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Pinyomahakul J, Ise M, Kawamura M, Yamada T, Okuyama K, Shibata S, Takizawa J, Abe M, Sakimura K, Takebayashi H. Analysis of Brain, Blood, and Testis Phenotypes Lacking the Vps13a Gene in C57BL/6N Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7776. [PMID: 39063018 PMCID: PMC11277237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Vps13a gene encodes a lipid transfer protein called VPS13A, or chorein, associated with mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs), mitochondria-endosomes, and lipid droplets. This protein plays a crucial role in inter-organelle communication and lipid transport. Mutations in the VPS13A gene are implicated in the pathogenesis of chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc), a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by chorea, orofacial dyskinesias, hyperkinetic movements, seizures, cognitive impairment, and acanthocytosis. Previous mouse models of ChAc have shown variable disease phenotypes depending on the genetic background. In this study, we report the generation of a Vps13a flox allele in a pure C57BL/6N mouse background and the subsequent creation of Vps13a knockout (KO) mice via Cre-recombination. Our Vps13a KO mice exhibited increased reticulocytes but not acanthocytes in peripheral blood smears. Additionally, there were no significant differences in the GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells in the striatum, the basal ganglia of the central nervous system. Interestingly, we observed abnormal spermatogenesis leading to male infertility. These findings indicate that Vps13a KO mice are valuable models for studying male infertility and some hematological aspects of ChAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitrapa Pinyomahakul
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (J.P.)
| | - Masataka Ise
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (J.P.)
| | - Meiko Kawamura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; (M.K.); (M.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (T.Y.); (J.T.)
| | - Kentaro Okuyama
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Jun Takizawa
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (T.Y.); (J.T.)
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; (M.K.); (M.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; (M.K.); (M.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (J.P.)
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Sugumaran R, Bhuvaneswaran R. A Man With Progressive Chorea and Abnormal Trunk Movements. Cureus 2024; 16:e62004. [PMID: 38989367 PMCID: PMC11233200 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroacanthocytosis (NA) syndromes are a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by the presence of abnormally shaped red blood cells (acanthocytes) and the progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia, leading to various neurological and systemic symptoms. The "rubber man" gait, characterized by distinctive flexions of the neck (manifesting as head drops) and the trunk, is seen in advanced chorea-acanthocytosis. A 35-year-old male patient presented with progressive abnormal movements affecting his limbs and face, along with dysphagia resulting from involuntary protrusion of the tongue and biting of the cheeks and lips over the past three years. He used to place the food on the back of his tongue and throw his head back to begin swallowing. He also kept a towel in his mouth to absorb saliva and prevent cheek and lip biting. The neurologic examination revealed generalized chorea, severe orolingual dystonia (eating dystonia), and sudden loss of tone while walking, resulting in flexion of the trunk followed by extension. We believe that these features could serve as definitive clinical indicators for chorea-acanthocytosis, providing valuable diagnostic insights, especially when accompanied by self-mutilatory mouth movements or feeding-related tongue dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Sugumaran
- Neurology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
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Wang Y, Yang J. ER-organelle contacts: A signaling hub for neurological diseases. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107149. [PMID: 38518830 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal health is closely linked to the homeostasis of intracellular organelles, and organelle dysfunction affects the pathological progression of neurological diseases. In contrast to isolated cellular compartments, a growing number of studies have found that organelles are largely interdependent structures capable of communicating through membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs have been identified as key pathways mediating inter-organelle communication crosstalk in neurons, and their alterations have been linked to neurological disease pathology. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membrane-bound organelle capable of forming an extensive network of pools and tubules with important physiological functions within neurons. There are multiple MCSs between the ER and other organelles and the plasma membrane (PM), which regulate a variety of cellular processes. In this review, we focus on ER-organelle MCSs and their role in a variety of neurological diseases. We compared the biological effects between different tethering proteins and the effects of their respective disease counterparts. We also discuss how altered ER-organelle contacts may affect disease pathogenesis. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of ER-organelle MCSs in neuronal homeostasis will lay the foundation for the development of new therapies targeting ER-organelle contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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Alkahtani S, Alkahtane AA, Stournaras C, Alarifi S. Chorein sensitive microtubule organization in tumor cells. