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Foka P, Dimitriadis A, Karamichali E, Kyratzopoulou E, Giannimaras D, Koskinas J, Varaklioti A, Mamalaki A, Georgopoulou U. Alterations in the iron homeostasis network: A driving force for macrophage-mediated hepatitis C virus persistency. Virulence 2016; 7:679-90. [PMID: 27058404 PMCID: PMC4991317 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1175700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that favor Hepatitis C virus (HCV) persistence over clearance are unclear, but involve defective innate immunity. Chronic infection is characterized by hepatic iron overload, hyperferraemia and hyperferittinaemia. Hepcidin modulates iron egress via ferroportin and its storage in ferritin. Chronic HCV patients have decreased hepcidin, while HCV replication is modified by HAMP silencing. We aimed to investigate interactions between HCV and hepcidin, during acute and chronic disease, and putative alterations in cellular iron homeostasis that enhance HCV propagation and promote viral persistence. Thus, we used HCV JFH-1-infected co-cultures of Huh7.5 hepatoma and THP-1 macrophage cells, HCV patients' sera and Huh7 hepcidin-expressing cells transfected with HCV replicons. Hepcidin levels were elevated in acutely infected patients, but correlated with viral load in chronic patients. HAMP expression was up-regulated early in HCV infection in vitro, with corresponding changes in ferritin and FPN. Hepcidin overexpression enhanced both viral translation and replication. In HCV-infected co-cultures, we observed increased hepcidin, reduced hepatoma ferritin and a concurrent rise in macrophaghic ferritin over time. Altered iron levels complemented amplified replication in hepatoma cells and one replication round in macrophages. Iron-loading of macrophages led to enhancement of hepatic HCV replication through reversed ferritin "flow." Viral transmissibility from infected macrophages to naïve hepatoma cells was induced by iron. We propose that HCV control over iron occurs both by intracellular iron sequestration, through hepcidin, and intercellular iron mobilisation via ferritin, as means toward enhanced replication. Persistence could be achieved through HCV-induced changes in macrophagic iron that enhances viral replication in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelagia Foka
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kyratzopoulou
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionyssios Giannimaras
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - John Koskinas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Agoritsa Varaklioti
- Blood Center and National Center for Congenital Bleeding Disorders, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Avgi Mamalaki
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Lyberopoulou A, Chachami G, Gatselis NK, Kyratzopoulou E, Saitis A, Gabeta S, Eliades P, Paraskeva E, Zachou K, Koukoulis GK, Mamalaki A, Dalekos GN, Simos G. Low Serum Hepcidin in Patients with Autoimmune Liver Diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135486. [PMID: 26270641 PMCID: PMC4535884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a liver hormone, is important for both innate immunity and iron metabolism regulation. As dysfunction of the hepcidin pathway may contribute to liver pathology, we analysed liver hepcidin mRNA and serum hepcidin in patients with chronic liver diseases. Hepcidin mRNA levels were determined in liver biopsies obtained from 126 patients with HCV (n = 21), HBV (n = 23), autoimmune cholestatic disease (primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis; PBC/PSC; n = 34), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH; n = 16) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; n = 32). Sera sampled on the biopsy day from the same patients were investigated for serum hepcidin levels. Hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels correlated positively with ferritin and negatively with serum γ-GT levels. However, no correlation was found between serum hepcidin and either ferritin or liver hepcidin mRNA. Both serum hepcidin and the serum hepcidin/ferritin ratio were significantly lower in AIH and PBC/PSC patients’ sera compared to HBV, HCV or NAFLD (P<0.001 for each comparison) and correlated negatively with serum ALP levels. PBC/PSC and AIH patients maintained low serum hepcidin during the course of their two-year long treatment. In summary, parallel determination of liver hepcidin mRNA and serum hepcidin in patients with chronic liver diseases shows that circulating hepcidin and its respective ratio to ferritin are significantly diminished in patients with autoimmune liver diseases. These novel findings, once confirmed by follow-up studies involving bigger size and better-matched disease subgroups, should be taken into consideration during diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune liver diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/blood
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/genetics
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Ferritins/blood
- Hepatitis B/blood
- Hepatitis B/genetics
- Hepatitis B/pathology
- Hepatitis C/blood
- Hepatitis C/genetics
- Hepatitis C/pathology
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/blood
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/genetics
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/pathology
- Hepcidins/blood
- Hepcidins/genetics
- Humans
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/blood
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/blood
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/genetics
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Lyberopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Institute for Research & Technology—Thessaly (IRETETH), Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Chachami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Institute for Research & Technology—Thessaly (IRETETH), Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos K. Gatselis
- Department of Medicine & Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleni Kyratzopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Asterios Saitis
- Department of Medicine & Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Stella Gabeta
- Department of Medicine & Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Petros Eliades
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Efrosini Paraskeva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Zachou
- Department of Medicine & Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - George K. Koukoulis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Avgi Mamalaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - George N. Dalekos
- Department of Medicine & Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- * E-mail: (GS); (GND)
| | - George Simos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Institute for Research & Technology—Thessaly (IRETETH), Larissa, Greece
- * E-mail: (GS); (GND)
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Li S, Cheng Y, Zhao H, Jia M, Luo Z, Tang Y. Successful construction and stable expression of an anti-CD45RA scFv–EGFP fusion protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 94:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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