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Chen Q, Xu X, Xie S, Sheng A, Han N, Tian Z, Wang X, Li F, Linhardt RJ, Zhang F, Jin L, Zhang Q, Chi L. Improving impact of heparan sulfate on the endothelial glycocalyx abnormalities in atherosclerosis as revealed by glycan-protein interactome. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121834. [PMID: 38368111 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress is an early predictor of atherosclerosis, which can cause various cardiovascular diseases. The glycocalyx layer on the endothelial cell surface acts as a barrier to maintain endothelial biological function, and it can be impaired by oxidative stress. However, the mechanism of glycocalyx damage during the development of atherosclerosis remains largely unclear. Herein, we established a novel strategy to address these issues from the glycomic perspective that has long been neglected. Using countercharged fluorescence protein staining and quantitative mass spectrometry, we found that heparan sulfate, a major component of the glycocalyx, was structurally altered by oxidative stress. Comparative proteomics and protein microarray analysis revealed several new heparan sulfate-binding proteins, among which alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG) was identified as a critical protein. The molecular mechanism of AHSG with heparin was characterized through several methods. A heparan analog could relieve atherosclerosis by protecting heparan sulfate from degradation during oxidative stress and by reducing the accumulation of AHSG at lesion sites. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of anti-atherosclerotic effect of heparin through interaction with AHSG was revealed. These findings provide new insights into understanding of glycocalyx damage in atherosclerosis and lead to the development of corresponding therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shaoshuai Xie
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Anran Sheng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Naihan Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Qunye Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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Belvedere R, Novizio N, Palazzo M, Pessolano E, Petrella A. The pro-healing effects of heparan sulfate and growth factors are enhanced by the heparinase enzyme: New association for skin wound healing treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176138. [PMID: 37923158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment strategies for skin wound repair are the focus of numerous studies. New pharmacological approaches appear necessary to guarantee a correct and healthy tissue regeneration. For these reasons, we purposed to investigate the effects of the combination between heparan sulfate and growth factors further adding the heparinase enzyme. Interestingly, for the first time, we have found that this whole association retains a marked pro-healing activity when topically administered to the wound. In detail, this combination significantly enhances the motility and activation of the main cell populations involved in tissue regeneration (keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells), compared with single agents administered without heparinase. Notably, using an experimental C57BL/6 mouse model of skin wounding, we observed that the topical treatment of skin lesions with heparan sulfate + growth factors + heparinase promotes the highest closure of wounds compared to each substance mixed with the other ones in all the possible combinations. Eosin/hematoxylin staining of skin biopsies revealed that treatment with the whole combination allows the formation of a well-structured matrix with numerous new vessels. Confocal analyses for vimentin, FAP1α, CK10 and CD31 have highlighted the presence of activated fibroblasts, differentiated keratinocytes and endothelial cells at the closed region of wounds. Our results encourage defining this combined treatment as a new and appealing therapy expedient in skin wound healing, as it is able to activate cell components and promote a dynamic lesions closure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Pessolano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Knežević D, Ćurko-Cofek B, Batinac T, Laškarin G, Rakić M, Šoštarič M, Zdravković M, Šustić A, Sotošek V, Batičić L. Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implications. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10050213. [PMID: 37233179 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgery is one of the highest-risk procedures, usually involving cardiopulmonary bypass and commonly inducing endothelial injury that contributes to the development of perioperative and postoperative organ dysfunction. Substantial scientific efforts are being made to unravel the complex interaction of biomolecules involved in endothelial dysfunction to find new therapeutic targets and biomarkers and to develop therapeutic strategies to protect and restore the endothelium. This review highlights the current state-of-the-art knowledge on the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx and mechanisms of endothelial glycocalyx shedding in cardiac surgery. Particular emphasis is placed on potential strategies to protect and restore the endothelial glycocalyx in cardiac surgery. In addition, we have summarized and elaborated the latest evidence on conventional and potential biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction to provide a comprehensive synthesis of crucial mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and to highlight their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijel Knežević
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tanja Batinac
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laškarin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Marijana Rakić
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Maja Šoštarič
- Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Therapy, Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Center Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Zdravković
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Alan Šustić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotošek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Enzymatic Digestion of Cell-surface Heparan Sulfate Alters the Radiation Response in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:826-839. [PMID: 36411172 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Radiation resistance represents a major challenge in the treatment of breast cancer. As heparan sulfate (HS) chains are known to contribute to tumorigenesis, we aimed to investigate the interplay between HS degradation and radiation response in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. METHODS HS chains were degraded in vitro as TNBC cells MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806 were treated with heparinase I and III. Subsequently, radioresistance was determined via colony formation assay after doses of 2, 4 and 6 Gy. Cell cycle profile, stem cell characteristics, expression of HS, activation of beta integrins, and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Additionally, cell motility was analyzed via wound-healing assays, and expression and activation of FAK, CDK-6, Src, and Erk1/2 were quantified by western blot pre- and post-irradiation. Finally, the expression of cytokines was analyzed using a cytokine array. RESULTS Radiation promoted cell cycle changes, while heparinase treatment induced apoptosis in both cell lines. Colony formation assays showed significantly increased radio-resistance for both cell lines after degradation of HS. Cell migration was similarly upregulated after degradation of HS compared to controls. This effect was even more prominent after irradiation. Interestingly, FAK, a marker of radioresistance, was significantly activated in the heparinase-treated group. Additionally, we found Src to be dysregulated in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, we observed differential secretion of GRO, CXCL1, IGFBP1, IL8, Angiogenin, and Osteoprotegerin after HS degradation and radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an influence of HS chains on the development of radioresistance in TNBC.
