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Ni C, Liao W, Nie H, Ge R, Liu R, Zou X, Yuan Z, Yan F. Neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (Nell-1) alleviates periodontal tissue destruction in periodontitis by regulating the ratio of M2/M1 macrophage phenotypes. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112522. [PMID: 38908089 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a common oral disease with high prevalence worldwide. Neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (Nell-1) has recently been reported to have anti-inflammation effects and may be a drug candidate for osteoarthritis. However, its immunotherapeutic effects in periodontitis remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of Nell-1 on periodontitis in terms of macrophage polarization and analyze its possible underlying mechanism. METHODS A rat ligation-induced experimental periodontitis model was established and locally injected with Nell-1 (n = 6/group). Periodontal tissue destruction and macrophage polarization in vivo were analyzed using micro-CT, histology analysis, and western blot. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate serum inflammatory cytokines. Then, the RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Nell-1, and the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125). RT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry were performed to further analyze the effect of Nell-1 on macrophage polarization and the underlying mechanism in vitro. RESULTS Local treatment with Nell-1 significantly alleviated the destruction of alveolar bone and fibers in periodontitis, and upregulated the ratio of M2/M1 macrophages in periodontal tissues (P < 0.05). In vitro, Nell-1 at the concentrations of 200 and 500 ng/mL could significantly inhibit the expression of M1-related inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and increase the expression of M2-related markers, regulating the macrophage phenotype switch into M2 (P < 0.05). The mRNA of JNK and relative protein level of phospho-JNK/JNK were also upregulated by Nell-1 (P < 0.05). Additionally, the JNK inhibitor (SP600125) could reverse the effect of Nell-1 on macrophage polarization (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nell-1 could modulate the ratio of M2/M1 macrophages possibly through the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway, subsequently attenuating the inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues caused by periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ni
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenzheng Liao
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hua Nie
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ruiyang Ge
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Xihong Zou
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhiyao Yuan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Tanjaya J, Ha P, Zhang Y, Wang C, Shah Y, Berthiaume E, Pan HC, Shi J, Kwak J, Wu B, Ting K, Zhang X, Soo C. Genetic and pharmacologic suppression of PPARγ enhances NELL-1-stimulated bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121609. [PMID: 35839586 PMCID: PMC10434299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations into mechanisms behind the development of osteoporosis suggest that suppressing PPARγ-mediated adipogenesis can improve bone formation and bone mineral density. In this study, we investigated a co-treatment strategy to enhance bone formation by combining NELL-1, an osteogenic molecule that has been extensively studied for its potential use as a therapeutic for osteoporosis, with two methods of PPARγ suppression. First, we suppressed PPARγ genetically using lentiviral PPARγ-shRNA in immunocompromised mice for a proof of concept. Second, we used a PPARγ antagonist to suppress PPARγ pharmacologically in immunocompetent senile osteopenic mice for clinical transability. We found that the co-treatment strategy significantly increased bone formation, increased the proliferation stage cell population, decreased late apoptosis of primary mouse BMSCs, and increased osteogenic marker mRNA levels in comparison to the single agent treatment groups. The addition of PPARγ suppression to NELL-1 therapy enhanced NELL-1's effects on bone formation by upregulating anabolic processes without altering NELL-1's inhibitory effects on osteoclastic and adipogenic activities. Our findings suggest that combining PPARγ suppression with therapeutic NELL-1 may be a viable method that can be further developed as a novel strategy to reverse bone loss and decrease marrow adiposity in age-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Tanjaya
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Pin Ha
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025; Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Chenchao Wang
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Yash Shah
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Emily Berthiaume
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Hsin Chuan Pan
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Jinny Kwak
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025; Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025
| | - Kang Ting
- Forsyth Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02142.
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025.
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025; Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90025.
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Thomas S, Jaganathan BG. Signaling network regulating osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2022; 16:47-61. [PMID: 34236594 PMCID: PMC8688675 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis is an important developmental event that results in bone formation. Bone forming cells or osteoblasts develop from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through a highly controlled process regulated by several signaling pathways. The osteogenic lineage commitment of MSCs is controlled by cell-cell interactions, paracrine factors, mechanical signals, hormones, and cytokines present in their niche, which activate a plethora of signaling molecules belonging to bone morphogenetic proteins, Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch signaling. These signaling pathways individually as well as in coordination with other signaling molecules, regulate the osteogenic lineage commitment of MSCs by activating several osteo-lineage specific transcription factors. Here, we discuss the key signaling pathways that regulate osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and the cross-talk between them during osteogenic differentiation. We also discuss how these signaling pathways can be modified for therapy for bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Thomas
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Bithiah Grace Jaganathan
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Cao R, Wang Q, Wu J, Liu M, Han Q, Wang X. Nell-1 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in human dental pulp cells. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:671-680. [PMID: 33905072 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nel-like molecule type 1 (Nell-1) is a secreted protein that plays an important role in osteoinduction in multiple animal models. A previous study has suggested the anti-inflammatory effect of Nell-1 on bone inflammation inhibition. However, its role in pulpitis has not been investigated. The present study aims to explore the effect of human recombinant Nell-1 (Nell-1) on rat pulp inflammation response, and its effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in human dental pulp cells and its related intracellular signaling pathways. 30 Wistar rats with healthy non-carious maxillary first molars were chosen, Nell-1 was absorbed onto a sterile collagen sponge and capped onto exposed pulps. The expression of IL-6 and IL-8 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) were isolated from healthy extracted premolars and third molars. hDPCs were co-cultured with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Nell-1 protein, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6 and IL-8, was examined via quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that Nell-1 inhibited the inflammatory response of rat pulp. LPS treatment contributed to the expression of inflammatory factors in hDPCs, whereas Nell-1 obviously suppressed the LPS-induced inflammation. p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK inhibitors attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of hrNell-1, whereas the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) MAPK inhibitor exerted minimal effect. Therefore Nell-1 could inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in human dental pulp cells, and this effect may be mediated by p38 and ERK MAPK signaling pathways, but not JNK MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyu Cao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Jiameng Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Han