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16074. [PMID: 37744224 PMCID: PMC10517657 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to analyzed the involvement of chorein in microtubules organization of three types of malignant; rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells (ZF), rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RH30), and rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD). ZF are expressing high chorein levels. Previous studies revealed that chorein protein silencing in ZF tumor cells persuaded apoptotic response followed by cell death. In addition, in numerous malignant and non-malignant cells this protein regulates actin cytoskeleton structure and cellular signaling. However, the function of chorein protein in microtubular organization is yet to be established. Methods In a current research study, we analyzed the involvement of chorein in microtubules organization by using three types of malignant rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We have applied confocal laser-scanning microscopy to analyze microtubules structure and RT-PCR to examine cytoskeletal gene transcription. Results We report here that in rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RH30), chorein silencing induced disarrangement of microtubular network. This was documented by laser scanning microscopy and further quantified by FACS analysis. Interestingly and in agreement with previous reports, tubulin gene transcription in RH cells was unchanged upon silencing of chorein protein. Equally, confocal analysis showed minor disordered microtubules organization with evidently weakened staining in rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD and ZF) after silencing of chorein protein. Conclusion These results disclose that chorein silencing induces considerable structural disorganization of tubulin network in RH30 human rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells. Additional studies are now needed to establish the role of chorein in regulating cytoskeleton architecture in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alkahtane
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kim S, Coukos R, Gao F, Krainc D. Dysregulation of organelle membrane contact sites in neurological diseases. Neuron 2022; 110:2386-2408. [PMID: 35561676 PMCID: PMC9357093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The defining evolutionary feature of eukaryotic cells is the emergence of membrane-bound organelles. Compartmentalization allows each organelle to maintain a spatially, physically, and chemically distinct environment, which greatly bolsters individual organelle function. However, the activities of each organelle must be balanced and are interdependent for cellular homeostasis. Therefore, properly regulated interactions between organelles, either physically or functionally, remain critical for overall cellular health and behavior. In particular, neuronal homeostasis depends heavily on the proper regulation of organelle function and cross talk, and deficits in these functions are frequently associated with diseases. In this review, we examine the emerging role of organelle contacts in neurological diseases and discuss how the disruption of contacts contributes to disease pathogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and regulation of organelle contacts will broaden our knowledge of their role in health and disease, laying the groundwork for the development of new therapies targeting interorganelle cross talk and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Robert Coukos
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Fanding Gao
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Nishioka K, Imai Y, Yoshino H, Li Y, Funayama M, Hattori N. Clinical Manifestations and Molecular Backgrounds of Parkinson's Disease Regarding Genes Identified From Familial and Population Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:764917. [PMID: 35720097 PMCID: PMC9201061 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.764917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, numerous robust analyses have identified over 20 genes related to familial Parkinson's disease (PD), thereby uncovering its molecular underpinnings and giving rise to more sophisticated approaches to investigate its pathogenesis. α-Synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies (LBs) and behaves in a prion-like manner. The discovery of α-Synuclein enables an in-depth understanding of the pathology behind the generation of LBs and dopaminergic neuronal loss. Understanding the pathophysiological roles of genes identified from PD families is uncovering the molecular mechanisms, such as defects in dopamine biosynthesis and metabolism, excessive oxidative stress, dysfunction of mitochondrial maintenance, and abnormalities in the autophagy–lysosome pathway, involved in PD pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on familial PD genes detected by both single-gene analyses obeying the Mendelian inheritance and meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from genome libraries of PD. Studying the functional role of these genes might potentially elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying familial PD and sporadic PD and stimulate future investigations to decipher the common pathways between the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kenya Nishioka
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Yuzuru Imai
| | - Hiroyo Yoshino
