological process according to the Gene Ontology annotation. Immunity- and defense-related proteins were identified including PPIases, FK506, PEBP, and chitinases. Several hexamerin proteoforms were identified and the cDNA of the most abundant protein detected in the 2-DE map was isolated and characterized. L. apiculatum hexamerin (LaHEX, GeneBank accession no. MH256667) contains an open reading frame of 2199 bp encoding a polypeptide of 733 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 82.41 kDa. LaHEX protein is more similar to HEX110 than HEX70 from Apis mellifera. Down-regulation of LaHEX was observed throughout ant development. This work represents the first proteome map as well as the first hexamerin characterized from L. apiculatum larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Huerta-Ocampo
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico; CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6, Edificio C, C.P 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - María S García-Muñoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Nava No.6, Zona Universitaria, C.P. 78200 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico
| | - Aída J Velarde-Salcedo
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico
| | - Eric E Hernández-Domínguez
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico
| | - Jorge L González-Escobar
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico
| | - Alberto Barrera-Pacheco
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico
| | - Alicia Grajales-Lagunes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Nava No.6, Zona Universitaria, C.P. 78200 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico.
| | - Ana P Barba de la Rosa
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico.
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16
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Ma S, Avanesov AS, Porter E, Lee BC, Mariotti M, Zemskaya N, Guigo R, Moskalev AA, Gladyshev VN. Comparative transcriptomics across 14 Drosophila species reveals signatures of longevity. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12740. [PMID: 29671950 PMCID: PMC6052463 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifespan varies dramatically among species, but the biological basis is not well understood. Previous studies in model organisms revealed the importance of nutrient sensing, mTOR, NAD/sirtuins, and insulin/IGF1 signaling in lifespan control. By studying life-history traits and transcriptomes of 14 Drosophila species differing more than sixfold in lifespan, we explored expression divergence and identified genes and processes that correlate with longevity. These longevity signatures suggested that longer-lived flies upregulate fatty acid metabolism, downregulate neuronal system development and activin signaling, and alter dynamics of RNA splicing. Interestingly, these gene expression patterns resembled those of flies under dietary restriction and several other lifespan-extending interventions, although on the individual gene level, there was no significant overlap with genes previously reported to have lifespan-extension effects. We experimentally tested the lifespan regulation potential of several candidate genes and found no consistent effects, suggesting that individual genes generally do not explain the observed longevity patterns. Instead, it appears that lifespan regulation across species is modulated by complex relationships at the system level represented by global gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Ma
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Genome Institute of SingaporeA*STARSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Andrei S. Avanesov
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Emily Porter
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Byung Cheon Lee
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- College of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Marco Mariotti
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics ProgramCentre for Genomic Regulation and Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nadezhda Zemskaya
- Institute of BiologyKomi Science CenterRussian Academy of SciencesSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Bioinformatics and Genomics ProgramCentre for Genomic Regulation and Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Alexey A. Moskalev
- Institute of BiologyKomi Science CenterRussian Academy of SciencesSyktyvkarRussia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Moscow RegionRussia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular BiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical BiologyMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
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17
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Cabirol-Pol MJ, Khalil B, Rival T, Faivre-Sarrailh C, Besson MT. Glial lipid droplets and neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of complex I deficiency. Glia 2017; 66:874-888. [PMID: 29285794 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects associated with respiratory chain complex I deficiency lead to heterogeneous fatal syndromes. While the role of NDUFS8, an essential subunit of the core assembly of the complex I, is established in mitochondrial diseases, the mechanisms underlying neuropathology are poorly understood. We developed a Drosophila model of NDUFS8 deficiency by knocking down the expression of its fly homologue in neurons or in glial cells. Downregulating ND23 in neurons resulted in shortened lifespan, and decreased locomotion. Although total brain ATP levels were decreased, histological analysis did not reveal any signs of neurodegeneration except for photoreceptors of the retina. Interestingly, ND23 deficiency-associated phenotypes were rescued by overexpressing the glucose transporter hGluT3 demonstrating that boosting glucose metabolism in neurons was sufficient to bypass altered mitochondrial functions and to confer neuroprotection. We then analyzed the consequences of ND23 knockdown in glial cells. In contrast to neuronal knockdown, loss of ND23 in glia did not lead to significant behavioral defects nor to reduced lifespan, but induced brain degeneration, as visualized by numerous vacuoles found all over the nervous tissue. This phenotype was accompanied by the massive accumulation of lipid droplets at the cortex-neuropile boundaries, suggesting an alteration of lipid metabolism in glia. These results demonstrate that complex I deficiency triggers metabolic alterations both in neurons and glial cells which may contribute to the neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilal Khalil