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Hu W, Jiang S, Liao Y, Li J, Dong F, Guo J, Wang X, Fei L, Cui Y, Ren X, Xu N, Zhao L, Chen L, Zheng Y, Li L, Patzak A, Persson PB, Zheng Z, Lai EY. High phosphate impairs arterial endothelial function through AMPK-related pathways in mouse resistance arteries. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13595. [PMID: 33835704 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In patients with renal disease, high serum phosphate shows a relationship with cardiovascular risk. We speculate that high phosphate (HP) impairs arterial vasodilation via the endothelium and explore potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS Isolated vessel relaxation, endothelial function, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), oxidative stress status and protein expression were assessed in HP diet mice. Mitochondrial function and protein expression were assessed in HP-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS High phosphate (1.3%) diet for 12 weeks impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in mesenteric arteries, kidney interlobar arteries and afferent arterioles; reduced GFR and the blood pressure responses to acute administration of acetylcholine. The PPARα/LKB1/AMPK/eNOS pathway was attenuated in the endothelium of mesenteric arteries from HP diet mice. The observed vasodilatory impairment of mesenteric arteries was ameliorated by PPARα agonist WY-14643. The phosphate transporter PiT-1 knockdown prevented HP-mediated suppression of eNOS activity by impeding phosphorus influx in HUVECs. Endothelium cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in HP diet mice. Moreover HP decreased the expression of mitochondrial-related antioxidant genes. Finally, mitochondrial membrane potential and PGC-1α expression were reduced by HP treatment in HUVECs, which was partly restored by AMPKα agonist. CONCLUSIONS HP impairs endothelial function by reducing NO bioavailability via decreasing eNOS activity and increasing mitochondrial ROS, in which the AMPK-related signalling pathways may play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Hu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Yixin Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Lingyan Fei
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoqiu Ren
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology Peking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Yali Zheng
- Department of Nephrology Ningxia people’s hospital Yinchuan China
| | - Lingli Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Georgetown University Washington DC USA
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Pontus B. Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
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Abstract
Phosphorus, a 5A element with atomic weight of 31, comprises just over 0.6% of the composition by weight of plants and animals. Three isotopes are available for studying phosphorus metabolism and kinetics. 31P is stable, whereas the radioactive isotope 33P has a half-life of 25 days and 32P has a half-life of 14 days. Phosphate ester and phosphoanhydride are common chemical linkages and phosphorus is a key element in organic molecules involved in a wide variety of essential cellular functions. These include biochemical energy transfer via adenosine triphosphate (ATP), maintenance of genetic information with nucleotides DNA and RNA, intracellular signaling via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and membrane structural integrity via glycerophospholipids. However, this review focuses on the metabolism of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) acting as a weak acid. Phosphoric acid has all three hydrogens attached to oxygen and is a weak diprotic acid. It has 3 pKa values: pH 2.2, pH 7.2, and pH 12.7. At physiological pH of 7.4, Pi exists as both H2PO4(-) and HPO4(2-) and acts as an extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer. Pi is the form transported across tissue compartments and cells. Measurement of Pi in biological fluids is based on its reaction with ammonium molybdate which does not measure organic phosphorus. In humans, 80% of the body phosphorus is present in the form of calcium phosphate crystals (apatite) that confer hardness to bone and teeth, and function as the major phosphorus reservoir (Fig. 1). The remainder is present in soft tissues and ECF. Dietary phosphorus, comprising both inorganic and organic forms, is digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Absorbed Pi is transported to and from bone, skeletal muscle and soft tissues, and kidney at rates determined by ECF Pi concentration, rate of blood flow, and activity of cell Pi transporters (Fig. 2). During growth, there is net accretion of phosphorus, and with aging, net loss of phosphorus occurs. The bone phosphorus reservoir is depleted and repleted by overall phosphorus requirement. Skeletal muscle is rich in phosphorus used in essential biochemical energy transfer. Kidney is the main regulator of ECF Pi concentration by virtue of having a tubular maximum reabsorptive capacity for Pi (TmPi) that is under close endocrine control. It is also the main excretory pathway for Pi surplus which is passed in urine. Transcellular and paracellular Pi transports are performed by a number of transport mechanisms widely distributed in tissues, and particularly important in gut, bone, and kidney. Pi transporters are regulated by a hormonal axis comprising fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25D). Pi and calcium (Ca) metabolism are intimately interrelated, and clinically neither can be considered in isolation. Diseases of Pi metabolism affect bone as osteomalacia/rickets, soft tissues as ectopic mineralization, skeletal muscle as myopathy, and kidney as nephrocalcinosis and urinary stone formation. Fig. 1 Content of phosphorus in human adult: skeleton, soft tissue, and extracellular fluid (grams, log scale). Corresponding data for calcium are shown for comparison Fig. 2 Phosphate (Pi) transport to and from tissue compartments in mg/24 h. At a dietary phosphorus of 1400 mg, 1120 mg is absorbed in upper intestine to the ECF, 210 mg returned to intestine by endogenous secretion, resulting in 910 mg net Pi absorption and 490 mg fecal excretion. At bone, 180 mg is deposited by bone formation and 180 mg return to the ECF by bone resorption. At kidney, 5040 mg is filtered at the glomerulus and 4130 mg return to the ECF by tubular reabsorption with 910 mg excreted in the urine. In soft tissue, Pi is exchanged between ECF and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munro Peacock
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1120 W Michigan Street, CL365, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Yu L, Cen X, Xia K, Huang X, Sun W, Zhao Z, Liu J. microRNA expression profiles and the potential competing endogenous RNA networks in NELL-1-induced human adipose-derived stem cell osteogenic differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4623-4641. [PMID: 32065449 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that Nel-like molecule-1 (NELL-1) was an osteoblast-specific cytokine and some specific microRNAs (miRNAs) could serve as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to partake in osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). The aim of this study was to explore the potential functional mechanisms of recombinant human NELL-1 protein (rhNELL-1) during hASCs osteogenic differentiation. rhNELL-1 was added to osteogenic medium to activate osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed and validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gene ontology functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were performed to detect the functions of differentially expressed miRNAs and genes. Coding-noncoding gene co-expression network and ceRNA networks were constructed to predict the potential regulatory role of miRNAs. A total of 1010 differentially expressed miRNAs and 1762 differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were detected. miRNA-370-3p, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and parathyroid hormone like hormone (PTHLH) were differentially expressed during NELL-1-induced osteogenesis. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrated that these differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs enriched in Rap1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, Glucagon signaling pathway, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway, which were important pathways related to osteogenic differentiation. In addition, miRNA-370-3p and has-miR-485-5p were predicted to interact with circ0001543, circ0002405, and ENST00000570267 in ceRNA networks. Based on the gain or loss of functional experiments by transfection, the results showed that miR-370-3p was a key regulator in osteogenic differentiation by targeting BMP2 and disturbing the expression of PTHLH, and participated in NELL-1-stimulated osteogenesis. The present study provided the primary data and evidence for further exploration on the roles of miRNAs and ceRNAs during NELL-1-induced ossification of hASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Temporomandibular Joint, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Song R, Zhai Y, Ao L, Fullerton DA, Meng X. MicroRNA-204 Deficiency in Human Aortic Valves Elevates Valvular Osteogenic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010076. [PMID: 31861929 PMCID: PMC6981435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) play a major role in valvular calcification associated with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Although AVICs from diseased valves display a pro-osteogenic phenotype, the underlying mechanism causing this remains unclear. MicroRNA-204 (miR-204) is a negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation. We sought to analyze miR-204 expression in diseased human aortic valves and determine the role of this miR in AVIC osteogenic activity associated with CAVD pathobiology. In situ hybridization and PCR analysis revealed miR-204 deficiency in diseased valves and in AVICs from diseased valves. MiR-204 mimic suppressed alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and calcium deposition in AVICs from diseased valves. MiR-204 antagomir enhanced ALP expression in AVICs from normal valves through induction of Runx2 and Osx, and expression of miR-204 antagomir in mouse aortic valves promoted calcium deposition through up-regulation of Runx2 and Osx. Further, miR-204 mimic suppressed the osteogenic responses to TGF-β1 in AVICs of normal valves. In conclusion, miR-204 deficiency contributes to the mechanism underlying elevated osteogenic activity in diseased aortic valves, and miR-204 is capable of reversing the pro-osteogenic phenotype of AVICs of diseased valves and suppressing AVIC osteogenic response to stimulation. Exogenous miR-204 may have therapeutic potential for inhibiting valvular calcification associated with CAVD progression.