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Funayama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kaminska J, Soczewka P, Rzepnikowska W, Zoladek T. Yeast as a Model to Find New Drugs and Drug Targets for VPS13-Dependent Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095106. [PMID: 35563497 PMCID: PMC9104724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human VPS13A-D genes result in rare neurological diseases, including chorea-acanthocytosis. The pathogenesis of these diseases is poorly understood, and no effective treatment is available. As VPS13 genes are evolutionarily conserved, the effects of the pathogenic mutations could be studied in model organisms, including yeast, where one VPS13 gene is present. In this review, we summarize advancements obtained using yeast. In recent studies, vps13Δ and vps13-I2749 yeast mutants, which are models of chorea-acanthocytosis, were used to screen for multicopy and chemical suppressors. Two of the suppressors, a fragment of the MYO3 and RCN2 genes, act by downregulating calcineurin activity. In addition, vps13Δ suppression was achieved by using calcineurin inhibitors. The other group of multicopy suppressors were genes: FET4, encoding iron transporter, and CTR1, CTR3 and CCC2, encoding copper transporters. Mechanisms of their suppression rely on causing an increase in the intracellular iron content. Moreover, among the identified chemical suppressors were copper ionophores, which require a functional iron uptake system for activity, and flavonoids, which bind iron. These findings point at areas for further investigation in a higher eukaryotic model of VPS13-related diseases and to new therapeutic targets: calcium signalling and copper and iron homeostasis. Furthermore, the identified drugs are interesting candidates for drug repurposing for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Garrido-Fernández A, Santos-Lasaosa S, Bellosta-Diago E, Sáchez-Valiente S. New pathogenic mutation of chorea-acanthocytosis. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Urata Y, Nakamura M, Sasaki N, Shiokawa N, Nishida Y, Arai K, Hiwatashi H, Yokoyama I, Narumi S, Terayama Y, Murakami T, Ugawa Y, Sakamoto H, Kaneko S, Nakazawa Y, Yamasaki R, Sadashima S, Sakai T, Arai H, Sano A. Novel pathogenic XK mutations in McLeod syndrome and interaction between XK protein and chorein. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2019; 5:e328. [PMID: 31086825 PMCID: PMC6481271 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify XK pathologic mutations in 6 patients with suspected McLeod syndrome (MLS) and a possible interaction between the chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc)- and MLS-responsible proteins: chorein and XK protein. Methods Erythrocyte membrane proteins from patients with suspected MLS and patients with ChAc, ChAc mutant carriers, and normal controls were analyzed by XK and chorein immunoblotting. We performed mutation analysis and XK immunoblotting to molecularly diagnose the patients with suspected MLS. Lysates of cultured cells were co-immunoprecipitated with anti-XK and anti-chorein antibodies. Results All suspected MLS cases were molecularly diagnosed with MLS, and novel mutations were identified. The average onset age was 46.8 ± 8 years, which was older than that of the patients with ChAc. The immunoblot analysis revealed remarkably reduced chorein immunoreactivity in all patients with MLS. The immunoprecipitation analysis indicated a direct or indirect chorein-XK interaction. Conclusions In this study, XK pathogenic mutations were identified in all 6 MLS cases, including novel mutations. Chorein immunoreactions were significantly reduced in MLS erythrocyte membranes. In addition, we demonstrated a possible interaction between the chorein and XK protein via molecular analysis. The reduction in chorein expression is similar to that between Kell antigens and XK protein, although the chorein-XK interaction is a possibly noncovalent binding unlike the covalent Kell-XK complex. Our results suggest that reduced chorein levels following lack of XK protein are possibly associated with molecular pathogenesis in MLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Urata
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Natsuki Sasaki
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Nari Shiokawa
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Kaoru Arai
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Hanae Hiwatashi
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Izumi Yokoyama
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Narumi
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terayama
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Takenobu Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakamoto
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakazawa
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Shoko Sadashima
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sakai
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Arai
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
| | - Akira Sano
- Department of Psychiatry (Y. Urata, M.N., N. Sasaki, N. Shiokawa, Y. Nishida, K.A., H.H., I.Y., A.S.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Department of Neurology and Gerontology (S.N., Y.T.), Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Department of Neurology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neuro-regeneration, Department of Neurology (Y. Ugawa), School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University; Department of Neurology (H.S., S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Hirakata; Department of Neurology (Y. Nakazawa, R.Y., S.S.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital; and Department of General Medicine (H.A.), Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Japan
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10
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Peikert K, Danek A, Hermann A. Current state of knowledge in Chorea-Acanthocytosis as core Neuroacanthocytosis syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Kumar N, Leonzino M, Hancock-Cerutti W, Horenkamp FA, Li P, Lees JA, Wheeler H, Reinisch KM, De Camilli P. VPS13A and VPS13C are lipid transport proteins differentially localized at ER contact sites. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3625-3639. [PMID: 30093493 PMCID: PMC6168267 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and biochemical studies show that VPS13 family proteins are lipid transporters. VPS13A and VPS13C tether the ER to mitochondria and to endosomes/lysosomes, respectively, suggesting lipid dyshomeostasis as the cause of chorea acanthocytosis and Parkinson’s disease resulting from their mutations. Mutations in the human VPS13 genes are responsible for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders including chorea acanthocytosis (VPS13A) and Parkinson’s disease (VPS13C). The mechanisms of these diseases are unknown. Genetic studies in yeast hinted that Vps13 may have a role in lipid exchange between organelles. In this study, we show that the N-terminal portion of VPS13 is tubular, with a hydrophobic cavity that can solubilize and transport glycerolipids between membranes. We also show that human VPS13A and VPS13C bind to the ER, tethering it to mitochondria (VPS13A), to late endosome/lysosomes (VPS13C), and to lipid droplets (both VPS13A and VPS13C). These findings identify VPS13 as a lipid transporter between the ER and other organelles, implicating defects in membrane lipid homeostasis in neurological disorders resulting from their mutations. Sequence and secondary structure similarity between the N-terminal portions of Vps13 and other proteins such as the autophagy protein ATG2 suggest lipid transport roles for these proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikit Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Marianna Leonzino
