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López-Martín E, Sueiro-Benavides R, Leiro-Vidal JM, Rodríguez-González JA, Ares-Pena FJ. Redox cell signalling triggered by black carbon and/or radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Influence on cell death. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176023. [PMID: 39244061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The capacity of environmental pollutants to generate oxidative stress is known to affect the development and progression of chronic diseases. This scientific review identifies previously published experimental studies using preclinical models of exposure to environmental stress agents, such as black carbon and/or RF-EMF, which produce cellular oxidative damage and can lead to different types of cell death. We summarize in vivo and in vitro studies, which are grouped according to the mechanisms and pathways of redox activation triggered by exposure to BC and/or EMF and leading to apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and cuproptosis. The possible mechanisms are considered in relation to the organ, cell type and cellular-subcellular interaction with the oxidative toxicity caused by BC and/or EMF at the molecular level. The actions of these environmental pollutants, which affect everyday life, are considered separately and together in experimental preclinical models. However, for overall interpretation of the data, toxicological studies must first be conducted in humans, to enable possible risks to human health to be established in relation to the progression of chronic diseases. Further actions should take pollution levels into account, focusing on the most vulnerable populations and future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena López-Martín
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Santiago de Compostela, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rosana Sueiro-Benavides
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M Leiro-Vidal
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan A Rodríguez-González
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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2
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Leung G, Junnila J, Björkenheim T, Tiainen H, Hyytiäinen HK. A prospective, randomised, controlled, double blinded, cross-over study on the effect of a single session of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on signs of hip osteoarthritis in dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:36. [PMID: 39061091 PMCID: PMC11282820 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine coxofemoral joint osteoarthritis is a common, painful and debilitating condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate if any measurable changes in pain or lameness occurred in this patient group immediately after a single treatment with pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. Eight dogs with coxofemoral joint osteoarthritis presenting with signs of pain and lameness were prospectively recruited to this randomised, controlled, double blinded, cross-over study. Subjects attended the research facility on two occasions for one active and one placebo treatment with pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. The immediate effect of one pulsed electromagnetic field therapy treatment on pain and lameness was measured subjectively with the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index and Visual Analogue Scale and objectively using a pressure sensitive walkway. RESULTS A statistically significant difference (P = 0.03) for change in stride length in the affected limb was recorded for subjects between the active and placebo treatments with pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. Within the active treatment results, there was a statistically significant change in the measurement for reach (P = 0.04) and stride length (P = 0.047) which got shorter in the affected limb post treatment. For the subjective outcome measures, there was no statistically significant difference between the active and placebo treatments for the evening of the treatment day or the next morning from pre-treatment values. Within the placebo treatment results a statistically significant change (improvement) was detected in Visual Analogue Score (P = 0.03) between pre-treatment and the next morning values. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study do not show demonstrable improvement in owner assessed pain levels or temporospatial performance in dogs with coxofemoral joint osteoarthritis immediately after a single application of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Leung
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | | | - Thomas Björkenheim
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Tiainen
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Katariina Hyytiäinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Khalili MR, Shadmani A, Sanie-Jahromi F. Application of electrostimulation and magnetic stimulation in patients with optic neuropathy: A mechanistic review. Dev Neurobiol 2024; 84:236-248. [PMID: 38844425 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Visual impairment caused by optic neuropathies is irreversible because retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the specialized neurons of the retina, do not have the capacity for self-renewal and self-repair. Blindness caused by optic nerve neuropathies causes extensive physical, financial, and social consequences in human societies. Recent studies on different animal models and humans have established effective strategies to prevent further RGC degeneration and replace the cells that have deteriorated. In this review, we discuss the application of electrical stimulation (ES) and magnetic field stimulation (MFS) in optic neuropathies, their mechanisms of action, their advantages, and limitations. ES and MFS can be applied effectively in the field of neuroregeneration. Although stem cells are becoming a promising approach for regenerating RGCs, the inhibitory environment of the CNS and the long visual pathway from the optic nerve to the superior colliculus are critical barriers to overcome. Scientific evidence has shown that adjuvant treatments, such as the application of ES and MFS help direct thetransplanted RGCs to extend their axons and form new synapses in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, these techniques improve CNS neuroplasticity and decrease the inhibitory effects of the CNS. Possible mechanisms mediating the effects of electrical current on biological tissues include the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, improvement of microcirculation, stimulation of cell metabolism, and modification of stem cell function. ES and MFS have the potential to promote angiogenesis, direct axon growth toward the intended target, and enhance appropriate synaptogenesis in optic nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khalili
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Athar Shadmani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fatemeh Sanie-Jahromi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Liu L, Huang B, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Tang X, Shi Y. Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and biological systems. iScience 2024; 27:109201. [PMID: 38433903 PMCID: PMC10906530 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been extensively investigated during the past several decades, our understandings of the bioeffects of EMR and the mechanisms of the interactions between the biological systems and the EMRs are still far from satisfactory. In this article, we introduce and summarize the consensus, controversy, limitations, and unsolved issues. The published works have investigated the EMR effects on different biological systems including humans, animals, cells, and biochemical reactions. Alternative methodologies also include dielectric spectroscopy, detection of bioelectromagnetic emissions, and theoretical predictions. In many studies, the thermal effects of the EMR are not properly controlled or considered. The frequency of the EMR investigated is limited to the commonly used bands, particularly the frequencies of the power line and the wireless communications; far fewer studies were performed for other EMR frequencies. In addition, the bioeffects of the complex EM environment were rarely discussed. In summary, our understanding of the bioeffects of the EMR is quite restrictive and further investigations are needed to answer the unsolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin-Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yingxian Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaping Tang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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Thill A, Cammaerts MC, Balmori A. Biological effects of electromagnetic fields on insects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2023-0072. [PMID: 37990587 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, insects are declining at an alarming rate. Among other causes, the use of pesticides and modern agricultural practices play a major role in this. Cumulative effects of multiple low-dose toxins and the distribution of toxicants in nature have only started to be investigated in a methodical way. Existing research indicates another factor of anthropogenic origin that could have subtle harmful effects: the increasingly frequent use of electromagnetic fields (EMF) from man-made technologies. This systematic review summarizes the results of studies investigating the toxicity of electromagnetic fields in insects. The main objective of this review is to weigh the evidence regarding detrimental effects on insects from the increasing technological infrastructure, with a particular focus on power lines and the cellular network. The next generation of mobile communication technologies, 5G, is being deployed - without having been tested in respect of potential toxic effects. With humanity's quest for pervasiveness of technology, even modest effects of electromagnetic fields on organisms could eventually reach a saturation level that can no longer be ignored. An overview of reported effects and biological mechanisms of exposure to electromagnetic fields, which addresses new findings in cell biology, is included. Biological effects of non-thermal EMF on insects are clearly proven in the laboratory, but only partly in the field, thus the wider ecological implications are still unknown. There is a need for more field studies, but extrapolating from the laboratory, as is common practice in ecotoxicology, already warrants increasing the threat level of environmental EMF impact on insects.