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille cedex 15, Marseille, France.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Thomas Rival
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marie Thérèse Besson
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille cedex 15, Marseille, France
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18
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Activin signaling mediates muscle-to-adipose communication in a mitochondria dysfunction-associated obesity model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8596-8601. [PMID: 28739899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708037114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. However, whether mitochondrial perturbation in a single tissue influences mitochondrial function and metabolic status of another distal tissue remains largely unknown. We analyzed the nonautonomous role of muscular mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila Surprisingly, impaired muscle mitochondrial function via complex I perturbation results in simultaneous mitochondrial dysfunction in the fat body (the fly adipose tissue) and subsequent triglyceride accumulation, the major characteristic of obesity. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, in the context of muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, revealed that target genes of the TGF-β signaling pathway were induced in the fat body. Strikingly, expression of the TGF-β family ligand, Activin-β (Actβ), was dramatically increased in the muscles by NF-κB/Relish (Rel) signaling in response to mitochondrial perturbation, and decreasing Actβ expression in mitochondrial-perturbed muscles rescued both the fat body mitochondrial dysfunction and obesity phenotypes. Thus, perturbation of muscle mitochondrial activity regulates mitochondrial function in the fat body nonautonomously via modulation of Activin signaling.
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19
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Millburn GH, Crosby MA, Gramates LS, Tweedie S. FlyBase portals to human disease research using Drosophila models. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:245-52. [PMID: 26935103 PMCID: PMC4826978 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model for studying human disease is well established, reflected by the steady increase in both the number and proportion of fly papers describing human disease models in recent years. In this article, we highlight recent efforts to improve the availability and accessibility of the disease model information in FlyBase (http://flybase.org), the model organism database for Drosophila. FlyBase has recently introduced Human Disease Model Reports, each of which presents background information on a specific disease, a tabulation of related disease subtypes, and summaries of experimental data and results using fruit flies. Integrated presentations of relevant data and reagents described in other sections of FlyBase are incorporated into these reports, which are specifically designed to be accessible to non-fly researchers in order to promote collaboration across model organism communities working in translational science. Another key component of disease model information in FlyBase is that data are collected in a consistent format – using the evolving Disease Ontology (an open-source standardized ontology for human-disease-associated biomedical data) – to allow robust and intuitive searches. To facilitate this, FlyBase has developed a dedicated tool for querying and navigating relevant data, which include mutations that model a disease and any associated interacting modifiers. In this article, we describe how data related to fly models of human disease are presented in individual Gene Reports and in the Human Disease Model Reports. Finally, we discuss search strategies and new query tools that are available to access the disease model data in FlyBase. Drosophila Collection:Drosophila melanogaster is well established as a model for studying human disease. Here, we highlight recent efforts to enhance the availability and accessibility of disease model data in FlyBase, the model organism database for Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Millburn
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Madeline A Crosby
- The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L Sian Gramates
- The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Susan Tweedie
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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20
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Kasumovic MM, Chen Z, Wilkins MR. Australian black field crickets show changes in neural gene expression associated with socially-induced morphological, life-history, and behavioral plasticity. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:827. [PMID: 27776492 PMCID: PMC5078956 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological and evolutionary model organisms have provided extensive insight into the ecological triggers, adaptive benefits, and evolution of life-history driven developmental plasticity. Despite this, we still have a poor understanding of the underlying genetic changes that occur during shifts towards different developmental trajectories. The goal of this study is to determine whether we can identify underlying gene expression patterns that can describe the different life-history trajectories individuals follow in response to social cues of competition. To do this, we use the Australian black field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus), a species with sex-specific developmental trajectories moderated by the density and quality of calls heard during immaturity. In this study, we manipulated the social information males and females could hear by rearing individuals in either calling or silent treatments. We next used RNA-Seq to develop a reference transcriptome to study changes in brain gene expression at two points prior to sexual maturation. RESULTS We show accelerated development in both sexes when exposed to calling; changes were also seen in growth, lifespan, and reproductive effort. Functional relationships between genes and phenotypes were apparent from ontological enrichment analysis. We demonstrate that increased investment towards traits such as growth and reproductive effort were often associated with the expression of a greater number of genes with similar effect, thus providing a suite of candidate genes for future research in this and other invertebrate organisms. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide interesting insight into the genomic underpinnings of developmental plasticity and highlight the potential of a genomic exploration of other evolutionary theories such as condition dependence and sex-specific developmental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kasumovic