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - William Hancock-Cerutti
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Florian A Horenkamp
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - PeiQi Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joshua A Lees
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Heather Wheeler
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Karin M Reinisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT .,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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12
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Garrido-Fernández A, Santos-Lasaosa S, Bellosta-Diago E, Sáchez-Valiente S. New pathogenic mutation of chorea-acanthocytosis. Neurologia 2018; 35:73-74. [PMID: 29752031 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Garrido-Fernández
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España.
| | - S Santos-Lasaosa
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España
| | - E Bellosta-Diago
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España
| | - S Sáchez-Valiente
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España
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13
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Rzepnikowska W, Flis K, Muñoz-Braceras S, Menezes R, Escalante R, Zoladek T. Yeast and other lower eukaryotic organisms for studies of Vps13 proteins in health and disease. Traffic 2017; 18:711-719. [PMID: 28846184 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human Vps13 proteins are associated with several diseases, including the neurodegenerative disorder Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc), yet the biology of these proteins is still poorly understood. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Dictyostelium discoideum, Tetrahymena thermophila and Drosophila melanogaster point to the involvement of Vps13 in cytoskeleton organization, vesicular trafficking, autophagy, phagocytosis, endocytosis, proteostasis, sporulation and mitochondrial functioning. Recent findings show that yeast Vps13 binds to phosphatidylinositol lipids via 4 different regions and functions at membrane contact sites, enlarging the list of Vps13 functions. This review describes the great potential of simple eukaryotes to decipher disease mechanisms in higher organisms and highlights novel insights into the pathological role of Vps13 towards ChAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Flis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Regina Menezes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Escalante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Neuronal Dysfunction in iPSC-Derived Medium Spiny Neurons from Chorea-Acanthocytosis Patients Is Reversed by Src Kinase Inhibition and F-Actin Stabilization. J Neurosci 2017; 36:12027-12043. [PMID: 27881786 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0456-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a fatal neurological disorder characterized by red blood cell acanthocytes and striatal neurodegeneration. Recently, severe cell membrane disturbances based on depolymerized cortical actin and an elevated Lyn kinase activity in erythrocytes from ChAc patients were identified. How this contributes to the mechanism of neurodegeneration is still unknown. To gain insight into the pathophysiology, we established a ChAc patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell model and an efficient differentiation protocol providing a large population of human striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the main target of neurodegeneration in ChAc. Patient-derived MSNs displayed enhanced neurite outgrowth and ramification, whereas synaptic density was similar to controls. Electrophysiological analysis revealed a pathologically elevated synaptic activity in ChAc MSNs. Treatment with the F-actin stabilizer phallacidin or the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 resulted in the significant reduction of disinhibited synaptic currents to healthy control levels, suggesting a Src kinase- and actin-dependent mechanism. This was underlined by increased G/F-actin ratios and elevated Lyn kinase activity in patient-derived MSNs. These data indicate that F-actin stabilization and Src kinase inhibition represent potential therapeutic targets in ChAc that may restore neuronal function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease without a known cure. To gain pathophysiological insight, we newly established a human in vitro model using skin biopsies from ChAc patients to generate disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and developed an efficient iPSC differentiation protocol providing striatal medium spiny neurons. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, we detected a pathologically enhanced synaptic activity in ChAc neurons. Healthy control levels of synaptic activity could be restored by treatment of ChAc neurons with the F-actin stabilizer phallacidin and the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Because Src kinases are involved in bridging the membrane to the actin cytoskeleton by membrane protein phosphorylation, our data suggest an actin-dependent mechanism of this dysfunctional phenotype and potential treatment targets in ChAc.