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Wójcik-Piotrowicz K, Kaszuba-Zwoińska J, Piszczek P, Nowak B, Guzdek P, Gil K, Rokita E. Low-frequency electromagnetic fields influence the expression of calcium metabolism related proteins in leukocytic cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 104:104320. [PMID: 37984675 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to verify the hypothesis concerning low-frequency magnetic fields (LF-MFs)-related changes in cell viability through the biomechanism(s) based on calcineurin (CaN)-mediated signaling pathways triggered via ROS-like molecules. For experiments, Mono Mac 6 and U937 leukocytic cell lines were chosen and exposed to various LF-MFs and/or puromycin (PMC). The protein expression level of key regulatory proteins of calcium metabolism was examined by Western Blot analysis. In turn, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell viability parameters were evaluated by cytochrome C reduction assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The simultaneous action of applied MF and PMC influenced cell viability in a MF-dependent manner. The changes in cell viability were correlated with protein expression and ROS levels. It was verified experimentally that applied stress stimuli influence cell susceptibility to undergo cell death. Moreover, the evoked bioeffects might be recognized as specific to both types of leukocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wójcik-Piotrowicz
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Łazarza street 16, 31-530 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Kaszuba-Zwoińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta street 18, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Piszczek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta street 18, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta street 18, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Guzdek
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Lotników street 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta street 18, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Rokita
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Łazarza street 16, 31-530 Cracow, Poland
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7
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Ma T, Ding Q, Liu C, Wu H. Electromagnetic fields regulate calcium-mediated cell fate of stem cells: osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and apoptosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:133. [PMID: 37194107 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are increasing in popularity as a safe and non-invasive therapy. On the one hand, it is widely acknowledged that EMF can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, promoting the undifferentiated cells capable of osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and chondroblast differentiation to achieve bone repair purpose. On the other hand, EMF can inhibit tumor stem cells proliferation and promote apoptosis to suppress tumor growth. As an essential second messenger, intracellular calcium plays a role in regulating cell cycle, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that the modulation of intracellular calcium ion by EMF leads to differential outcomes in different stem cells. This review summarizes the regulation of channels, transporters, and ion pumps by EMF-induced calcium oscillations. It furtherly discusses the role of molecules and pathways activated by EMF-dependent calcium oscillations in promoting bone and cartilage repair and inhibiting tumor stem cells growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Ding
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chaoxu Liu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Hua Wu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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8
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Acute radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure impairs neurogenesis and causes neuronal DNA damage in the young rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:46-58. [PMID: 36336097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A mobile phone is now a commonly used device for digital media and communication among all age groups. Young adolescents use it for longer durations, which exposes them to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). This exposure can lead to neuropsychiatric changes. The underlying cellular mechanism behind these changes requires detailed investigation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of RF-EMR emitted from mobile phones on young adolescent rat brains. Wistar rats (5 weeks, male) were exposed to RF-EMR signal (2115 MHz) at a head average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.51 W/kg continuously for 8 h. Higher level of lipid peroxidation, carbon-centered lipid radicals, and single-strand DNA damage was observed in the brain of rat exposed to RF-EMR. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) decreased in RF-EMR-exposed rats, indicating reduced neurogenesis. RF-EMR exposure also induced degenerative changes and neuronal loss in DG neurons but had no effect on the CA3 and CA1 neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The activity of Pro-caspase3 did not increase upon exposure in any of the brain regions, pointing out that degeneration observed in the DG region is not dependent on caspase activation. Results indicate that short-term acute exposure to RF-EMR induced the generation of carbon-centered lipid radicals and nuclear DNA damage, both of which likely played a role in the impaired neurogenesis and neuronal degeneration seen in the young brain's hippocampus region. The understanding of RF-EMR-induced alteration in the brain at the cellular level will help develop appropriate interventions for reducing its adverse impact.
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9
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Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of methotrexate and can reduce migration of cancer cell lines via transiently induced plasma membrane damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 626:192-199. [PMID: 35994829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extra Low-frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF-MFs) significantly enhance cellular uptake of methotrexate by inducing transient plasma membrane pores/damage. This enhanced 'dose loading' of methotrexate via the electromagnetically induced membrane pores leads to similar outcomes as the normal control while using significantly smaller therapeutic doses in vitro when compared to non-ELF-MF treated control. Approximately 10% of the typical therapeutic dose yielded similar results when used with ELF-MF. ELF-MFs increase PC12, THP-1 and HeLa proliferation in vitro (120% of the control). Analysis of adherent cells demonstrate significantly less migration towards an induced scratch injury (20 μm in 24 h when compared to a control). Our results suggest an important role for the use of ELF-MFs in the treatment of tumours that opens some new and exciting possibilities including using smaller therapeutic doses of chemotherapeutic agents and disrupting tumour metastasis.
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Kemps H, Dessy C, Dumas L, Sonveaux P, Alders L, Van Broeckhoven J, Font LP, Lambrichts S, Foulquier S, Hendrix S, Brône B, Lemmens R, Bronckaers A. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic stimulation reduces ischemic stroke volume by improving cerebral collateral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:979-996. [PMID: 35209740 PMCID: PMC9125494 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221084410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic stimulation (ELF-EMS) has been considered as a neuroprotective therapy for ischemic stroke based on its capacity to induce nitric oxide (NO) signaling. Here, we examined whether ELF-EMS reduces ischemic stroke volume by stimulating cerebral collateral perfusion. Moreover, the pathway responsible for ELF-EMS-induced NO production was investigated. ELF-EMS diminished infarct growth following experimental stroke in collateral-rich C57BL/6 mice, but not in collateral-scarce BALB/c mice, suggesting that decreased lesion sizes after ELF-EMS results from improved collateral blood flow. In vitro analysis demonstrated that ELF-EMS increased endothelial NO levels by stimulating the Akt-/eNOS pathway. Furthermore, ELF-EMS augmented perfusion in the hind limb of healthy mice, which was mediated by enhanced Akt-/eNOS signaling. In healthy C57BL/6 mouse brains, ELF-EMS treatment increased cerebral blood flow in a NOS-dependent manner, whereas no improvement in cerebrovascular perfusion was observed in collateral-sparse BALB/c mice. In addition, ELF-EMS enhanced cerebral blood flow in both the contra- and ipsilateral hemispheres of C57BL/6 mice subjected to experimental ischemic stroke. In conclusion, we showed that ELF-EMS enhances (cerebro)vascular perfusion by stimulating NO production, indicating that ELF-EMS could be an attractive therapeutic strategy for acute ischemic stroke by improving cerebral collateral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Kemps
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Chantal Dessy
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dumas
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lotte Alders
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lena Perez Font
- Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado (CNEA), Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Sara Lambrichts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bert Brône
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Robin Lemmens
- KU Leuven, - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium
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11
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Li J, Cai J, Liu L, Wu Y, Chen Y. Pulsed electromagnetic fields inhibit mandibular bone deterioration depending on the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling activation in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7217. [PMID: 35508623 PMCID: PMC9068619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients have compromised mandibular bone architecture/quality, which markedly increase the risks of tooth loosening, tooth loss, and failure of dental implantation. However, it remains lacks effective and safe countermeasures against T2DM-related mandibular bone deterioration. Herein, we studied the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on mandibular bone microstructure/quality and relevant regulatory mechanisms in T2DM db/db mice. PEMF exposure (20 Gs, 15 Hz) for 12 weeks preserved trabecular bone architecture, increased cortical bone thickness, improved material properties and stimulated bone anabolism in mandibles of db/db mice. PEMF also upregulated the expression of canonical Wnt3a ligand (but not Wnt1 or Wnt5a) and its downstream β-catenin. PEMF improved the viability and differentiation of primary osteoblasts isolated from the db/db mouse mandible, and stimulated the specific activation of Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling. These positive effects of PEMF on mandibular osteoblasts of db/db mice were almost totally abolished after Wnt3a silencing in vitro, which were equivalent to the effects following blockade of canonical Wnt signaling using the broad-spectrum antagonist DKK1. Injection with Wnt3a siRNA abrogated the therapeutic effects of PEMF on mandibular bone quantity/quality and bone anabolism in db/db mice. Our study indicates that PEMF might become a non-invasive and safe treatment alternative resisting mandibular bone deterioration in T2DM patients, which is helpful for protecting teeth from loosening/loss and securing the dental implant stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Beijing Healya Technology Limited, Beijing, 100195, China.