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Jarrett MJ, Yao Q, Venardos N, Weyant MJ, Reece TB, Meng X, Fullerton DA. Simvastatin down-regulates osteogenic response in cultured human aortic valve interstitial cells. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 161:e261-e271. [PMID: 31924353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic valve interstitial cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. In response to proinflammatory stimuli, aortic valve interstitial cells undergo an osteogenic phenotypic change. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the anti-inflammatory effects of statins prevent osteogenic activity in cultured aortic valve interstitial cells. METHODS Human aortic valve interstitial cells were isolated from hearts explanted for cardiac transplantation. To test whether simvastatin down-regulates TLR4-induced osteogenic response, aortic valve interstitial cells were treated with simvastatin with and without TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and osteogenic markers were measured. Simvastatin's influence on in vitro calcium deposition was assessed by alizarin red staining. Knockdown of postreceptor signaling proteins (MyD88 and TRIF) was performed to determine which of 2 TLR4-associated pathways mediates the osteogenic response. Expression levels of TLR4-induced nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and TLR4 expression were assessed after treatment with simvastatin. Statistical testing was done by analysis of variance (P < .05). RESULTS Simvastatin decreased LPS-induced ALP and Runx2 expression and inhibited in vitro calcium deposition in aortic valve interstitial cells. Knockdown of MyD88 and TRIF attenuated the osteogenic response. Simvastatin attenuated TLR4-dependent NF-κB signaling and down-regulated TLR4 levels. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin prevented TLR4-induced osteogenic phenotypic changes in isolated aortic valve interstitial cells via down-regulation of TLR4 and inhibition of NF-κB signaling. These data offer mechanistic insight into a possible therapeutic role for simvastatin in the prevention of aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Jarrett
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Qingzhou Yao
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Neil Venardos
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Michael J Weyant
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - T Brett Reece
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - David A Fullerton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo.
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10
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Li C, Zhang X, Zheng Z, Nguyen A, Ting K, Soo C. Nell-1 Is a Key Functional Modulator in Osteochondrogenesis and Beyond. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1458-1468. [PMID: 31610747 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519882000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural EGFL-like 1 (Nell-1) is a well-studied osteogenic factor that has comparable osteogenic potency with the Food and Drug Administration-approved bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2). In this review, which aims to summarize the advanced Nell-1 research in the past 10 y, we start with the correlation of structural and functional relevance of the Nell-1 protein with the identification of a specific receptor of Nell-1, contactin-associated protein-like 4 (Cntnap4), for osteogenesis. The indispensable role of Nell-1 in normal craniofacial and appendicular skeletal development and growth was also defined by using the newly developed tissue-specific Nell-1 knockout mouse lines in addition to the existing transgenic mouse models. With the achievements on Nell-1's osteogenic therapeutic evaluations from multiple preclinical animal models for local and systemic bone regeneration, the synergistic effect of Nell-1 with BMP-2 on osteogenesis, as well as the advantages of Nell-1 as an osteogenic protein with antiadipogenic, anti-inflammatory, and provascularized characteristics over BMP-2 in bone tissue engineering, is highlighted, which lays the groundwork for the clinical trial approval of Nell-1. At the molecular level, besides the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, we emphasize the significant involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as well as the key regulatory molecules Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in Nell-1-induced osteogenesis. In addition, the involvement of Nell-1 in chondrogenesis and its relevant pathologies have been revealed with the participation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (Nfatc1), Runx3, and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling pathways, although the mechanistic insights of Nell-1's osteochondrogenic property will be continuously evolving. With this perspective, we elucidate some emerging and novel functional properties of Nell-1 in oral-dental and neural tissues that will be the frontiers of future Nell-1 studies beyond the context of bone and cartilage. As such, the therapeutic potential of Nell-1 continues to evolve and grow with continuous pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - X Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Z Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Nguyen
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Ting
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Chen X, Wang H, Yu M, Kim JK, Qi H, Ha P, Jiang W, Chen E, Luo X, Needle RB, Baik L, Yang C, Shi J, Kwak JH, Ting K, Zhang X, Soo C. Cumulative inactivation of Nell-1 in Wnt1 expressing cell lineages results in craniofacial skeletal hypoplasia and postnatal hydrocephalus. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1415-1430. [PMID: 31582804 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of Nell-1 has been associated with craniosynostosis (CS) in humans, and validated in a mouse transgenic Nell-1 overexpression model. Global Nell-1 inactivation in mice by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis results in neonatal lethality with skeletal abnormalities including cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD)-like calvarial bone defects. This study further defines the role of Nell-1 in craniofacial skeletogenesis by investigating specific inactivation of Nell-1 in Wnt1 expressing cell lineages due to the importance of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) in craniofacial tissue development. Nell-1flox/flox; Wnt1-Cre (Nell-1Wnt1 KO) mice were generated for comprehensive analysis, while the relevant reporter mice were created for CNCC lineage tracing. Nell-1Wnt1 KO mice were born alive, but revealed significant frontonasal and mandibular bone defects with complete penetrance. Immunostaining demonstrated that the affected craniofacial bones exhibited decreased osteogenic and Wnt/β-catenin markers (Osteocalcin and active-β-catenin). Nell-1-deficient CNCCs demonstrated a significant reduction in cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Active-β-catenin levels were significantly low in Nell-1-deficient CNCCs, but were rescued along with osteogenic capacity to a level close to that of wild-type (WT) cells via exogenous Nell-1 protein. Surprisingly, 5.4% of young adult Nell-1Wnt1 KO mice developed hydrocephalus with premature ossification of the intrasphenoidal synchondrosis and widened frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures. Furthermore, the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and ependymal cells exhibited degenerative changes with misplaced expression of their respective markers, transthyretin and vimentin, as well as dysregulated Pit-2 expression in hydrocephalic Nell-1Wnt1 KO mice. Nell-1Wnt1 KO embryos at E9.5, 14.5, 17.5, and newborn mice did not exhibit hydrocephalic phenotypes grossly and/or histologically. Collectively, Nell-1 is a pivotal modulator of CNCCs that is essential for normal development and growth of the cranial vault and base, and mandibles partially via activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Nell-1 may also be critically involved in regulating cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of postnatal hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Mengliu Yu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 2nd Yinghuayuan East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jong Kil Kim
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huichuan Qi
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Pin Ha
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenlu Jiang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Chen
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiangyou Luo
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ryan Brent Needle
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lloyd Baik
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cathryn Yang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiejun Shi
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jin Hee Kwak
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Chia Soo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Meyers CA, Sun Z, Chang L, Ding C, Lu A, Ting K, Pang S, James AW. Age dependent effects of NELL-1 isoforms on bone marrow stromal cells. J Orthop 2019; 16:175-178. [PMID: 30899146 PMCID: PMC6406628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NELL-1 is an osteogenic protein first discovered to control ossification of the cranium. NELL-1 exists in at least two isoforms. The full-length NELL-1 contains 810 amino acid (aa) (NELL-1810), the N-terminal-truncated NELL-1 isoform contains 570 aa (NELL-1570). The differences in cellular effects between NELL-1 isoforms are not well understood. Methods: Here, BMSC were derived from adult or aged mice, followed by overexpression of NELL-1810 or NELL-1570. Cell morphology, proliferation, and gene expression were examined. Results/Conclusions: Overall, the proliferative effect of NELL-1570 was age dependent, showing prominent induction in adult but not aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhibo Sun