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15
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Abstract
Chorea-acanthocytosis (Ch-Ac) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by adult-onset chorea, acanthocytes in the peripheral blood, and Huntington's disease-like neuropsychiatric symptoms. Animal studies have shown mutation-related dysregulated cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory networks in its pathophysiology. Herein we found that in patients with Ch-Ac there is a striking alteration of intracortical inhibitory circuits detected by using paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols. Our findings show in vivo the functional disruption of GABA(A)-mediated networks in humans with Ch-Ac supporting the existing data in mice models with this condition.
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16
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Rzepnikowska W, Flis K, Kaminska J, Grynberg M, Urbanek A, Ayscough KR, Zoladek T. Amino acid substitution equivalent to human chorea-acanthocytosis I2771R in yeast Vps13 protein affects its binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1497-1510. [PMID: 28334785 PMCID: PMC5393151 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rare human disorder chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is caused by mutations in hVPS13A gene. The hVps13A protein interacts with actin and regulates the level of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in the membranes of neuronal cells. Yeast Vps13 is involved in vacuolar protein transport and, like hVps13A, participates in PI4P metabolism. Vps13 proteins are conserved in eukaryotes, but their molecular function remains unknown. One of the mutations found in ChAc patients causes amino acids substitution I2771R which affects the localization of hVps13A in skeletal muscles. To dissect the mechanism of pathogenesis of I2771R, we created and analyzed a yeast strain carrying the equivalent mutation. Here we show that in yeast, substitution I2749R causes dysfunction of Vps13 protein in endocytosis and vacuolar transport, although the level of the protein is not affected, suggesting loss of function. We also show that Vps13, like hVps13A, influences actin cytoskeleton organization and binds actin in immunoprecipitation experiments. Vps13-I2749R binds actin, but does not function in the actin cytoskeleton organization. Moreover, we show that Vps13 binds phospholipids, especially phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), via its SHR_BD and APT1 domains. Substitution I2749R attenuates this ability. Finally, the localization of Vps13-GFP is altered when cellular levels of PI3P are decreased indicating its trafficking within the endosomal membrane system. These results suggest that PI3P regulates the functioning of Vps13, both in protein trafficking and actin cytoskeleton organization. Attenuation of PI3P-binding ability in the mutant hVps13A protein may be one of the reasons for its mislocalization and disrupted function in cells of patients suffering from ChAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Flis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Grynberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Urbanek
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kathryn R Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Drug-induced endovesiculation of erythrocytes is modulated by the dynamics in the cytoskeleton/membrane interaction. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 64:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Temprano-Fernández M, Asensi-Álvarez J, Álvarez-Martínez M, Buesa-García C. Neuroacanthocytosis: A new mutation. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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19
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Abstract
Myers and Payne discuss work by De et al. describing the unique structure of Vps13 and its role in trafficking Yeast Vps13 is a member of a conserved protein family that includes human homologues associated with neurodegenerative and developmental disorders. In this issue, De et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201606078) establish direct roles for Vps13 and its surprising binding partner, the calcium-binding centrin Cdc31, in trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosome traffic and TGN homotypic fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret D Myers
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Gregory S Payne
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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20
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De M, Oleskie AN, Ayyash M, Dutta S, Mancour L, Abazeed ME, Brace EJ, Skiniotis G, Fuller RS. The Vps13p-Cdc31p complex is directly required for TGN late endosome transport and TGN homotypic fusion. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:425-439. [PMID: 28122955 PMCID: PMC5294781 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