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Liheng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
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12
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Singh KV, Arya R, Nirala JP, Sahu D, Nanda RK, Rajamani P. Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on rat hippocampus proteome. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:836-847. [PMID: 34984797 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the number of mobile phone users has increased from 5.57 billion in 2011 to 6.8 billion in 2019. However, short- and long-term impact of the electromagnetic radiation emitting from mobile phones on tissue homeostasis with particular to brain proteome composition needs further investigation. In this study, we attempted a global proteome profiling study of rat hippocampus exposed to mobile phone radiation for 20 weeks (for 3 h/day for 5 days/week) to identify deregulated proteins and western blot analysis for validation. As a result, we identified 358 hippocampus proteins, of which 16 showed deregulation (log2 (exposed/sham) ≥ ±1.0, p-value <.05). Majority of these deregulated proteins grouped into three clusters sharing similar molecular pathways. A set of four proteins (Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase: Aldh5a1, Na+ K+ transporting ATPase: Atp1b2, plasma membrane calcium transporting ATPase: PMCA and protein S100B) presenting each functional pathway were selected for validation. Western blot analysis of these proteins, in an independent sample set, corroborated the mass spectrometry findings. Aldh5a1 involve in cellular energy metabolism, both Atp1b2 and PMCA responsible for membrane transport and protein S100B have a neuroprotective role. In conclusion, we present a deregulated hippocampus proteome upon mobile phone radiation exposure, which might influence the healthy functioning of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh Arya
- Translational Health Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Odisha, India
| | - Jay Prakash Nirala
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Debasis Sahu
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nanda
- Translational Health Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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13
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Piszczek P, Wójcik-Piotrowicz K, Gil K, Kaszuba-Zwoińska J. Immunity and electromagnetic fields. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111505. [PMID: 34126050 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite many studies, the question about the positive or negative influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on living organisms still remains an unresolved issue. To date, the results are inconsistent and hardly comparable between different laboratories. The observed bio-effects are dependent not only on the applied EMF itself, but on many other factors such as the model system tested or environmental ones. In an organism, the role of the defense system against external stressors is played by the immune system consisting of various cell types. The immune cells are engaged in many physiological processes and responsible for the proper functioning of the whole organism. Any factor with an ability to cause immunomodulatory effects may weaken or enhance the response of the immune system. This review is focused on a wide range electromagnetic fields as a possible external factor which may modulate the innate and/or adaptive immunity. Considering the existing databases, we have compiled the bio-effects evoked by EMF in particular immune cell types involved in different types of immune response with the common mechanistic models and mostly activated intracellular signaling cascade pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Piszczek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121, Krakow, Czysta street 18, Poland.
| | - Karolina Wójcik-Piotrowicz
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Łazarza street 16, 31-530, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121, Krakow, Czysta street 18, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kaszuba-Zwoińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121, Krakow, Czysta street 18, Poland
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14
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Chowdhury A, Singh Y, Das U, Waghmare D, Dasgupta R, Majumder SK. Effects of mobile phone emissions on human red blood cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100047. [PMID: 33871929 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was performed on GSM 900 and 1800 MHz mobile phone signal exposed red blood cells (RBCs). The observed changes in the Raman spectra of mobile signal exposed RBCs compared to unexposed control suggest reduced hemoglobin-oxygen affinity for the exposed cells. The possible mechanism may involve activation of the voltage gated membrane Ca2+ channels by the mobile phone emissions resulting in an increase in the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in cells via altered metabolic activities. Further studies carried out with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator confirmed increased intracellular Ca2+ level in the exposed cells. Since intracellular ATP level influences the shape and mechanics of RBCs, exposed cells were studied using diffraction phase microscopy and optical tweezers. Detectable changes in shape and mechanical properties were observed due to mobile signal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Chowdhury
- Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre of Advanced Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yashveer Singh
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Uttam Das
- Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre of Advanced Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Waghmare
- School of Physics, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Raktim Dasgupta
- Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre of Advanced Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shovan Kumar Majumder
- Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre of Advanced Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Sueiro-Benavides RA, Leiro-Vidal JM, Salas-Sánchez AÁ, Rodríguez-González JA, Ares-Pena FJ, López-Martín ME. Radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz increases toxicity, pro-inflammatory and pre-apoptotic activity caused by black carbon in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142681. [PMID: 33071139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors such as air pollution by particles and/or electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are studied as harmful agents for human health. We analyzed whether the combined action of EMF with fine and coarse black carbon (BC) particles induced cell damage and inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cell line macrophages exposed to 2.45 GHz in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) chamber at sub-thermal specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. Radiofrequency (RF) dramatically increased BC-induced toxicity at high doses in the first 24 h and toxicity levels remained high 72 h later for all doses. The increase in macrophage phagocytosis induced after 24 h of RF and the high nitrite levels obtained by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin 24 and 72 h after radiation exposure suggests a prolongation of the innate and inflammatory immune response. The increase of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, after 24 h, and of interleukin-1β and caspase-3, after 72 h, indicated activation of the pro-inflammatory response and the apoptosis pathways through the combined effect of radiation and BC. Our results indicate that the interaction of BC and RF modifies macrophage immune response, activates apoptosis, and accelerates cell toxicity, by which it can activate the induction of hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sueiro-Benavides
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Dept. of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Jose Manuel Leiro-Vidal
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Dept. of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Aarón Ángel Salas-Sánchez
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; ELEDIA@UniTN - DISI - University of Trento, 38123, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy.
| | - J Antonio Rodríguez-González
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Elena López-Martín
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073772. [PMID: 33917298 PMCID: PMC8038719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the ever-expanding use of electrical appliances and mobile communication systems, public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency and radiofrequency range has become a widely debated environmental risk factor for health. Radiofrequency (RF) EMF and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MF have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to cellular or systemic oxidative stress, was frequently found to be influenced by EMF exposure in animals and cells. In this review, we summarize key experimental findings on oxidative stress related to EMF exposure from animal and cell studies of the last decade. The observations are discussed in the context of molecular mechanisms and functionalities relevant to health such as neurological function, genome stability, immune response, and reproduction. Most animal and many cell studies showed increased oxidative stress caused by RF-EMF and ELF-MF. In order to estimate the risk for human health by manmade exposure, experimental studies in humans and epidemiological studies need to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
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17
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Emelianov VY, Preobrazhenskaia EV, Nikolaev NS. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Biophysical Methods of Osteogenesis Stimulation: Review. TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS OF RUSSIA 2021; 27:86-96. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-1-86-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Background. Stimulation of osteogenesis (SO) by biophysical methods has been widely used in practice to accelerate healing or stimulate the healing of fractures with non-unions, since the middle of the XIX century. SO can be carried out by direct current electrostimulation, or indirectly by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, capacitive electrical coupling stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation. SO simulates natural physiological processes: in the case of electrical stimulation, it changes the electromagnetic potential of damaged cell tissues in a manner similar to normal healing processes, or in the case of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, it produces weak mechanical effects on the fracture area. SO increases the expression of factors and signaling pathways responsible for tissue regeneration and bone mineralization and ultimately accelerates bone union.The purpose of this review was to present the most up-to-date data from laboratory and clinical studies of the effectiveness of SO.Material and Methods. The results of laboratory studies and the final results of metaanalyses for each of the four SO methods published from 1959 to 2020 in the PubMed, EMBASE, and eLibrary databases are reviewed.Conclusion. The use of SO effectively stimulates the healing of fractures with the correct location of the sensors, compliance with the intensity and time of exposure, as well as the timing of use for certain types of fractures. In case of non-union or delayed union of fractures, spondylodesis, arthrodesis, preference should be given to non-invasive methods of SO. Invasive direct current stimulation can be useful for non-union of long bones, spondylodesis with the risk of developing pseudoarthrosis.