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 21205, USA
| | - Leslie Chang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 21205, USA
| | - Catherine Ding
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 21205, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shen Pang
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, 90095, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 21205, USA
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, 90095, USA
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13
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González Díaz EC, Shih YRV, Nakasaki M, Liu M, Varghese S. Mineralized Biomaterials Mediated Repair of Bone Defects Through Endogenous Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1148-1156. [PMID: 29368582 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biomaterials that create a dynamic calcium (Ca2+)-, phosphate (PO43-) ion-, and calcium phosphate (CaP)-rich microenvironment, similar to that found in native bone tissue, have been shown to promote osteogenic commitment of stem cells in vitro and in vivo. The intrinsic osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity of such biomaterials make them promising bone grafts for the treatment of bone defects. We thus aimed to evaluate the potential of mineralized biomaterials to induce bone repair of a critical-sized cranial defect in the absence of exogenous cells and growth factors. Our results demonstrate that the mineralized biomaterial alone can support complete bone formation within critical-sized bone defects through recruitment of endogenous cells and neo-bone tissue formation in mice. The newly formed bone tissue recapitulated many key characteristics of native bone such as formation of bone minerals reaching similar bone mineral density, presence of bone-forming osteoblasts and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-expressing osteoclasts, as well as vascular networks. Biomaterials that recruit endogenous cells and provide a tissue-specific microenvironment to modulate cellular behavior and support generation of functional tissues are a key step forward in moving bench-side tissue engineering approaches to the bedside. Such tissue engineering strategies could eventually pave the path toward readily available therapies that significantly reduce patient cost of care and improve overall clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C González Díaz
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yu-Ru V Shih
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Manando Nakasaki
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mengqian Liu
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shyni Varghese
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
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14
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Barbieri AM, Chiodini I, Ragni E, Colaianni G, Gadda F, Locatelli M, Lampertico P, Spada A, Eller‐Vainicher C. Suppressive effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, an antiretroviral prodrug, on mineralization and type II and type III sodium‐dependent phosphate transporters expression in primary human osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4855-4866. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Barbieri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesFondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Iacopo Chiodini
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesFondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Enrico Ragni
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and CryobiologyFondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Graziana Colaianni
- Department of Basic and Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, section of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of BariBariItaly
| | - Franco Gadda
- Department of UrologyFondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Unit of NeurosurgeryFondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- ‘A. M. and A. Migliavacca’ Center for Liver Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Anna Spada
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesFondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Cristina Eller‐Vainicher
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesFondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
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15
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Chitosan-stablized bovine serum albumin nanoparticles having ability to control the release of NELL-1 protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:672-680. [PMID: 29288032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to prepare and evaluate chitosan stabilized-albumin nanoparticles as NELL-1 protein carriers(Chi/NNPs). The Chi/NNPs were prepared by desolvation method and then stabilized by chitosan through electrostatic interaction. The Chi/NNPs were characterized for drug loading efficiency, surface morphology, particle size, surface charge. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled chitosan was used to confirm the homogeneity of chitosan coating on the BSA nanoparticles. The NELL-1 bioactivity of Chi/NNPs and the release kinetics were investigated in vitro. It was observed that the mean particle size with chitosan (0.075 wt%,0.15 wt%, 0.3 wt%, respectively) and the surface charge were 368.663 ± 15.470 nm, 382.881 ± 18.767 nm, 390.480 ± 11.465 nm and +25.03 ± 1.42 mV, +30.27 ± 1.80 mV, +31.03 ± 2.05 mV respectively. Drug entrapment efficiency ranged from 87.83% to 89.30%. The Chi/NNPs prepared with the 0.15 wt% chitosan were able to successfully control the release of NELL-1 and maintain a sustained release for up to 8 days. Furthermore, more than 82.67 ± 8.74% of the loaded protein's bioactivity was preserved in Chi/NNPs over the period of the investigation. Our findings suggest that Chi/NNPs as promising protein delivery nanocarriers have the ability to maintain sustained release kinetics and to preserve the bioactivity of released NELL-1.
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16
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Fahmy-Garcia S, van Driel M, Witte-Buoma J, Walles H, van Leeuwen JPTM, van Osch GJVM, Farrell E. NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 Enhance Migration and Vasculogenesis, But Not Osteogenic Differentiation Compared to BMP2. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:207-218. [PMID: 28463604 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, autografts still represent the gold standard treatment for the repair of large bone defects. However, these are associated with donor-site morbidity and increased pain, cost, and recovery time. The ideal therapy would use biomaterials combined with bone growth factors to induce and instruct bone defect repair without the need to harvest patient tissue. In this line, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been the most extensively used agents for clinical bone repair, but at supraphysiological doses that are not without risk. Because of the need to eliminate the risks of BMP2 use in vivo, we assessed the ability of three putative osteogenic factors, nel-like molecule type 1 (NELL-1), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and CCN2, to enhance the essential processes for bone defect repair in vitro and compared them to BMP2. Although it has been reported that NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 play a role in bone formation, less is known about the contribution of these proteins to the different events involved, such as cell migration, osteogenesis, and vasculogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of different doses of NELL-1, HMGB, CCN2, and BMP2 on these three processes as a model for the recruitment and differentiation of resident cells in the in vivo bone defect repair situation, using cells of human origin. Our data demonstrated that NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 significantly induced mesenchymal stem cell migration (from 1.58-fold increase compared to control), but BMP2 did not. Interestingly, only BMP2 increased osteogenesis in marrow stromal cells, whereas it inhibited osteogenesis in preosteoblasts. Moreover, the four proteins studied promoted significantly endothelial cell migration, reaching a maximum of 2.4-fold increase compared to control, and induced formation of tube-like structures. NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 had these effects at relatively low doses compared to BMP2. This work indicates that NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 might enhance bone defect healing via the recruitment of endogenous cells and induction of vascularization and act via different processes than BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke Witte-Buoma
- 3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Walles
- 4 Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam, The Netherlands .,5 Otorhinolaryngology Department, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- 3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Minisola S, Peacock M, Fukumoto S, Cipriani C, Pepe J, Tella SH, Collins MT. Tumour-induced osteomalacia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17044. [PMID: 28703220 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-induced osteomalacia (TIO), also known as oncogenic osteomalacia, is a rare paraneoplastic disorder caused by tumours that secrete fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Owing to the role of FGF23 in renal phosphate handling and vitamin D synthesis, TIO is characterized by decreased renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, by hypophosphataemia and by low levels of active vitamin D. Chronic hypophosphataemia ultimately results in osteomalacia (that is, inadequate bone mineralization). The diagnosis of TIO is usually suspected when serum phosphate levels are chronically low in the setting of bone pain, fragility fractures and muscle weakness. Locating the offending tumour can be very difficult, as the tumour is often very small and can be anywhere in the body. Surgical removal of the tumour is the only definitive treatment. When the tumour cannot be located or when complete resection is not possible, medical treatment with phosphate salts or active vitamin D is necessary. One of the most promising emerging treatments for unresectable tumours that cause TIO is the anti-FGF23 monoclonal antibody KRN23. The recent identification of a fusion of fibronectin and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) as a molecular driver in some tumours not only sheds light on the pathophysiology of TIO but also opens the door to a better understanding of the transcription, translocation, post-translational modification and secretion of FGF23, as well as suggesting approaches to targeted therapy. Further study will reveal if the FGFR1 pathway is also involved in tumours that do not harbour the translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Seijii Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Cristiana Cipriani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Pepe