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Foote CA, Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ghiarone T, Aroor A, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. Endothelial Glycocalyx. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3781-3811. [PMID: 35997082 PMCID: PMC10214841 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rogerio N. Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Lin X, Ouyang S, Zhi C, Li P, Tan X, Ma W, Yu J, Peng T, Chen X, Li L, Xie W. Focus on ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy of vascular endothelial cells to the strategic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 715:109098. [PMID: 34856194 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (VECs), which are lined up in the inner surface of blood vessels, are in direct contact with the metabolite-related endogenous danger signals in the circulatory system. Moreover, VECs death impairs vasodilation and increases endothelium-dependent permeability, which is strongly correlated with the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Among several forms of cell death, regulatory death of endothelial cells frequently occurs in AS, mainly including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy. In this review, we summarize regulatory factors and signaling mechanisms of regulatory death in endothelial cells, discussing their effects in the context of the atherosclerotic procession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Siyu Ouyang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Chenxi Zhi
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Pin Li
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tan
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- 2019 Class of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China; School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Li C, He K, Yin M, Zhang Q, Lin J, Niu Y, Wang Q, Xu Q, Jiang N, Zhao G. LOX-1 Regulates Neutrophil Apoptosis and Fungal Load in A. Fumigatus Keratitis. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1800-1811. [PMID: 34264144 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1948063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether LOX-1 regulates neutrophil apoptosis and fungal load in A. fumigatus keratitis. METHODS Fas, FasL, CASP3, CASP8, CASP9 and BCL2 were tested in normal and infected corneas of C57BL/6 mice. Mice corneas were infected with A. fumigatus with or without pretreatment of LOX-1 neutralizing antibody or inhibitor (Poly I). Clinical score was recored and HE staining was tested. Fungal load in mice corneas was observed by plate counting. Poly morphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) were stimulated with 75% ethanol-killed A. fumigatus with or without pretreatment of LOX-1 neutralizing antibody or Poly I. PCR, western blot and immunostaining tested expression of Fas, FasL, CASP3, CASP8, CASP9, BCL2 and cleaved caspase-3. PMNs infiltration and TUNEL-positive cells were assessed by immunofluorescent staining. Flow cytometry assay tested the percentage of apoptosis neutrophils. RESULTS Fas, Fas ligand, caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA levels were significantly higher in C57BL/6 mice corneas infected with A. fumigatus than normal corneas. Poly I treatment alleviated the severity and decreased clinical score at 3, 5 and 7 days post infecrion (p.i.). HE staining showed less infiltration in corneal tissue after LOX-1 inhibition. Plate counting experiment showed that number of viable fungus in corneas of Poly I treated group was significantly less than control group. LOX-1 neutralizing antibody or Poly I treatment significantly decreased neutrophil infiltration, the quantity of TUNEL-positive cells, the expression of Fas, Fas ligand, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and the percentage of apoptosis neutrophils compared with control corneas. LOX-1 neutralizing antibody treatment significantly decreased Fas, FasL, CASP3, CASP8, CASP9 and cleaved caspase-3 expression in neutrophils. CONCLUSION LOX-1 inhibition decrease neutrophil apoptosis and fungal load in A. fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Quhua Hospital Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuqiu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Xu J, Kitada M, Ogura Y, Koya D. Relationship Between Autophagy and Metabolic Syndrome Characteristics in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641852. [PMID: 33937238 PMCID: PMC8083902 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of mortality in metabolic-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid accumulation and increased inflammatory cytokines in the vascular wall, endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction and foam cell formation initiated by monocytes/macrophages. The characteristics of metabolic syndrome (MetS), including obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, may activate multiple mechanisms, such as insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, thereby contributing to increased risks of developing atherosclerosis and T2DM. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process that plays an important role in maintaining cellular metabolic homeostasis. Increasing evidence indicates that impaired autophagy induced by MetS is related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and foam cell formation, further promoting atherosclerosis. Basal and mild adaptive autophagy protect against the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, while excessive autophagy activation leads to cell death, plaque instability or even plaque rupture. Therefore, autophagic homeostasis is essential for the development and outcome of atherosclerosis. Here, we discuss the potential role of autophagy and metabolic syndrome in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential therapeutic drugs that target these molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ogura
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