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18
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Emelianov VY, Preobrazhenskaia EV, Nikolaev NS. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Biophysical Methods of Osteogenesis Stimulation: Review. TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS OF RUSSIA 2021; 27:86-96. [DOI: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-1-86-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background. Stimulation of osteogenesis (SO) by biophysical methods has been widely used in practice to accelerate healing or stimulate the healing of fractures with non-unions, since the middle of the XIX century. SO can be carried out by direct current electrostimulation, or indirectly by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, capacitive electrical coupling stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation. SO simulates natural physiological processes: in the case of electrical stimulation, it changes the electromagnetic potential of damaged cell tissues in a manner similar to normal healing processes, or in the case of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, it produces weak mechanical effects on the fracture area. SO increases the expression of factors and signaling pathways responsible for tissue regeneration and bone mineralization and ultimately accelerates bone union.The purpose of this review was to present the most up-to-date data from laboratory and clinical studies of the effectiveness of SO.Material and Methods. The results of laboratory studies and the final results of metaanalyses for each of the four SO methods published from 1959 to 2020 in the PubMed, EMBASE, and eLibrary databases are reviewed.Conclusion. The use of SO effectively stimulates the healing of fractures with the correct location of the sensors, compliance with the intensity and time of exposure, as well as the timing of use for certain types of fractures. In case of non-union or delayed union of fractures, spondylodesis, arthrodesis, preference should be given to non-invasive methods of SO. Invasive direct current stimulation can be useful for non-union of long bones, spondylodesis with the risk of developing pseudoarthrosis.
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Gautam R, Priyadarshini E, Nirala J, Rajamani P. Impact of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on male infertility: an assessment of the mechanism and consequences. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:1063-1073. [PMID: 33264041 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1859154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Environment and lifestyle factors are being attributed toward increased instances of male infertility. Rapid technological advancement, results in emission of electromagnetic radiations of different frequency which impacts human both biologically as well as genetically. Devices like cell phone, power line and monitors emit electromagnetic radiation and are a major source of the exposure. Numerous studies describe the detrimental consequence of radiation on physiological parameters of male reproductive system including sperm parameters (morphology, motility, and viability), metabolism and genomic instability. While the thermal and nonthermal interaction of nonionizing radiations with biological tissues can't be ruled out, most studies emphasize the generation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress alters redox equilibrium and disrupts morphology and normal functioning of sperms along with declination of total anti-oxidant capacity. CONCLUSION In this paper, we describe a detailed literature review with the intent of analyzing the impact of electromagnetic radiation and understand the consequence on male reproductive system. The underlying mechanism suggesting ROS generation and pathway of action has also been discussed. Additionally, the safety measures while using electronic gadgets and mobile phones has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gautam
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - JayPrakash Nirala
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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20
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Zhang L, Ding W, Ji Y. Analgesic effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields for mammaplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21449. [PMID: 32871867 PMCID: PMC7458251 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsed electromagnetic fields shows some potential in alleviating pain after mammaplasty. This systematic review and meta-analysis is conducted to investigate the analgesic efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields for pain control after mammaplasty. METHODS The databases including PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases are systematically searched for collecting the randomized controlled trials regarding the impact of pulsed electromagnetic fields on pain intensity after mammaplasty. RESULTS This meta-analysis has included 4 randomized controlled trials. Compared with control group after mammaplasty, pulsed electromagnetic fields results in remarkably reduced pain scores on 1 day (MD = -1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.23 to -0.45; P = .003) and 3 days (MD = -1.86; 95% CI = -3.23 to -0.49; P = .008), as well as analgesic consumption (Std. MD = -5.64; 95% CI = -7.26 to -4.02; P < .00001). CONCLUSIONS Pulsed electromagnetic fields is associated with substantially reduced pain intensity after mammaplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First people's Hospital of Xiaoshan
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First people's Hospital of Xiaoshan
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou; Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
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21
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Chan AK, Tang X, Mummaneni NV, Coughlin D, Liebenberg E, Ouyang A, Dudli S, Lauricella M, Zhang N, Waldorff EI, Ryaby JT, Lotz JC. Pulsed electromagnetic fields reduce acute inflammation in the injured rat-tail intervertebral disc. JOR Spine 2019; 2:e1069. [PMID: 31891118 PMCID: PMC6920683 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are recognized contributors to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and discogenic pain. We have recently reported the anti-inflammatory effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on IVD cells in vitro. Whether these potentially therapeutic effects are sufficiently potent to influence disc health in vivo has not been demonstrated. We report here the effect of PEMF on acute inflammation arising from a rat-tail IVD injury model. Disc degeneration was induced by percutaneously stabbing the Co6-7, Co7-8, and Co8-9 levels using a 20-gauge needle. Seventy-two (72) rats were divided into three groups: sham control, needle stab, needle stab+PEMF. Treated rats were exposed to PEMF immediately following surgery and for either 4 or 7 days (4 hr/d). Stab and PEMF effects were evaluated by measuring inflammatory cytokine gene expression (RT-PCR) and protein levels (ELISA assay), anabolic and catabolic gene expression (RT-PCR), and histologic changes. We observed in untreated animals that at day 7 after injury, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-1β) were significantly increased at both gene and protein levels (P < .05). Similarly, catabolic factors (MMP [metalloproteinases]-2, MMP-13 and the transcriptional factor NF-kβ gene expression) were significantly increased (P < .05). At day 7, PEMF treatment significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokine gene and protein expression induced by needle stab injury (P < .05). At day 4, PEMF downregulated FGF-1 and upregulated MMP-2 compared to the stab-only group. These data demonstrate that previously reported anti-inflammatory effects of PEMF on disc cells carry over to the in vivo situation, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. Though we observed an inhibitory effect of PEMF on acute inflammatory cytokine expression, a consistent effect was not observed for acute changes in disc histology and anabolic and catabolic factor expression. Therefore, these findings should be further investigated in studies of longer duration following needle-stab injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Chan
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Xinyan Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Nikhil V. Mummaneni
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Dezba Coughlin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Ellen Liebenberg
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Annie Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Stefan Dudli
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Michael Lauricella
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey C. Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