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sri Harsha Tella
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Endocrinology and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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James AW, Shen J, Tsuei R, Nguyen A, Khadarian K, Meyers CA, Pan HC, Li W, Kwak JH, Asatrian G, Culiat CT, Lee M, Ting K, Zhang X, Soo C. NELL-1 induces Sca-1+ mesenchymal progenitor cell expansion in models of bone maintenance and repair. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92573. [PMID: 28614787 PMCID: PMC5470886 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NELL-1 is a secreted, osteogenic protein first discovered to control ossification of the cranial skeleton. Recently, NELL-1 has been implicated in bone maintenance. However, the cellular determinants of NELL-1's bone-forming effects are still unknown. Here, recombinant human NELL-1 (rhNELL-1) implantation was examined in a clinically relevant nonhuman primate lumbar spinal fusion model. Prolonged rhNELL-1 protein release was achieved using an apatite-coated β-tricalcium phosphate carrier, resulting in a local influx of stem cell antigen-1-positive (Sca-1+) mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs), and complete osseous fusion across all samples (100% spinal fusion rate). Murine studies revealed that Nell-1 haploinsufficiency results in marked reductions in the numbers of Sca-1+CD45-CD31- bone marrow MPCs associated with low bone mass. Conversely, rhNELL-1 systemic administration in mice showed a marked anabolic effect accompanied by increased numbers of Sca-1+CD45-CD31- bone marrow MPCs. Mechanistically, rhNELL-1 induces Sca-1 transcription among MPCs, in a process requiring intact Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In summary, NELL-1 effectively induces bone formation across small and large animal models either via local implantation or intravenous delivery. NELL-1 induces an expansion of a bone marrow subset of MPCs with Sca-1 expression. These findings provide compelling justification for the clinical translation of a NELL-1-based therapy for local or systemic bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jia Shen
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Rebecca Tsuei
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kevork Khadarian
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carolyn A Meyers
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hsin Chuan Pan
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Clinical Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin H Kwak
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Min Lee
- Section of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Song R, Fullerton DA, Ao L, Zhao KS, Reece TB, Cleveland JC, Meng X. Altered MicroRNA Expression Is Responsible for the Pro-Osteogenic Phenotype of Interstitial Cells in Calcified Human Aortic Valves. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005364. [PMID: 28438736 PMCID: PMC5533027 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) to myofibroblastic and osteoblast-like phenotypes plays a critical role in calcific aortic valve disease progression. Several microRNAs (miRs) are implicated in stem cell differentiation into osteoblast. We hypothesized that an epigenetic mechanism regulates valvular pro-osteogenic activity. This study examined miR profile in AVICs of calcified valves and identified miRs responsible for AVIC phenotypic transition. METHODS AND RESULTS AVICs were isolated from normal and diseased valves. The miR microarray analysis revealed 14 upregulated and 12 downregulated miRs in diseased AVICs. Increased miR-486 and decreased miR-204 levels were associated with higher levels of myofibroblastic biomarker α-smooth muscle actin and osteoblastic biomarkers runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osterix (Osx). Cotransfection of miR-486 antagomir and miR-204 mimic in diseased AVICs reduced their ability to express Runx2 and Osx. The miR-486 mimic upregulated α-smooth muscle actin expression in normal AVICs through the protein kinase B pathway and moderately elevated Runx2 and Osx levels. Knockdown of α-smooth muscle actin attenuated Runx2 and Osx expression induced by miR-486. The miR-486 mimic and miR-204 antagomir synergistically promoted Runx2 and Osx expression and calcium deposition in normal AVICs and normal aortic valve tissue. CONCLUSIONS In AVICs of calcified valves, increased levels of miR-486 induce myofibroblastic transition to upregulate Runx2 and Osx expression and synergize with miR-204 deficiency to elevate cellular and valvular pro-osteogenic activity. These novel findings indicate that modulation of the epigenetic mechanism underlying valvular pro-osteogenic activity has therapeutic potential for prevention of calcific aortic valve disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Ke-Seng Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Brett Reece
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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20
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Song R, Fullerton DA, Ao L, Zhao KS, Meng X. An epigenetic regulatory loop controls pro-osteogenic activation by TGF-β1 or bone morphogenetic protein 2 in human aortic valve interstitial cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8657-8666. [PMID: 28377507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is common in the elderly population, but pharmacological interventions for managing valvular calcification are unavailable. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) induce pro-osteogenic activation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) that play an important role in valvular calcification. However, the molecular mechanism underlying pro-osteogenic activation in AVICs is incompletely understood. Here, we investigated an epigenetic regulatory mechanism in human AVIC pro-osteogenic activation induced by TGF-β1 and BMP-2. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses revealed that microRNA (miR)-486 up-regulation and miR-204 down-regulation were characteristic changes in TGF-β1- and BMP-2-stimulated normal AVICs and in AVICs from calcified valves. Both TGF-β1 and BMP-2 down-regulated miR-204 through Smad pathways. Interestingly, an miR-486 antagomir diminished the effect of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 on miR-204 levels and calcium deposit formation. Furthermore, the miR-486 antagomir increased the expression of Smurf2, a Smad inhibitor, in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 or BMP-2 stimulation, whereas a miR-486 mimic reduced Smurf2 expression. Smurf2 knockdown augmented TGF-β1- or BMP-2-induced miR-204 down-regulation and resulted in increased expression of the osteoblastic biomarkers Osx and Runx2. In summary, we found that TGF-β1 and BMP-2 up-regulate miR-486 and down-regulate miR-204 in human AVICs to promote pro-osteogenic activity and that miR-486 inhibits Smurf2 expression to augment the miR-204 down-regulation. We conclude that the miR-486-Smurf2-Smad loop plays an important role in regulating AVIC pro-osteogenic activation in response to TGF-β1 or BMP-2. Targeting this regulatory loop may have therapeutic potential for suppressing aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - David A Fullerton
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Lihua Ao
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Ke-Seng Zhao
- the Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
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21
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Zeng Q, Song R, Fullerton DA, Ao L, Zhai Y, Li S, Ballak DB, Cleveland JC, Reece TB, McKinsey TA, Xu D, Dinarello CA, Meng X. Interleukin-37 suppresses the osteogenic responses of human aortic valve interstitial cells in vitro and alleviates valve lesions in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1631-1636. [PMID: 28137840 PMCID: PMC5321035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619667114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease is a chronic inflammatory process, and aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) from diseased aortic valves express greater levels of osteogenic factors in response to proinflammatory stimulation. Here, we report that lower cellular levels of IL-37 in AVICs of diseased human aortic valves likely account for augmented expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) following stimulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 or 4. Treatment of diseased AVICs with recombinant human IL-37 suppresses the levels of BMP-2 and ALP as well as calcium deposit formation. In mice, aortic valve thickening is observed when exposed to a TLR4 agonist or a high fat diet for a prolonged period; however, mice expressing human IL-37 exhibit significantly lower BMP-2 levels and less aortic valve thickening when subjected to the same regimens. A high fat diet in mice results in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) deposition in aortic valve leaflets. Moreover, the osteogenic responses in human AVICs induced by oxLDL are suppressed by recombinant IL-37. Mechanistically, reduced osteogenic responses to oxLDL in human AVICs are associated with the ability of IL-37 to inhibit NF-κB and ERK1/2. These findings suggest that augmented expression of osteogenic factors in AVICs of diseased aortic valves from humans is at least partly due to a relative IL-37 deficiency. Because recombinant IL-37 suppresses the osteogenic responses in human AVICs and alleviates aortic valve lesions in mice exposed to high fat diet or a proinflammatory stimulus, IL-37 has therapeutic potential for progressive calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - David A Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Yufeng Zhai