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Reynolds-Peterson CE, Zhao N, Xu J, Serman TM, Xu J, Selleck SB. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans regulate autophagy in Drosophila. Autophagy 2017; 13:1262-1279. [PMID: 28402693 PMCID: PMC5584867 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1304867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important regulators of signaling and molecular recognition at the cell surface and in the extracellular space. Disruption of HSPG core proteins, HS-synthesis, or HS-degradation can have profound effects on growth, patterning, and cell survival. The Drosophila neuromuscular junction provides a tractable model for understanding the activities of HSPGs at a synapse that displays developmental and activity-dependent plasticity. Muscle cell-specific knockdown of HS biosynthesis disrupted the organization of a specialized postsynaptic membrane, the subsynaptic reticulum (SSR), and affected the number and morphology of mitochondria. We provide evidence that these changes result from a dysregulation of macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy). Cellular and molecular markers of autophagy are all consistent with an increase in the levels of autophagy in the absence of normal HS-chain biosynthesis and modification. HS production is also required for normal levels of autophagy in the fat body, the central energy storage and nutritional sensing organ in Drosophila. Genetic mosaic analysis indicates that HS-dependent regulation of autophagy occurs non-cell autonomously, consistent with HSPGs influencing this cellular process via signaling in the extracellular space. These findings demonstrate that HS biosynthesis has important regulatory effects on autophagy and that autophagy is critical for normal assembly of postsynaptic membrane specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Reynolds-Peterson
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Na Zhao
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Jie Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Taryn M Serman
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Jielin Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Scott B Selleck
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
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10
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Role of autophagy in advanced atherosclerosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2903-2908. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ox-Lp(a) transiently induces HUVEC autophagy via an ROS-dependent PAPR-1-LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:223-35. [PMID: 26407666 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidised lipoprotein(a) [oxLp(a)] is considered as a more potent arteriosclerotic factor than native Lp(a). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this potency remain unclear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) possibly act as intracellular second messengers that participate in autophagy stimulation. In this study, the effect of oxLp(a) on endothelial cell autophagy was determined. The mechanism and effect of autophagy on endothelial cells were also investigated. Results showed that oxLp(a) could induce autophagy depending on the generation of cellular ROS. Superoxide dismutase, an antioxidant, could inhibit oxLp(a)-induced autophagy in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1)-liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathways are involved in oxLp(a)-induced autophagy. These pathways are also dependent on ROS. Thus, oxLp(a) induced autophagy via LKB1-AMPK-mTOR and PAPR-1-LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathways, which are dependent on ROS generation.
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Shteingauz A, Boyango I, Naroditsky I, Hammond E, Gruber M, Doweck I, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase Enhances Tumor Growth and Chemoresistance by Promoting Autophagy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3946-57. [PMID: 26249176 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is the only enzyme in mammals capable of cleaving heparan sulfate, an activity implicated in tumor inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Heparanase is secreted as a latent enzyme that is internalized and subjected to proteolytic processing and activation in lysosomes. Its role under normal conditions has yet to be understood. Here, we provide evidence that heparanase resides within autophagosomes, where studies in heparanase-deficient or transgenic mice established its contributions to autophagy. The protumorigenic properties of heparanase were found to be mediated, in part, by its proautophagic function, as demonstrated in tumor xenograft models of human cancer and through use of inhibitors of the lysosome (chloroquine) and heparanase (PG545), both alone and in combination. Notably, heparanase-overexpressing cells were more resistant to stress and chemotherapy in a manner associated with increased autophagy, effects that were reversed by chloroquine treatment. Collectively, our results establish a role for heparanase in modulating autophagy in normal and malignant cells, thereby conferring growth advantages under stress as well as resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 75(18); 3946-57. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shteingauz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Maayan Gruber
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilana Doweck
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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HUANG BAOJUN, JIN MENGXING, YAN HAI, CHENG YANWEI, HUANG DAKE, YING SONGCHENG, ZHANG LINJIE. Simvastatin enhances oxidized-low density lipoprotein-induced macrophage autophagy and attenuates lipid aggregation. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1093-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Salabei JK, Hill BG. Implications of autophagy for vascular smooth muscle cell function and plasticity. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:693-703. [PMID: 23938401 PMCID: PMC3859773 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are fundamental in regulating blood pressure and distributing oxygen and nutrients to peripheral tissues. They also possess remarkable plasticity, with the capacity to switch to synthetic, macrophage-like, or osteochondrogenic phenotypes when cued by external stimuli. In arterial diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis, this plasticity seems to be critical and, depending on the disease context, can be deleterious or beneficial. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms regulating VSMC phenotype and survival is essential for developing new therapies for vascular disease as well as understanding how secondary complications due to surgical interventions develop. In this regard, the cellular process of autophagy is increasingly being recognized as a major player in vascular biology and a critical determinant of VSMC phenotype and survival. Although autophagy was identified in lesional VSMCs in the 1960s, our understanding of the implications of autophagy in arterial diseases and the stimuli promoting its activation in VSMCs is only now being elucidated. In this review, we highlight the evidence for autophagy occurring in VSMCs in vivo, elaborate on the stimuli and processes regulating autophagy, and discuss the current understanding of the role of autophagy in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Salabei
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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15
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Xu M, Li XX, Xiong J, Xia M, Gulbins E, Zhang Y, Li PL. Regulation of autophagic flux by dynein-mediated autophagosomes trafficking in mouse coronary arterial myocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3228-3236. [PMID: 24095928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagic flux is an important process during autophagy maturation in coronary arterial myocytes (CAMs). Here, we defined the role and molecular mechanism of the motor protein dynein in the regulation of autophagic flux in CAMs. In mouse CAMs, dynein protein is abundantly expressed. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of dynein activity dramatically enhanced 7-ketocholesterol (7-Ket)-induced expression of the autophagic marker LC3B and increased the cellular levels of p62, a selective substrate for autophagy. Inhibition of dynein activity increased 7-Ket-induced formation of autophagosomes (APs), but reduced the number of autophagolysosomes (APLs) in CAMs. Furthermore, 7-Ket increased the fusion of APs with lysosomes and the velocity of APs movement in mouse CAMs, which was abolished when the dynein activity in these cells was inhibited. Interestingly, 7-Ket increased lysosomal Ca(2+) release and stimulated dynein ATPase activity, both of which were abolished by NAADP antagonists, NED-19 and PPADS. Taken together, our data suggest that NAADP-mediated Ca(2+) release plays a crucial role in regulating dynein activity, which mediates APs trafficking and fusion with lysosomes to form APLs thus regulating autophagic flux in CAMs under atherogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiao-Xue Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse, 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Dai Y, Mercanti F, Dai D, Wang X, Ding Z, Pothineni NV, Mehta JL. LOX-1, a bridge between GLP-1R and mitochondrial ROS generation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:62-6. [PMID: 23806684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors play an important role in modulating oxidant stress in vascular beds. However, the underlying mechanism of this process remains unclear. In recent studies, we observed an increase in GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in the aorta of LOX-1 knock-out mice. Since LOX-1 is a pivotal regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we conducted studies to identify relationship between LOX-1, ROS and GLP-1 agonism or DPP-4 antagonism. We observed a sustained decrease in GLP-1R expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with ox-LDL. When VSMCs were treated with different concentration of liraglutide (a GLP-1 agonist) or NVPDPP728 (a DPP-4 inhibitor), expression of ROS decreased compared with ox-LDL alone treatment. To further prove that LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in ROS and GLP-1R expression, we treated VSMCs with LOX-1 antibody or transfected cells with human LOX-1 cDNA. The inhibitory effect of ox-LDL on GLP-1R expression was reversed with anti-LOX-1 antibody treatment, while the inhibitory effect of liraglutide and NVPDPP728 on ROS generation was attenuated when cells were transfected with LOX-1 cDNA. Our results suggest that LOX-1 may play a bridging role in GLP-1 activation and ROS interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dai
- Department of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72212, United States
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Gannon AM, Stämpfli MR, Foster WG. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Elicits Increased Autophagy and Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Murine Granulosa Cells1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:63. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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18
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Oxidant stress in mitochondrial DNA damage, autophagy and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1077. [PMID: 23326634 PMCID: PMC3546319 DOI: 10.1038/srep01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our studies in HUVECs show that ox-LDL induced autophagy and damaged mtDNA leading to TLR9 expression. LOX-1 antibody or the ROS inhibitor apocynin attenuated ox-LDL-mediated autophagy, mtDNA damage and TLR9 expression, suggesting that these events are LOX-1 and ROS-dependent phenomena. Experiments using siRNA to DNase II indicated that DNase II digests mtDNA to protect the tissue from inflammation. Next, we studied and found intense autophagy, TLR9 expression and inflammatory signals (CD45 and CD68) in the aortas of LDLR knockout mice fed high cholesterol diet. Deletion of LOX-1 (LDLR/LOX-1 double knockout mice) attenuated autophagy, TLR9 expression as well as CD45 and CD68. Damaged mtDNA signal was also very high in LDLR knockout mice aortas, and this signal was attenuated by LOX-1 deletion. Thus, it appears that oxidative stress-mediated damaged mtDNA that escapes autophagy induces a potent inflammatory response in atherosclerosis.
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