VPS13 proteins are widely conserved in eukaryotes and associated with human neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. De et al. describe the lipid specificity and structure of yeast Vps13p, providing insight into its role in both TGN late endosome transport and TGN homotypic fusion. Yeast VPS13 is the founding member of a eukaryotic gene family of growing interest in cell biology and medicine. Mutations in three of four human VPS13 genes cause autosomal recessive neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disease, making yeast Vps13p an important structural and functional model. Using cell-free reconstitution with purified Vps13p, we show that Vps13p is directly required both for transport from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the late endosome/prevacuolar compartment (PVC) and for TGN homotypic fusion. Vps13p must be in complex with the small calcium-binding protein Cdc31p to be active. Single-particle electron microscopic analysis of negatively stained Vps13p indicates that this 358-kD protein is folded into a compact rod-shaped density (20 × 4 nm) with a loop structure at one end with a circular opening ∼6 nm in diameter. Vps13p exhibits ATP-stimulated binding to yeast membranes and specific interactions with phosphatidic acid and phosphorylated forms of phosphatidyl inositol at least in part through the binding affinities of conserved N- and C-terminal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithu De
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Austin N Oleskie
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mariam Ayyash
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Liliya Mancour
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mohamed E Abazeed
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Eddy J Brace
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert S Fuller
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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21
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Lupo F, Tibaldi E, Matte A, Sharma AK, Brunati AM, Alper SL, Zancanaro C, Benati D, Siciliano A, Bertoldi M, Zonta F, Storch A, Walker RH, Danek A, Bader B, Hermann A, De Franceschi L. A new molecular link between defective autophagy and erythroid abnormalities in chorea-acanthocytosis. Blood 2016; 128:2976-2987. [PMID: 27742708 PMCID: PMC5179337 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-727321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorea-acanthocytosis is one of the hereditary neurodegenerative disorders known as the neuroacanthocytoses. Chorea-acanthocytosis is characterized by circulating acanthocytes deficient in chorein, a protein of unknown function. We report here for the first time that chorea-acanthocytosis red cells are characterized by impaired autophagy, with cytoplasmic accumulation of active Lyn and of autophagy-related proteins Ulk1 and Atg7. In chorea-acanthocytosis erythrocytes, active Lyn is sequestered by HSP90-70 to form high-molecular-weight complexes that stabilize and protect Lyn from its proteasomal degradation, contributing to toxic Lyn accumulation. An interplay between accumulation of active Lyn and autophagy was found in chorea-acanthocytosis based on Lyn coimmunoprecipitation with Ulk1 and Atg7 and on the presence of Ulk1 in Lyn-containing high-molecular-weight complexes. In addition, chorein associated with Atg7 in healthy but not in chorea-acanthocytosis erythrocytes. Electron microscopy detected multivesicular bodies and membrane remnants only in circulating chorea-acanthocytosis red cells. In addition, reticulocyte-enriched chorea-acanthocytosis red cell fractions exhibited delayed clearance of mitochondria and lysosomes, further supporting the impairment of authophagic flux. Because autophagy is also important in erythropoiesis, we studied in vitro CD34+-derived erythroid precursors. In chorea-acanthocytosis, we found (1) dyserythropoiesis; (2) increased active Lyn; (3) accumulation of a marker of autophagic flux and autolysososme degradation; (4) accumlation of Lamp1, a lysosmal membrane protein, and LAMP1-positive aggregates; and (5) reduced clearance of lysosomes and mitochondria. Our results uncover in chorea-acanthocytosis erythroid cells an association between accumulation of active Lyn and impaired autophagy, suggesting a link between chorein and autophagic vesicle trafficking in erythroid maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lupo
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matte
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alok K Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Vascular Biology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Vascular Biology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donatella Benati
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Siciliano
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mariarita Bertoldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Zonta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alexander Storch
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, and
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruth H Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; and
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bader
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
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Mehta ZB, Fine N, Pullen TJ, Cane MC, Hu M, Chabosseau P, Meur G, Velayos-Baeza A, Monaco AP, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Rutter GA. Changes in the expression of the type 2 diabetes-associated gene VPS13C in the β-cell are associated with glucose intolerance in humans and mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E488-507. [PMID: 27329800 PMCID: PMC5005967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) close to the VPS13C, C2CD4A and C2CD4B genes on chromosome 15q are associated with impaired fasting glucose and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. eQTL analysis revealed an association between possession of risk (C) alleles at a previously implicated causal SNP, rs7163757, and lowered VPS13C and C2CD4A levels in islets from female (n = 40, P < 0.041) but not from male subjects. Explored using promoter-reporter assays in β-cells and other cell lines, the risk variant at rs7163757 lowered enhancer activity. Mice deleted for Vps13c selectively in the β-cell were generated by crossing animals bearing