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Suzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dov B Ballak
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - T Brett Reece
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515;
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045;
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045;
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22
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Tanjaya J, Zhang Y, Lee S, Shi J, Chen E, Ang P, Zhang X, Tetradis S, Ting K, Wu B, Soo C, Kwak JH. Efficacy of Intraperitoneal Administration of PEGylated NELL-1 for Bone Formation. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:159-70. [PMID: 27354930 PMCID: PMC4921932 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemically delivered NEL-like molecule-1 (NELL-1), a potent pro-osteogenic protein, promotes bone formation in healthy and osteoporotic mouse models. PEGylation of NELL-1 (NELL-PEG) increases the half-life of the protein in a mouse model without compromising its osteogenic potential, thereby improving its pharmacokinetics upon systemic delivery. This study consists of a twofold approach: a biodistribution test and an in vivo osteogenic potential test. The biodistribution test compared two commonly used administration methods for drug delivery other than intravenous-intraperitoneal (IP) and subcutaneous (SC)-to examine NELL-PEG biodistribution in mice. Compared to a single-dose SC injection (1.25 mg/kg), a single-dose IP administration yielded a higher protein uptake in the targeted bone sites. When the IP injection dose was doubled to 2.5 mg/kg, the protein remained in the femurs, tibias, and vertebrae for up to 72 h. Next, based on the results of the biodistribution study, IP administration was selected to further investigate the in vivo osteogenic effects of weekly NELL-PEG injection (q7d). In vivo, the IP administered NELL-PEG group showed significantly greater bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular bone formation in the targeted bone sites compared to the phosphate-buffered saline control. In summary, weekly NELL-PEG injection via IP administration successfully enhanced the overall bone quality. These findings demonstrate that systemic delivery of NELL-PEG via IP administration may serve as an effective osteogenic therapy for preventing and treating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Tanjaya
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Soonchul Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric Chen
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pia Ang
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sotirios Tetradis
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jin Hee Kwak
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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23
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Deng XS, Meng X, Song R, Fullerton D, Jaggers J. Rapamycin Decreases the Osteogenic Response in Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells Through the Stat3 Pathway. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102:1229-38. [PMID: 27209607 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an age-related and slowly progressive valvular disorder. We have previously found that the increased inflammatory and osteogenic responses to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation is correlated with lower signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) activity in aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). Rapamycin, a drug used clinically, induces feedback activation of Akt. Akt in turn may upregulate Stat3. Therefore we hypothesized that rapamycin will decrease TLR4-induced osteogenic response in human AVICs through modulation of Stat3 activity. METHODS AVICs were isolated from normal valves taken from the explanted hearts of patients undergoing transplantation. Cells were treated with TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or rapamycin, or both. The osteogenic markers runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), as well as activation of Stat3 and its associated signaling molecules, were analyzed. RESULTS LPS induces the expression of RUNX2, ALP, and BMP-2. Rapamycin decreased both the baseline and LPS-induced expression of RUNX2, ALP, and BMP-2. Rapamycin also decreased calcium deposit formation. Rapamycin activated both Stat3 and Akt in AVICs. Suppression of Akt resulted in abolishment of Stat3 activation. Inhibition of Stat3 enhanced expression of RUNX2, ALP, and BMP-2 at baseline and in response to LPS. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin inhibits TLR4-induced osteogenic responses in AVICs by activation of Stat3 through Akt. Rapamycin may alleviate inflammation-induced initiation and progression of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Sheng Deng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Fullerton
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James Jaggers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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24
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Liu M, Wang Q, Tang R, Cao R, Wang X. Nel-like Molecule 1 Contributes to the Odontoblastic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2016; 42:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Rao V, Shih YRV, Kang H, Kabra H, Varghese S. Adenosine Signaling Mediates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells on Mineralized Matrices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:185. [PMID: 26618155 PMCID: PMC4639610 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are attractive cell sources for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal and differentiation ability. Design of biomaterials with an intrinsic ability that promotes hESC differentiation to the targeted cell type boasts significant advantages for tissue regeneration. We have previously developed biomineralized calcium phosphate (CaP) matrices that inherently direct osteogenic differentiation of hESCs without the need of osteogenic-inducing chemicals or growth factors. Here, we show that CaP matrix-driven osteogenic differentiation of hESCs occurs through A2b adenosine receptor (A2bR). The inhibition of the receptor with an A2bR-specific antagonist attenuated mineralized matrix-mediated osteogenic differentiation of hESCs. In addition, when cultured on matrices in an environment deficient of CaP minerals, exogenous adenosine promoted osteogenic differentiation of hESCs, but was attenuated by the inhibition of A2bR. Such synthetic matrices that intrinsically support osteogenic commitment of hESCs are not only beneficial for bone tissue engineering but can also be used as a platform to study the effect of the physical and chemical cues to the extracellular milieu on stem cell commitment. Insights into the cell signaling during matrix-induced differentiation of stem cells will also help define the key processes and enable discovery of new targets that promote differentiation of pluripotent stem cells for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Rao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Yu-Ru V Shih
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Harsha Kabra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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26
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Over-expression of neurotrophin 3 in human aortic valves affected by calcific disease induces the osteogenic responses via the Trk-Akt pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1940-9. [PMID: 26122822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a leading cardiovascular disorder in the elderly. While aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) are the main cells that express osteogenic mediators, the molecular mechanism that mediates AVIC osteogenic responses is incompletely understood. This study aims to identify pro-osteogenic factors in human AVICs affected by CAVD. METHODS AND RESULTS Microarray analysis identified 11 up-regulated genes in AVICs of diseased valves. Among these genes, mRNA levels of neurotrophin 3 (NT3) increased by 2 fold. Higher levels of NT3 protein in diseased aortic valves and diseased AVICs were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining and immunoblotting, respectively. An exposure of AVICs of normal valves to recombinant human NT3 (0.025-0.10μg/mL) up-regulated the production of Runx2, TGF-β1 and BMP-2 in a dose-dependent fashion. NT3 also promotes calcium deposit formation. The pro-osteogenic effect of NT3 was not affected by neutralization of Toll-like receptor 2 or 4. Interestingly, mRNA encoding neural growth factor receptors (TrkA, TrkB, TrkC and p75 NTR) was detectable in human AVICs. Inhibition of Trk receptors markedly reduced the effects of NT3 on Runx2, TGF-β1 and BMP-2 production, calcium deposit formation and Akt phosphorylation. Further, inhibition of Akt also reduced the pro-osteogenic effects of NT3. CONCLUSIONS AVICs of diseased human aortic valves express higher levels of NT3. NT3 up-regulates the production of Runx2, TGF-β1 and BMP-2, and promotes calcium deposit formation in human AVICs via the Trk-Akt pathway. Thus, NT3 is a novel pro-osteogenic factor in aortic valves and may play a role in valvular calcification.