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Demirkazik A, Ozdemir E, Arslan G, Taskiran AS, Pelit A. The effects of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on analgesia in the nitric oxide pathway. Nitric Oxide 2019; 92:49-54. [PMID: 31408675 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on mechanisms in biological organisms. This study's goal is to determine the role of the Nitiric Oxide (NO) pathway for thermal pain by intentionally interfering with it using a pulsed electromagnetic field generated by an extremely low-frequency alternating current (ELF-PEMF) in combination with BAY41-2272 (sGC activator), NOS inhibitor l-NAME, and NO donor l-arginine. This study included 72 adult male Wistar albino rats (mean weight of 230 ± 12 g). The rats were kept at room temperature (22 ± 2 °C) in a 12-h light/dark cycle and in a room with sound insulation. PEMF (50 Hz, 5 mT) were applied four times a day for 30 min and at 15-min intervals for 15 days. Analgesic effects were assessed with tail-flick and hot-plate tests. Before the tests, NO donor l-arginine (300 mg/kg), sGC activator BAY41-2272 (10 mg/kg), and NOS inhibitor l-name (40 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally into rats in six randomly-selected groups. The maximum analgesic effect of a 5 mT electromagnetic field was on day 7. PEMF significantly increased the analgesia effect when the functioning of the NO pathway was ensured with l-arginine, which is a NO donor, and BAY41-2271, which is the intracellular receptor and sGC activator. However, there was no difference between rats treated with PEMF and the NOS inhibitor l-NAME as compared to rats only treated with PEMF. In conclusion, PEMF generate analgesia by activating the NO pain pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Demirkazik
- Departments of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Ercan Ozdemir
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Arslan
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sevki Taskiran
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Aykut Pelit
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Merhi Z, Moseley-LaRue R, Moseley AR, Smith AH, Zhang J. Ozone and pulsed electro-magnetic field therapies improve endometrial lining thickness in frozen embryo transfer cycles: Three case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16865. [PMID: 31441861 PMCID: PMC6716719 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE In assisted reproductive technology, a persistently thin endometrial lining represents a huge challenge during frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. PATIENT CONCERNS Three patients who had a persistently thin endometrial lining despite the use of several medical agents known to improve endometrial lining thickness. DIAGNOSES Infertility undergoing FET cycles. INTERVENTIONS A combination of transdermal and intravaginal ozone therapy along with Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field (PEMF) therapy. OUTCOMES Ozone with PEMF, both of which are known to have vasodilatatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant actions, were successful in improving the thickness of the endometrial lining in all 3 patients. Two out of 3 patients became pregnant following single embryo transfer. LESSONS Ozone with PEMF constitute a novel experimental approach for women with persistently thin endometrial lining undergoing FET. This novel approach needs validation by large well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher Merhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx
- New Hope Fertility Center, New York, NY
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24
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Galli C, Pedrazzi G, Guizzardi S. The cellular effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on osteoblasts: A review. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:211-233. [PMID: 30908726 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have long been known to interact with living organisms and their cells and to bear the potential for therapeutic use. Among the most extensively investigated applications, the use of Pulsed EMFs (PEMFs) has proven effective to ameliorate bone healing in several studies, although the evidence is still inconclusive. This is due in part to our still-poor understanding of the mechanisms by which PEMFs act on cells and affect their functions and to an ongoing lack of consensus on the most effective parameters for specific clinical applications. The present review has compared in vitro studies on PEMFs on different osteoblast models, which elucidate potential mechanisms of action for PEMFs, up to the most recent insights into the role of primary cilia, and highlight the critical issues underlying at least some of the inconsistent results in the available literature. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;9999:XX-XX. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pedrazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Guizzardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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25
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Gaynor JS, Hagberg S, Gurfein BT. Veterinary applications of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Pall ML. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:405-416. [PMID: 29573716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with each such effect being documented in from 10 to 16 reviews. Therefore, each of these seven EMF effects are established effects of Wi-Fi and of other microwave frequency EMFs. Each of these seven is also produced by downstream effects of the main action of such EMFs, voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. While VGCC activation via EMF interaction with the VGCC voltage sensor seems to be the predominant mechanism of action of EMFs, other mechanisms appear to have minor roles. Minor roles include activation of other voltage-gated ion channels, calcium cyclotron resonance and the geomagnetic magnetoreception mechanism. Five properties of non-thermal EMF effects are discussed. These are that pulsed EMFs are, in most cases, more active than are non-pulsed EMFs; artificial EMFs are polarized and such polarized EMFs are much more active than non-polarized EMFs; dose-response curves are non-linear and non-monotone; EMF effects are often cumulative; and EMFs may impact young people more than adults. These general findings and data presented earlier on Wi-Fi effects were used to assess the Foster and Moulder (F&M) review of Wi-Fi. The F&M study claimed that there were seven important studies of Wi-Fi that each showed no effect. However, none of these were Wi-Fi studies, with each differing from genuine Wi-Fi in three distinct ways. F&M could, at most conclude that there was no statistically significant evidence of an effect. The tiny numbers studied in each of these seven F&M-linked studies show that each of them lack power to make any substantive conclusions. In conclusion, there are seven repeatedly found Wi-Fi effects which have also been shown to be caused by other similar EMF exposures. Each of the seven should be considered, therefore, as established effects of Wi-Fi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Washington State University, 638 NE 41st Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-3312, USA.
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Pesqueira T, Costa‐Almeida R, Gomes ME. Magnetotherapy: The quest for tendon regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6395-6405. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamagno Pesqueira
- 3B's Research Group − Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Zona Industrial da Gandra Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's − PT Government Associate Laboratory Guimarães Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa‐Almeida
- 3B's Research Group − Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Zona Industrial da Gandra Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's − PT Government Associate Laboratory Guimarães Portugal
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3B's Research Group − Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Zona Industrial da Gandra Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's − PT Government Associate Laboratory Guimarães Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine Headquarters at University of Minho Barco Guimarães Portugal
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Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Postsurgical Pain Management in Women Undergoing Cesarean Section: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Clin J Pain 2017; 33:142-147. [PMID: 28060214 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) in relation to reducing postoperative pain, analgesic use, and wound healing in patients undergoing Cesarean section (C-section). METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated 72 women who underwent elective C-section. Thirty-six patients were assigned to the active-PEMF and 36 to the sham-PEMF groups. The participants were asked to report their pain intensity on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours and 2, 4, and 7 days after surgery. The amount of analgesics used was recorded. The surgical site was evaluated to assess the wound-healing process on the seventh postoperative day. RESULTS Postoperative pain VAS scores were significantly lower in the active-PEMF group in all the measured periods within the early and the late postoperative periods. Fewer women in the active-PEMF group experienced severe postoperative pain within 24 hours postoperatively (36% vs. 72%, P=0.002). Analgesic use during the first 24 hours after C-section was 1.9-times lower in the active-PEMF group (1.6±0.7 vs. 3.1±1.2, P<0.001). The total analgesic use during the seventh postoperative days was 2.1-times lower in the active-PEMF group than in the sham group (1.7±0.7 vs. 3.7±1.1, P<0.001). Seven days postoperatively, patients in the active-PEMF group had better wound healing with no exudate, erythema, or edema (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS PEMF treatment after C-section decreases postsurgical pain, analgesic use, and surgical wound exudate and edema significantly, and is associated with a high level of patient satisfaction.