a floxed allele at exon 1 to mice expressing Cre recombinase under Ins1 promoter control (Ins1Cre). Whereas Vps13c(fl/fl):Ins1Cre (βVps13cKO) mice displayed normal weight gain compared with control littermates, deletion of Vps13c had little effect on glucose tolerance. Pancreatic histology revealed no significant change in β-cell mass in KO mice vs. controls, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated islets was not altered in vitro between control and βVps13cKO mice. However, a tendency was observed in female null mice for lower insulin levels and β-cell function (HOMA-B) in vivo. Furthermore, glucose-stimulated increases in intracellular free Ca(2+) were significantly increased in islets from female KO mice, suggesting impaired Ca(2+) sensitivity of the secretory machinery. The present data thus provide evidence for a limited role for changes in VPS13C expression in conferring altered disease risk at this locus, particularly in females, and suggest that C2CD4A may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenobia B Mehta
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Fine
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Pullen
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Cane
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Hu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gargi Meur
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
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23
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Sasaki N, Nakamura M, Kodama A, Urata Y, Shiokawa N, Hayashi T, Sano A. Chorein interacts with α‐tubulin and histone deacetylase 6, and overexpression preserves cell viability during nutrient deprivation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. FASEB J 2016; 30:3726-3732. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500191rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Sasaki
- Department of PsychiatryKagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Department of PsychiatryKagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Akiko Kodama
- Department of PsychiatryKagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Yuka Urata
- Department of PsychiatryKagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Nari Shiokawa
- Department of PsychiatryKagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Takehiro Hayashi
- Department of PsychiatryKagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Akira Sano
- Department of PsychiatryKagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
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24
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Krieger C, Wang SJH, Yoo SH, Harden N. Adducin at the Neuromuscular Junction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Hanging on for Dear Life. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:11. [PMID: 26858605 PMCID: PMC4731495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurological dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neurone disease (MND) is associated with defective nerve-muscle contacts early in the disease suggesting that perturbations of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) linking the pre- and post-synaptic components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) are involved. To search for candidate proteins implicated in this degenerative process, researchers have studied the Drosophila larval NMJ and find that the cytoskeleton-associated protein, adducin, is ideally placed to regulate synaptic contacts. By controlling the levels of synaptic proteins, adducin can de-stabilize synaptic contacts. Interestingly, elevated levels of phosphorylated adducin have been reported in ALS patients and in a mouse model of the disease. Adducin is regulated by phosphorylation through protein kinase C (PKC), some isoforms of which exhibit Ca2+-dependence, raising the possibility that changes in intracellular Ca2+ might alter PKC activation and secondarily influence adducin phosphorylation. Furthermore, adducin has interactions with the alpha subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Thus, the phosphorylation of adducin may secondarily influence synaptic stability at the NMJ and so influence pre- and post-synaptic integrity at the NMJ in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Krieger
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Simon Ji Hau Wang
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Soo Hyun Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas Harden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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25
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Temprano-Fernández MT, Asensi-Álvarez JM, Álvarez-Martínez MV, Buesa-García C. Neuroacanthocytosis: A new mutation. Neurologia 2015; 32:197-199. [PMID: 26307126 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M V Álvarez-Martínez
- Servicio de Genética Molecular, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - C Buesa-García
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
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26