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Pharmacokinetics and osteogenic potential of PEGylated NELL-1 in vivo after systemic administration. Biomaterials 2015; 57:73-83. [PMID: 25913252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder attributable to an imbalance in osteoblast and osteoclast activity. NELL-1, a secretory protein that promotes osteogenesis while suppressing osteoclastic activity, holds potential as an osteoporosis therapy. Recently, we demonstrated that PEGylation of NELL-1 significantly improves its thermostability while preserving its bioactivity in vitro. However, the effect of PEGylation on the pharmacokinetics and osteogenic potential of NELL-1 in vivo have yet to be investigated. The present study demonstrated that PEGylation of NELL-1 significantly increases the elimination half-life time of the protein from 5.5 h to 15.5 h while distributing more than 2-3 times the amount of protein to bone tissues (femur, tibia, vertebrae, calvaria) in vivo when compared to naked NELL-1. In addition, microCT and DXA analyses demonstrated that systemic NELL-PEG therapy administered every 4 or 7 days significantly increases not only femoral and lumbar BMD and percent bone volume, but also new bone formation throughout the overall skeleton after four weeks of treatment. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed increased osteocalcin expression, while TRAP staining showed reduced osteoclast numbers in NELL-PEG groups. Our findings suggest that the PEGylation technique presents a viable and promising approach to further develop NELL-1 into an effective systemic therapeutic for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phosphate homeostasis is tightly controlled by the coordinated activity of bone, kidney, intestine, and parathyroid gland. The renal phosphate transporters have emerged as key regulators of both total body phosphate homeostasis and serum phosphate concentration. This review focuses on the latest updates in phosphate transport and transporters with an emphasis on renal phosphate transporters. RECENT FINDINGS Structure function analysis of type II sodium phosphate cotransporters has revealed motifs with significant similarity to those seen in other sodium-coupled solute transporters, identifying key amino acid residues important for solute binding and transport. Previously unidentified regulators of these transporters have been found, although their physiologic significance and interaction with more traditional regulators have not been established. Type II and type III sodium phosphate cotransporters play critical roles in bone, choroid plexus, and vascular physiology and pathophysiology. SUMMARY Increasing knowledge of structure function relationships for sodium phosphate cotransporters, as well as greater appreciation for the complexity of their regulation and role in renal and nonrenal tissue, brings the promise of newer, more specific treatments for disorders of phosphate homeostasis. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/CONH/A10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Lederer
- aMedical Services, Robley Rex VA Medical Center bKidney Disease Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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29
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Zhan Q, Song R, Zeng Q, Yao Q, Ao L, Xu D, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Activation of TLR3 induces osteogenic responses in human aortic valve interstitial cells through the NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:482-93. [PMID: 25798067 PMCID: PMC4366646 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is characterized by chronic inflammation and progressive calcification in valve leaflets. Aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of CAVD. Previous studies show that stimulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 or TLR4 in AVICs in vitro up-regulates the expression of osteogenic mediators. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can activate pro-inflammatory signaling through TLR3, the NLRP3 inflammasome and RIG-I-like receptors. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of dsRNA on AVIC osteogenic activities and the mechanism of its action. Methods and results: AVICs isolated from normal human valves were exposed to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a mimic of dsRNA. Treatment with poly(I:C) increased the production of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and resulted in calcium deposit formation. Poly(I:C) induced the phosphorylation of NF-κB and ERK1/2. Knockdown of TLR3 essentially abrogated NF-κB and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and markedly reduced the effect of poly(I:C) on the production of BMP-2, TGF-β1 and ALP. Further, inhibition of either NF-κB or ERK1/2 markedly reduced the levels of BMP-2, TGF-β1 and ALP in cells exposed to poly(I:C). Conclusion: Poly(I:C) up-regulates the production of BMP-2, TGF-β1 and ALP, and promotes calcium deposit formation in human AVICs. The pro-osteogenic effect of poly(I:C) is mediated primarily by TLR3 and the NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways. These findings suggest that dsRNA, when present in aortic valve tissue, may promote CAVD progression through up-regulation of AVIC osteogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhan
- 1. Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. ; 2. Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rui Song
- 1. Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. ; 3. Departments of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- 1. Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. ; 2. Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qingzhou Yao
- 1. Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. ; 4. Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Southern Medical University. Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lihua Ao
- 1. Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dingli Xu
- 2. Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - David A Fullerton
- 1. Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- 1. Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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30
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Song R, Fullerton DA, Ao L, Zheng D, Zhao KS, Meng X. BMP-2 and TGF-β1 mediate biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in aortic valve interstitial cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:403-12. [PMID: 25412776 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biglycan accumulates in aortic valves affected by calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), and soluble biglycan upregulates BMP-2 expression in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and induces AVIC pro-osteogenic reprogramming, characterized by elevated pro-osteogenic activities. We sought to identify the factors responsible for biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in human AVICs. Treatment of AVICs with recombinant biglycan induced the secretion of BMP-2 and TGF-β1, but not BMP-4 or BMP-7. Biglycan upregulated TGF-β1 expression in a TLR4-dependent fashion. Neutralization of BMP-2 or TGF-β1 attenuated the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in cells exposed to biglycan. However, neutralization of both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 abolished the expression of these osteogenic biomarkers and calcium deposition. Phosphorylated Smad1 and Smad3 were detected in cells exposed to biglycan, and knockdown of Smad1 or Smad3 attenuated the effect of biglycan on the expression of osteogenic biomarkers. While BMP-2 and TGF-β1 each upregulated the expression of osteogenic biomarkers, an exposure to BMP-2 plus TGF-β1 induced a greater upregulation and results in calcium deposition. We conclude that concurrent upregulation of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 is responsible for biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in human AVICs. The Smad 1/3 pathways are involved in the mechanism of AVIC pro-osteogenic reprogramming. KEY MESSAGE Biglycan upregulates BMP-2 and TGF-β1 in human aortic valve cells through TLRs. Both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 are required for aortic valve cell pro-osteogenic reprogramming. Smad signaling pathways are involved in mediating the pro-osteogenic effects of biglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Box C-320, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Wang D, Zeng Q, Song R, Ao L, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Ligation of ICAM-1 on human aortic valve interstitial cells induces the osteogenic response: A critical role of the Notch1-NF-κB pathway in BMP-2 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2744-53. [PMID: 25101972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a chronic inflammatory condition and affects a large number of elderly people. Aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) occupy an important role in valvular calcification and CAVD progression. While pro-inflammatory mechanisms are capable of inducing the osteogenic responses in AVICs, the molecular interaction between pro-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic mechanisms remains poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plays a role in mediating pro-osteogenic factor expression in human AVICs. AVICs were isolated from normal