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Haghighat N, Abdolmaleki P, Parnian J, Behmanesh M. The expression of pluripotency and neuronal differentiation markers under the influence of electromagnetic field and nitric oxide. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 85:19-28. [PMID: 28843440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical compound that as a secondary messenger contributes to cell physiological functions and its variations influence proteins activity and triggering intracellular signaling cascades. Low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) alters the cell biology such as cell differentiation by targeting the plasma membrane and entering force to the ions and small electrical ligands. The effect of these chemical (NO) and physical (EMF) factors on the expression of the stemness and neuronal differentiation markers in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) was investigated. The cells were treated with low (50micromolar) and high (1mM) concentrations of Deta-NO as a NO donor molecule and 50Hz low frequency EMF. The expression of pluripotency and neuronal differentiation genes and proteins was investigated using real time qPCR and Immunocytochemistry techniques. The simultaneous treatment of EMF with NO (1mM) led to the down-regulation of stemness markers expression and up-regulation of neuronal differentiation markers expression. Cell proliferation decreased and cell morphology changed which caused the majority of cells obtains neuronal protein markers in their cytoplasm. The decrease in the expression of neuronal differentiation Nestin and DCX markers without any change in the expression of pluripotency Oct4 marker (treated with low concentration of NO) indicates protection of stemness state in these cells. Treatment with NO demonstrated a double behavior. NO low concentration helped the cells protect the stemness state but NO high concentration plus EMF pushed cells into differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Haghighat
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Parnian
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
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Tong J, Sun L, Zhu B, Fan Y, Ma X, Yu L, Zhang J. Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by reinforcing intracellular calcium transients. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 38:541-549. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Lijun Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Xi Jing University; Xi'an China
| | - Yun Fan
- Xi Jing University; Xi'an China
| | - Xingfeng Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Liyin Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Jianbao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
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Haghighat N, Abdolmaleki P, Behmanesh M, Satari M. Stable morphological-physiological and neural protein expression changes in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated with electromagnetic field and nitric oxide. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 38:592-601. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Haghighat
- Faculty of Biological Science; Department of Biophysics; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Parviz Abdolmaleki
- Faculty of Biological Science; Department of Biophysics; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Faculty of Biological Science; Department of Genetics; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Satari
- Faculty of Biological Science; Department of Biophysics; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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Kim KE, Park SK, Nam SY, Han TJ, Cho IY. Potential therapeutic mechanism of extremely low-frequency high-voltage electric fields in cells. Technol Health Care 2017; 24:415-27. [PMID: 26684400 DOI: 10.3233/thc-151119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this survey was to provide background theory based on previous research to elucidate the potential pathway by which medical devices using extremely low-frequency high-voltage electric fields (ELF-HVEF) exert therapeutic effects on the human body, and to increase understanding of the AC high-voltage electrotherapeutic apparatus for consumers and suppliers of the relevant devices. Our review revealed that an ELF field as weak as 1-10 μ V/m can induce diverse alterations of membrane proteins such as transporters and channel proteins, including changes in Ca + + binding to a specific site of the cell surface, changes in ion (e.g., Ca + + ) influx or efflux, and alterations in the ligand-receptor interaction. These alterations then induce cytoplasmic responses within cells (Ca + + , cAMP, kinases, etc.) that can have impacts on cell growth, differentiation, and other functional properties by promoting the synthesis of macromolecules. Moreover, increased cytoplasmic Ca + + involves calmodulin-dependent signaling and consequent Ca + + /calmodulin-dependent stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. This event in turn induces the nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway, which may be an essential factor in the observed physiological and therapeutic responses.
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Yu C, Peng RY. Biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave radiation: a review. Mil Med Res 2017; 4:24. [PMID: 28729909 PMCID: PMC5518414 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-017-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing knowledge of shortwave radiation, it is widely used in wireless communications, radar observations, industrial manufacturing, and medical treatments. Despite of the benefits from shortwave, these wide applications expose humans to the risk of shortwave electromagnetic radiation, which is alleged to cause potential damage to biological systems. This review focused on the exposure to shortwave electromagnetic radiation, considering in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological results that have provided insight into the biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave. Additionally, some protective measures and suggestions are discussed here in the hope of obtaining more benefits from shortwave with fewer health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
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Miller SL, Coughlin DG, Waldorff EI, Ryaby JT, Lotz JC. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment reduces expression of genes associated with disc degeneration in human intervertebral disc cells. Spine J 2016; 16:770-6. [PMID: 26780754 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapies have been applied to stimulate bone healing and to reduce the symptoms of arthritis, but the effects of PEMF on intervertebral disc (IVD) biology is unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine how PEMF affects gene expression of IVD cells in normal and inflammatory environments. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING This was an in vitro human cell culture and microarray gene expression study. METHODS Human annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were separately encapsulated in alginate beads and exposed to interleukin 1α (IL-1α) (10 ng/mL) to stimulate the inflammatory environment associated with IVD degeneration and/or stimulated by PEMF for 4 hours daily for up to 7 days. RNA was isolated from each treatment group and analyzed via microarray to assess IL-1α- and PEMF-induced changes in gene expression. RESULTS Although PEMF treatment did not completely inhibit the effects of IL-1α, PEMF treatment lessened the IL-1α-induced upregulation of genes expressed in degenerated IVDs. Consistent with our previous results, after 4 days, PEMF tended to reduce IL-1α-associated gene expression of IL-6 (25%, p=.07) in NP cells and MMP13 (26%, p=.10) in AF cells. Additionally, PEMF treatment significantly diminished IL-1α-induced gene expression of IL-17A (33%, p=.01) and MMP2 (24%, p=.006) in NP cells and NFκB (11%, p=.04) in AF cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that IVD cells are responsive to PEMF and motivate future studies to determine whether PEMF may be helpful for patients with IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1161, Box 0514, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Dezba G Coughlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1161, Box 0514, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Erik I Waldorff
- Orthofix, Inc., 3451 Plano Parkway, Lewisville, TX 75056, USA
| | - James T Ryaby
- Orthofix, Inc., 3451 Plano Parkway, Lewisville, TX 75056, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1161, Box 0514, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Cell viability modulation through changes of Ca2+-dependent signalling pathways. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 121:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2100-MHz electromagnetic fields have different effects on visual evoked potentials and oxidant/antioxidant status depending on exposure duration. Brain Res 2016; 1635:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pall ML. Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 75:43-51. [PMID: 26300312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-thermal microwave/lower frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. Calcium channel blockers block EMF effects and several types of additional evidence confirm this mechanism. Low intensity microwave EMFs have been proposed to produce neuropsychiatric effects, sometimes called microwave syndrome, and the focus of this review is whether these are indeed well documented and consistent with the known mechanism(s) of action of such EMFs. VGCCs occur in very high densities throughout the nervous system and have near universal roles in release of neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. Soviet and Western literature shows that much of the impact of non-thermal microwave exposures in experimental animals occurs in the brain and peripheral nervous system, such that nervous system histology and function show diverse and substantial changes. These may be generated through roles of VGCC activation, producing excessive neurotransmitter/neuroendocrine release as well as oxidative/nitrosative stress and other responses. Excessive VGCC activity has been shown from genetic polymorphism studies to have roles in producing neuropsychiatric changes in humans. Two U.S. government reports from the 1970s to 1980s provide evidence for many neuropsychiatric effects of non-thermal microwave EMFs, based on occupational exposure studies. 18 more recent epidemiological studies, provide substantial evidence that microwave EMFs from cell/mobile phone base stations, excessive cell/mobile phone usage and from wireless smart meters can each produce similar patterns of neuropsychiatric effects, with several of these studies showing clear dose-response relationships. Lesser evidence from 6 additional studies suggests that short wave, radio station, occupational and digital TV antenna exposures may produce similar neuropsychiatric effects. Among the more commonly reported changes are sleep disturbance/insomnia, headache, depression/depressive symptoms, fatigue/tiredness, dysesthesia, concentration/attention dysfunction, memory changes, dizziness, irritability, loss of appetite/body weight, restlessness/anxiety, nausea, skin burning/tingling/dermographism and EEG changes. In summary, then, the mechanism of action of microwave EMFs, the role of the VGCCs in the brain, the impact of non-thermal EMFs on the brain, extensive epidemiological studies performed over the past 50 years, and five criteria testing for causality, all collectively show that various non-thermal microwave EMF exposures produce diverse neuropsychiatric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Washington State University, 638 NE 41st Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-3312, USA.