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Systems Biology Initiative, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- Systems Biology Initiative, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Roux J, Privman E, Moretti S, Daub JT, Robinson-Rechavi M, Keller L. Patterns of positive selection in seven ant genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:1661-85. [PMID: 24782441 PMCID: PMC4069625 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of ants is marked by remarkable adaptations that allowed the development of very complex social systems. To identify how ant-specific adaptations are associated with patterns of molecular evolution, we searched for signs of positive selection on amino-acid changes in proteins. We identified 24 functional categories of genes which were enriched for positively selected genes in the ant lineage. We also reanalyzed genome-wide data sets in bees and flies with the same methodology to check whether positive selection was specific to ants or also present in other insects. Notably, genes implicated in immunity were enriched for positively selected genes in the three lineages, ruling out the hypothesis that the evolution of hygienic behaviors in social insects caused a major relaxation of selective pressure on immune genes. Our scan also indicated that genes implicated in neurogenesis and olfaction started to undergo increased positive selection before the evolution of sociality in Hymenoptera. Finally, the comparison between these three lineages allowed us to pinpoint molecular evolution patterns that were specific to the ant lineage. In particular, there was ant-specific recurrent positive selection on genes with mitochondrial functions, suggesting that mitochondrial activity was improved during the evolution of this lineage. This might have been an important step toward the evolution of extreme lifespan that is a hallmark of ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Roux
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eyal Privman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Moretti
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, SwitzerlandVital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josephine T Daub
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, SwitzerlandCMPG, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Cheng Z, Tsuda M, Kishita Y, Sato Y, Aigaki T. Impaired energy metabolism in a Drosophila model of mitochondrial aconitase deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:145-50. [PMID: 23438437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aconitase catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and its deficiency in humans is associated with an infantile neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the cerebellum and retina. Here we investigated the effect of gene knockout and knockdown of the mitochondrial aconitase Acon in Drosophila. Acon-knockout flies were homozygous lethal, indicating that Acon is essential for viability. RNA interference-generated Acon-knockdown flies exhibited a variety of phenotypes, such as reduced locomotor activity, a shortened lifespan, and increased cell death in the developing brain. Metabolomic analysis revealed that acetyl-CoA, citrate/isocitrate, and cis-aconitate were significantly increased, while most metabolites of glycolysis and the TCA cycle were reduced. Reduced triacylglyceride and increased acetyl-CoA suggested that lipids were used as an energy source because of the impaired glycolysis and TCA cycle. The Acon-knockdown model should facilitate further understanding of the pathophysiology of m-aconitase deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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23
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Overexpression of fatty-acid-β-oxidation-related genes extends the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:854502. [PMID: 22997544 PMCID: PMC3446750 DOI: 10.1155/2012/854502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the aging process is necessary to ensure that the healthcare needs of an aging population are met. With the trend toward increased human life expectancies, identification of candidate genes affecting the regulation of lifespan and its relationship to environmental factors is essential. Through misexpression screening of EP mutant lines, we previously isolated several genes extending lifespan when ubiquitously overexpressed, including the two genes encoding the fatty-acid-binding protein and dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase involved in fatty-acid β-oxidation, which is the main energy resource pathway in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we analyzed flies overexpressing the two main components of fatty-acid β-oxidation, and found that overexpression of fatty-acid-β-oxidation-related genes extended the Drosophila lifespan. Furthermore, we found that the ability of dietary restriction to extend lifespan was reduced by the overexpression of fatty-acid-β-oxidation-related genes. Moreover, the overexpression of fatty-acid-β-oxidation-related genes enhanced stress tolerance to oxidative and starvation stresses and activated the dFOXO signal, indicating translocation to the nucleus and transcriptional activation of the dFOXO target genes. Overall, the results of this study suggest that overexpression of fatty-acid-β-oxidation-related genes extends lifespan in a dietary-restriction-related manner, and that the mechanism of this process may be related to FOXO activation.
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