human aortic valves and cultured in M199 medium. Treatment with leukocyte function-associated factor-1 (LFA-1, an ICAM-1 ligand) up-regulated the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and resulted in increased alkaline phosphatase activity and formation of calcification nodules. Pre-treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.05μg/ml) increased ICAM-1 levels on cell surfaces and exaggerated the pro-osteogenic response to LFA-1, and neutralization of ICAM-1 suppressed this response. Further, ligation of ICAM-1 by antibody cross-linking also up-regulated BMP-2 expression. Interestingly, LFA-1 elicited Notch1 cleavage and NF-κB activation. Inhibition of NF-κB markedly reduced LFA-1-induced BMP-2 expression, and inhibition of Notch1 cleavage with a γ-secretase inhibitor suppressed LFA-1-induced NF-κB activation and BMP-2 expression. Ligation of ICAM-1 on human AVICs activates the Notch1 pathway. Notch1 up-regulates BMP-2 expression in human AVICs through activation of NF-κB. The results demonstrate a novel role of ICAM-1 in translating a pro-inflammatory signal into a pro-osteogenic response in human AVICs and suggest that ICAM-1 on the surfaces of AVICs contributes to the mechanism of aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anatomy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David A Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Okamoto T, Taguchi M, Osaki T, Fukumoto S, Fujita T. Phosphate enhances reactive oxygen species production and suppresses osteoblastic differentiation. J Bone Miner Metab 2014; 32:393-9. [PMID: 24052209 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-013-0516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate has been shown to work as a signaling molecule in several cells including endothelial cells and chondrocytes. However, it is largely unknown how phosphate affects osteoblastic cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of phosphate on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and osteoblastic differentiation in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Phosphate increased production of ROS in MC3T3-E1 cells and the inhibitors of sodium-phosphate cotransporter and NADPH oxidase suppressed ROS production by phosphate. Silencing Nox1 and Nox4 also inhibited the increase of ROS by phosphate. Phosphate also decreased alkaline phosphatase activity induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2 and this inhibition was abrogated by an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, phosphate decreased the expression of osteoblastic marker genes in MC3T3-E1 cells. These results indicate that phosphate suppresses osteoblastic differentiation at least in part by enhancing ROS production in MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Okamoto
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan,
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Calcium phosphate-bearing matrices induce osteogenic differentiation of stem cells through adenosine signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:990-5. [PMID: 24395775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321717111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic matrices emulating the physicochemical properties of tissue-specific ECMs are being developed at a rapid pace to regulate stem cell fate. Biomaterials containing calcium phosphate (CaP) moieties have been shown to support osteogenic differentiation of stem and progenitor cells and bone tissue formation. By using a mineralized synthetic matrix mimicking a CaP-rich bone microenvironment, we examine a molecular mechanism through which CaP minerals induce osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells with an emphasis on phosphate metabolism. Our studies show that extracellular phosphate uptake through solute carrier family 20 (phosphate transporter), member 1 (SLC20a1) supports osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells via adenosine, an ATP metabolite, which acts as an autocrine/paracrine signaling molecule through A2b adenosine receptor. Perturbation of SLC20a1 abrogates osteogenic differentiation by decreasing intramitochondrial phosphate and ATP synthesis. Collectively, this study offers the demonstration of a previously unknown mechanism for the beneficial role of CaP biomaterials in bone repair and the role of phosphate ions in bone physiology and regeneration. These findings also begin to shed light on the role of ATP metabolism in bone homeostasis, which may be exploited to treat bone metabolic diseases.
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Fan WL, Ng CS, Chen CF, Lu MYJ, Chen YH, Liu CJ, Wu SM, Chen CK, Chen JJ, Mao CT, Lai YT, Lo WS, Chang WH, Li WH. Genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in two domestic chickens. Genome Biol Evol 2013; 5:1376-92. [PMID: 23814129 PMCID: PMC3730349 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic chickens are excellent models for investigating the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity, as numerous phenotypic changes in physiology, morphology, and behavior in chickens have been artificially selected. Genomic study is required to study genome-wide patterns of DNA variation for dissecting the genetic basis of phenotypic traits. We sequenced the genomes of the Silkie and the Taiwanese native chicken L2 at ∼23- and 25-fold average coverage depth, respectively, using Illumina sequencing. The reads were mapped onto the chicken reference genome (including 5.1% Ns) to 92.32% genome coverage for the two breeds. Using a stringent filter, we identified ∼7.6 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 8,839 copy number variations (CNVs) in the mapped regions; 42% of the SNPs have not found in other chickens before. Among the 68,906 SNPs annotated in the chicken sequence assembly, 27,852 were nonsynonymous SNPs located in 13,537 genes. We also identified hundreds of shared and divergent structural and copy number variants in intronic and intergenic regions and in coding regions in the two breeds. Functional enrichments of identified genetic variants were discussed. Radical nsSNP-containing immunity genes were enriched in the QTL regions associated with some economic traits for both breeds. Moreover, genetic changes involved in selective sweeps were detected. From the selective sweeps identified in our two breeds, several genes associated with growth, appetite, and metabolic regulation were identified. Our study provides a framework for genetic and genomic research of domestic chickens and facilitates the domestic chicken as an avian model for genomic, biomedical, and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lang Fan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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James AW. Review of Signaling Pathways Governing MSC Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:684736. [PMID: 24416618 PMCID: PMC3874981 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells, functioning as precursors to a variety of cell types including adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Between osteogenic and adipogenic lineage commitment and differentiation, a theoretical inverse relationship exists, such that differentiation towards an osteoblast phenotype occurs at the expense of an adipocytic phenotype. This balance is regulated by numerous, intersecting signaling pathways that converge on the regulation of two main transcription factors: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR γ ) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). These two transcription factors, PPAR γ and Runx2, are generally regarded as the master regulators of adipogenesis and osteogenesis. This review will summarize signaling pathways that govern MSC fate towards osteogenic or adipocytic differentiation. A number of signaling pathways follow the inverse balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and are generally proosteogenic/antiadipogenic stimuli. These include β -catenin dependent Wnt signaling, Hedgehog signaling, and NELL-1 signaling. However, other signaling pathways exhibit more context-dependent effects on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. These include bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling and insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling, which display both proosteogenic and proadipogenic effects. In summary, understanding those factors that govern osteogenic versus adipogenic MSC differentiation has significant implications in diverse areas of human health, from obesity to osteoporosis to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS A3-251, Los Angeles, CA 90077, USA
- *Aaron W. James:
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Song R, Zeng Q, Ao L, Yu JA, Cleveland JC, Zhao KS, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Biglycan Induces the Expression of Osteogenic Factors in Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells via Toll-Like Receptor-2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2711-20. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ao
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jessica A. Yu
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joseph C. Cleveland
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-seng Zhao
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David A. Fullerton
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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