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Olgar Y, Hidisoglu E, Celen MC, Yamasan BE, Yargicoglu P, Ozdemir S. 2.1 GHz electromagnetic field does not change contractility and intracellular Ca2+ transients but decreases β-adrenergic responsiveness through nitric oxide signaling in rat ventricular myocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:851-7. [PMID: 26136087 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1068462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to the increasing use of wireless technology in developing countries, particularly mobile phones, the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on biologic systems has become the subject of an intense debate. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of 2.1 GHz EMF on contractility and beta-adrenergic (β-AR) responsiveness of ventricular myocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomized to the following groups: Sham rats (SHAM) and rats exposed to 2.1 GHz EMF for 2 h/day for 10 weeks (EM-10). Sarcomere shortening and Ca(2+) transients were recorded in isolated myocytes loaded with Fura2-AM and electrically stimulated at 1 Hz, while L-type Ca(2+) currents (I(CaL)) were measured using whole-cell patch clamping at 36 ± 1°C. Cardiac nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured in tissue samples using a colorimetric assay kit. RESULTS Fractional shortening and amplitude of the matched Ca(2+) transients were not changed in EM-10 rats. Although the isoproterenol-induced (10(-6) M) I(CaL) response was reduced in rats exposed to EMF, basal I(CaL) density in myocytes was similar between the two groups (p < 0.01). Moreover, EMF exposure led to a significant increase in nitric oxide levels in rat heart (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to 2.1 GHz EMF decreases β-AR responsiveness of ventricular myocytes through NO signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Olgar
- a Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - Enis Hidisoglu
- a Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - Murat Cenk Celen
- a Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - Bilge Eren Yamasan
- a Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - Piraye Yargicoglu
- a Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - Semir Ozdemir
- a Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
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Martynyuk V, Melnyk M, Artemenko A. Comparison of biological effects of electromagnetic fields with pulse frequencies of 8 and 50 Hz on gastric smooth muscles. Electromagn Biol Med 2015; 35:143-51. [PMID: 26192248 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1028072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with rectangular pulse frequencies of 8 and 50 Hz and flux density of 25 µT on contraction, nitric oxide/nitrite synthesis, and intracellular calcium concentration in the gastric smooth muscles of rats was investigated. An approximately 8-Hz field reduced the fast component of contraction induced by KCl depolarization and slowed down the time to reach the maximum of the slow component of contraction, whereas the 50-Hz field increased the fast and slow components and accelerated the time to reach the maximum of the slow component of contraction. After turning off the EMF, the force and character of contraction returned to the control values. In addition, the 8-Hz field increased nitric oxide/nitrite synthesis in the excited smooth muscle tissue with KCl depolarization, while the 50-Hz field had no significant effect. 8- and 50-Hz fields had no significant effects on nitric oxide/nitrite production in non-stimulated tissue. However, the 50-Hz field significantly increased the basic intracellular calcium concentration in smooth muscle cells (SMC) in a time-dependent manner, whereas the 8-Hz field only slightly increased calcium levels. Thus, we showed that responses of gastric smooth muscles to EMFs are pulse-frequency dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Martynyuk
- a Department of Biophysics , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Mariia Melnyk
- a Department of Biophysics , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Alexander Artemenko
- a Department of Biophysics , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Kyiv , Ukraine
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Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O, Kyrylenko S. Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2015; 35:186-202. [PMID: 26151230 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover experimental data on oxidative effects of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation (RFR) in living cells. Analysis of the currently available peer-reviewed scientific literature reveals molecular effects induced by low-intensity RFR in living cells; this includes significant activation of key pathways generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of peroxidation, oxidative damage of DNA and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It indicates that among 100 currently available peer-reviewed studies dealing with oxidative effects of low-intensity RFR, in general, 93 confirmed that RFR induces oxidative effects in biological systems. A wide pathogenic potential of the induced ROS and their involvement in cell signaling pathways explains a range of biological/health effects of low-intensity RFR, which include both cancer and non-cancer pathologies. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates that low-intensity RFR is an expressive oxidative agent for living cells with a high pathogenic potential and that the oxidative stress induced by RFR exposure should be recognized as one of the primary mechanisms of the biological activity of this kind of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yakymenko
- a Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Olexandr Tsybulin
- b Department of Biophysics , Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University , Bila Tserkva , Ukraine
| | - Evgeniy Sidorik
- a Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Diane Henshel
- c School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Olga Kyrylenko
- d A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Sergiy Kyrylenko
- e Department of Structural and Functional Biology , University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
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Misa-Agustiño MJ, Jorge-Mora T, Jorge-Barreiro FJ, Suarez-Quintanilla J, Moreno-Piquero E, Ares-Pena FJ, López-Martín E. Exposure to non-ionizing radiation provokes changes in rat thyroid morphology and expression of HSP-90. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1123-35. [PMID: 25649190 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214567611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ionizing radiation at 2.45 GHz may modify the morphology and expression of genes that codify heat shock proteins (HSP) in the thyroid gland. Diathermy is the therapeutic application of non-ionizing radiation to humans for its beneficial effects in rheumatological and musculo-skeletal pain processes. We used a diathermy model on laboratory rats subjected to maximum exposure in the left front leg, in order to study the effects of radiation on the nearby thyroid tissue. Fifty-six rats were individually exposed once or repeatedly (10 times in two weeks) for 30 min to 2.45 GHz radiation in a commercial chamber at different non-thermal specific absorption rates (SARs), which were calculated using the finite difference time domain technique. We used immunohistochemistry methods to study the expression of HSP-90 and morphological changes in thyroid gland tissues. Ninety minutes after radiation with the highest SAR, the central and peripheral follicles presented increased size and the thickness of the peripheral septa had decreased. Twenty-four hours after radiation, only peripheral follicles radiated at 12 W were found to be smaller. Peripheral follicles increased in size with repeated exposure at 3 W power. Morphological changes in the thyroid tissue may indicate a glandular response to acute or repeated stress from radiation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Further research is needed to determine if the effect of this physical agent over time may cause disease in the human thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Misa-Agustiño
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Teresa Jorge-Mora
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J Jorge-Barreiro
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez-Quintanilla
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Piquero
- Applied Physics Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- Applied Physics Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena López-Martín