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Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Cluitmans JCA, Bosman GJCGM. Neuroacanthocytosis: Observations, Theories and Perspectives on the Origin and Significance of Acanthocytes. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 5:328. [PMID: 26317043 PMCID: PMC4548760 DOI: 10.7916/d8vh5n2m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of acanthocytes in the blood is characteristic of patients suffering from neuroacanthocytosis (NA). Recent studies have described abnormal phosphorylation of the proteins involved in connecting the membrane and cytoskeleton in patient-derived erythrocytes. The involvement of lipids in the underlying signaling pathways and recent reports on in vitro disease-associated lipid alterations support renewed research into lipid composition, signal transduction, and metabolism in patient erythrocytes. In addition to morphology, changes in membrane organization affect erythrocyte function and survival. Patient erythrocytes may have a decreased ability to deform, and this may contribute to accelerated erythrocyte removal and a decreased oxygen supply, especially in vulnerable brain regions. The presently available data indicate that acanthocytes are likely to originate in the bone marrow, making erythropoiesis an obvious new focus in NA research. Moreover, new, detailed morphological observations indicate that acanthocytes may be the tip of the iceberg with regard to misshapen erythrocytes in the circulation of patients with NA. A systematic assessment of patient erythrocyte morphology, deformability, oxygen delivery, and metabolism will be instrumental in determining the putative contribution of erythrocyte function to NA clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel J W Adjobo-Hermans
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith C A Cluitmans
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel J C G M Bosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Walker RH. Untangling the Thorns: Advances in the Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes. J Mov Disord 2015; 8:41-54. [PMID: 26090076 PMCID: PMC4460540 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been significant advances in neuroacanthocytosis (NA) syndromes in the past 20 years, however, confusion still exists regarding the precise nature of these disorders and the correct nomenclature. This article seeks to clarify these issues and to summarise the recent literature in the field. The four key NA syndromes are described here-chorea-acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, Huntington's disease-like 2, and pantothenate kinase- associated neurodegeneration. In the first two, acanthocytosis is a frequent, although not invariable, finding; in the second two, it occurs in approximately 10% of patients. Degeneration affecting the basal ganglia is the key neuropathologic finding, thus the clinical presentations can be remarkably similar. The characteristic phenotype comprises a variety of movement disorders, including chorea, dystonia, and parkinsonism, and also psychiatric and cognitive symptoms attributable to basal ganglia dysfunction. The age of onset, inheritance patterns, and ethnic background differ in each condition, providing diagnostic clues. Other investigations, including routine blood testing and neuroimaging can be informative. Genetic diagnosis, if available, provides a definitive diagnosis, and is important for genetic counseling, and hopefully molecular therapies in the future. In this article I provide a historical perspective on each NA syndrome. The first 3 disorders, chorea-acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, Huntington's disease-like 2, are discussed in detail, with a comprehensive review of the literature to date for each, while pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration is presented in summary, as this disorder has recently been reviewed in this journal. Therapy for all of these diseases is, at present, purely symptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H. Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Park JS, Halegoua S, Kishida S, Neiman AM. A conserved function in phosphatidylinositol metabolism for mammalian Vps13 family proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124836. [PMID: 25915401 PMCID: PMC4411106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vps13 protein family is highly conserved in eukaryotic cells. In humans, mutations in the gene encoding the family member VPS13A lead to the neurodegenerative disorder chorea-acanthocytosis. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there is just a single version of VPS13, thereby simplifying the task of unraveling its molecular function(s). While VPS13 was originally identified in yeast by its role in vacuolar sorting, recent studies have revealed a completely different function for VPS13 in sporulation, where VPS13 regulates phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) levels in the prospore membrane. This discovery raises the possibility that the disease phenotype associated with vps13A mutants in humans is due to misregulation of PtdIns(4)P in membranes. To determine whether VPS13A affects PtdIns(4)P in membranes from mammalian neuronal cells, phosphatidylinositol phosphate pools were compared in PC12 tissue culture cells in the absence or presence of VPS13A. Consistent with the yeast results, the localization of PtdIns(4)P is specifically altered in VPS13A knockdown cells while other phosphatidylinositol phosphates appear unaffected. In addition, VPS13A is necessary to prevent the premature degeneration of neurites that develop in response to Nerve Growth Factor. The regulation of PtdIns(4)P is therefore a conserved function of the Vps13 family and may play a role in the maintenance of neuronal processes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sook Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794–5215, United States of America
| | - Simon Halegoua
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794–5230, United States of America
| | - Shosei Kishida
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890–8544, Japan
| | - Aaron M. Neiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794–5215, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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