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Taylor EM, Hardy KL, Alonso A, Pilla AA, Rohde CH. Pulsed electromagnetic fields dosing impacts postoperative pain in breast reduction patients. J Surg Res 2015; 193:504-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bragin DE, Statom GL, Hagberg S, Nemoto EM. Increases in microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation via pulsed electromagnetic fields in the healthy rat brain. J Neurosurg 2014; 122:1239-47. [PMID: 25343187 DOI: 10.3171/2014.8.jns132083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT High-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation is an emerging noninvasive therapy being used clinically to facilitate bone and cutaneous wound healing. Although the mechanisms of action of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are unknown, some studies suggest that its effects are mediated by increased nitric oxide (NO), a well-known vasodilator. The authors hypothesized that in the brain, PEMF increase NO, which induces vasodilation, enhances microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation, and may be a useful adjunct therapy in stroke and traumatic brain injury. To test this hypothesis, they studied the effect of PEMF on a healthy rat brain with and without NO synthase (NOS) inhibition. METHODS In vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) was used on the parietal cortex of rat brains to measure microvascular tone and red blood cell (RBC) flow velocity in microvessels with diameters ranging from 3 to 50 μm, which includes capillaries, arterioles, and venules. Tissue oxygenation (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NADH] fluorescence) was also measured before and for 3 hours after PEMF treatment using the FDA-cleared SofPulse device (Ivivi Health Sciences, LLC). To test NO involvement, the NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was intravenously injected (10 mg/kg). In a time control group, PEMF were not used. Doppler flux (0.8-mm probe diameter), brain and rectal temperatures, arterial blood pressure, blood gases, hematocrit, and electrolytes were monitored. RESULTS Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation significantly dilated cerebral arterioles from a baseline average diameter of 26.4 ± 0.84 μm to 29.1 ± 0.91 μm (11 rats, p < 0.01). Increased blood volume flow through dilated arterioles enhanced capillary flow with an average increase in RBC flow velocity by 5.5% ± 1.3% (p < 0.01). Enhanced microvascular flow increased tissue oxygenation as reflected by a decrease in NADH autofluorescence to 94.7% ± 1.6% of baseline (p < 0.05). Nitric oxide synthase inhibition by L-NAME prevented PEMF-induced changes in arteriolar diameter, microvascular perfusion, and tissue oxygenation (7 rats). No changes in measured parameters were observed throughout the study in the untreated time controls (5 rats). CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of the acute effects of PEMF on cerebral cortical microvascular perfusion and metabolism. Thirty minutes of PEMF treatment induced cerebral arteriolar dilation leading to an increase in microvascular blood flow and tissue oxygenation that persisted for at least 3 hours. The effects of PEMF were mediated by NO, as we have shown in NOS inhibition experiments. These results suggest that PEMF may be an effective treatment for patients after traumatic or ischemic brain injury. Studies on the effect of PEMF on the injured brain are in progress.
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Muehsam D, Ventura C. Life rhythm as a symphony of oscillatory patterns: electromagnetic energy and sound vibration modulates gene expression for biological signaling and healing. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3:40-55. [PMID: 24808981 PMCID: PMC4010966 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2014.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Muehsam
- Visual Institute of Developmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy (Dr Muehsam)
| | - Carlo Ventura
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Visual Institute of Developmental Sciences, Bologna; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna (Dr Ventura), Italy
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Gherardini L, Ciuti G, Tognarelli S, Cinti C. Searching for the perfect wave: the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5366-87. [PMID: 24681584 PMCID: PMC4013569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing concern in the population about the effects that environmental exposure to any source of “uncontrolled” radiation may have on public health. Anxiety arises from the controversial knowledge about the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure to cells and organisms but most of all concerning the possible causal relation to human diseases. Here we reviewed those in vitro and in vivo and epidemiological works that gave a new insight about the effect of radio frequency (RF) exposure, relating to intracellular molecular pathways that lead to biological and functional outcomes. It appears that a thorough application of standardized protocols is the key to reliable data acquisition and interpretation that could contribute a clearer picture for scientists and lay public. Moreover, specific tuning of experimental and clinical RF exposure might lead to beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gherardini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Siena, Strada Petriccio e Belriguardo, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Gastone Ciuti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pisa 56025, Italy.
| | - Selene Tognarelli
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pisa 56025, Italy.
| | - Caterina Cinti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Siena, Strada Petriccio e Belriguardo, Siena 53100, Italy.
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Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) on Infarct Size and Inflammation After Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:491-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lekhraj R, Cynamon DE, DeLuca SE, Taub ES, Pilla AA, Casper D. Pulsed electromagnetic fields potentiate neurite outgrowth in the dopaminergic MN9D cell line. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:761-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukmani Lekhraj
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Deborah E. Cynamon
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Stephanie E. DeLuca
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Eric S. Taub
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Arthur A. Pilla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; New York New York
- Department of Orthopedics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York New York
| | - Diana Casper
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
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Pall ML. Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:958-65. [PMID: 23802593 PMCID: PMC3780531 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in producing non-thermal effects have not been clearly established. However, studies in the literature, reviewed here, provide substantial support for such direct targets. Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers block or greatly lower diverse EMF effects. Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. Downstream responses of such EMF exposures may be mediated through Ca2+/calmodulin stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Potentially, physiological/therapeutic responses may be largely as a result of nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway stimulation. A well-studied example of such an apparent therapeutic response, EMF stimulation of bone growth, appears to work along this pathway. However, pathophysiological responses to EMFs may be as a result of nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-oxidative stress pathway of action. A single such well-documented example, EMF induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells, as measured by alkaline comet assays, is reviewed here. Such single-strand breaks are known to be produced through the action of this pathway. Data on the mechanism of EMF induction of such breaks are limited; what data are available support this proposed mechanism. Other Ca2+-mediated regulatory changes, independent of nitric oxide, may also have roles. This article reviews, then, a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain therapeutic and pathophysiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Washington State University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Pilla AA. Nonthermal electromagnetic fields: From first messenger to therapeutic applications. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32:123-36. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.776335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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50
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Muehsam D, Lalezari P, Lekhraj R, Abruzzo PM, Abruzzo P, Bolotta A, Marini M, Bersani F, Aicardi G, Pilla A, Casper D. Non-thermal radio frequency and static magnetic fields increase rate of hemoglobin deoxygenation in a cell-free preparation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61752. [PMID: 23593496 PMCID: PMC3625142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing body of clinical and experimental data regarding electromagnetic field (EMF) bioeffects and their therapeutic applications has contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. This study reports that two EMF modalities currently in clinical use, a pulse-modulated radiofrequency (PRF) signal, and a static magnetic field (SMF), applied independently, increased the rate of deoxygenation of human hemoglobin (Hb) in a cell-free assay. Deoxygenation of Hb was initiated using the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) in an assay that allowed the time for deoxygenation to be controlled (from several min to several hours) by adjusting the relative concentrations of DTT and Hb. The time course of Hb deoxygenation was observed using visible light spectroscopy. Exposure for 10-30 min to either PRF or SMF increased the rate of deoxygenation occurring several min to several hours after the end of EMF exposure. The sensitivity and biochemical simplicity of the assay developed here suggest a new research tool that may help to further the understanding of basic biophysical EMF transduction mechanisms. If the results of this study were to be shown to occur at the cellular and tissue level, EMF-enhanced oxygen availability would be one of the mechanisms by which clinically relevant EMF-mediated enhancement of growth and repair processes could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Muehsam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
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