1
|
Wu T, Jiang Y, Shi W, Wang Y, Li T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a novel targeted approach to repair bone defects by regulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:480. [PMID: 37464413 PMCID: PMC10353205 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration therapy is clinically important, and targeted regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is important in regenerative medicine. The processing of proteins in the ER controls cell fate. The accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins occurs in pathological states, triggering ER stress. ER stress restores homeostasis through three main mechanisms, including protein kinase-R-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1ɑ (IRE1ɑ) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the UPR has both adaptive and apoptotic effects. Modulation of ER stress has therapeutic potential for numerous diseases. Repair of bone defects involves both angiogenesis and bone regeneration. Here, we review the effects of ER stress on osteogenesis and angiogenesis, with emphasis on ER stress under high glucose (HG) and inflammatory conditions, and the use of ER stress inducers or inhibitors to regulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, we highlight the ability for exosomes to regulate ER stress. Recent advances in the regulation of ER stress mediated osteogenesis and angiogenesis suggest novel therapeutic options for bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weipeng Shi
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mu Z, Tang X, Wang J, Chen Y, Cui K, Rao X, Li J, Yang G. Construction and external validation of a nomogram model for predicting the risk of esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection: a multicenter case-control study. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:226. [PMID: 37393226 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal stricture is a common complication after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for superficial esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions, we intend to investigate the independent risk factors of esophageal stricture after ESD by adding the data of included living habits, established a nomogram model to predict the risk of esophageal stricture, and verified it by external data. The clinical data and living habits of patients with early esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions who underwent ESD in the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College and Langzhong People's Hospital from March 2017 to August 2021 were retrospectively collected. The data collected from the two hospitals were used as the development group (n = 256) and the validation group (n = 105), respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine independent risk factors for esophageal stricture after ESD and establish a nomogram model for the development group. The prediction performance of the nomogram model is internally and externally verified by calculating C-Index and plotting the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calibration curve, respectively. The results showed that Age, drinking water temperature, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, the extent of esophageal mucosal defect, longitudinal diameter of resected mucosa, and depth of tissue invasion (P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for esophageal stricture after ESD. The C-Index of the development group and validation group was 0.925 and 0.861, respectively. The ROC curve and area under the curve (AUC) of the two groups suggested that the discrimination and prediction performance of the model were good. The two groups of calibration curves are consistent and almost overlap with the ideal calibration curve, indicating that the predicted results of this model are in good agreement with the actual observed results. In conclusion, this nomogram model has a high accuracy for predicting the risk of esophageal stricture after ESD, providing a theoretical basis for reducing or avoiding esophageal stricture and guiding clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Langzhong People's Hospital, Langzhong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingting Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, China
| | - Kui Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingyu Rao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ashton KJ, Kiessling CJ, Thompson JLM, Aziz AY, Thomas WG, Headrick JP, Reichelt ME. Early cardiac aging linked to impaired stress-resistance and transcriptional control of stress response, quality control and mitochondrial pathways. Exp Gerontol 2023; 171:112011. [PMID: 36347360 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic and transcriptomic evidence of early cardiac aging, and associated mechanisms, were investigated in young to middle-aged male mice (C57Bl/6; ages 8, 16, 32, 48 wks). Left ventricular gene expression (profiled via Illumina MouseWG-6 BeadChips), contractile and coronary function, and stress-resistance were assessed in Langendorff perfused hearts under normoxic conditions and following ischemic insult (20 min global ischemia-45 min reperfusion; I-R). Baseline or normoxic contractile function was unaltered by age, while cardiac and coronary 'reserves' (during β-adrenoceptor stimulation; 1 μM isoproterenol) declined by 48 wks. Resistance to I-R injury fell from 16 to 32 wks. Age-dependent transcriptional changes In un-stressed hearts were limited to 104 genes (>1.3-fold; 0.05 FDR), supporting: up-regulated innate defenses (glutathione and xenobiotic metabolism, chemotaxis, interleukins) and catecholamine secretion; and down-regulated extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factor and survival (PI3K/Akt) signaling. In stressed (post-ischemic) myocardium, ∼15-times as many genes (1528) were age-dependent, grouped into 6 clusters (>1.3-fold change; 0.05 FDR): most changing from 16 wks (45 % up/44 % down), a further 5 % declining from 32 wks. Major age-dependent Biological Processes in I-R hearts reveal: declining ATP metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, cardiac contraction and morphogenesis, phospholipid metabolism and calcineurin signaling; increasing proteolysis and negative control of MAPK; and mixed changes in nuclear transport and angiogenic genes. Pathway analysis supports reductions in: autophagy, stress response, ER protein processing, mRNA surveillance and ribosome/translation genes; with later falls in mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation and proteasome genes in I-R hearts. Summarizing, early cardiac aging is evident from 16 to 32 wks in male mice, characterized by: declining cardiovascular reserve and stress-resistance, transcriptomic evidence of constitutive stress and altered catecholamine and survival/growth signaling in healthy hearts; and declining stress response, quality control, mitochondrial energy metabolism and cardiac modeling processes in stressed hearts. These very early changes, potentially key substrate for advanced aging, may inform approaches to healthy aging and cardioprotection in the adult heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Can J Kiessling
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee M Thompson
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Aliah Y Aziz
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John P Headrick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Von Bank H, Kirsh C, Simcox J. Aging adipose: Depot location dictates age-associated expansion and dysfunction. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101259. [PMID: 33515751 PMCID: PMC8379680 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has a variety of diverse functions that maintain energy homeostasis. In conditions of excess energy availability, adipose tissue increases its lipid storage and communicates the nutritional abundance to various organs in the body. In conditions of energy depletion, such as fasting, cold exposure, or prolonged exercise, triglycerides stored in adipose tissue are released as free fatty acids to support the shift to catabolic metabolism. These diverse functions of storage, communication, and energy homeostasis are shared between numerous adipose depots including subcutaneous, visceral, brown, beige, intramuscular, marrow, and dermal adipose tissue. As organisms age, the cellular composition of these depots shifts to facilitate increased inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased vasculature, and increased adipocyte quantity and lipid droplet size. The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the molecular and cellular changes that occur in various aged adipose depots and discuss their impact on physiology. The molecular signature of aged adipose leads to higher prevalence of metabolic disease in aged populations including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and certain types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helaina Von Bank
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, USA.
| | - Charlie Kirsh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, USA.
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kepchia D, Currais A, Dargusch R, Finley K, Schubert D, Maher P. Geroprotective effects of Alzheimer's disease drug candidates. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3269-3289. [PMID: 33550278 PMCID: PMC7906177 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Geroprotectors are compounds that slow the biological aging process in model organisms and may therefore extend healthy lifespan in humans. It is hypothesized that they do so by preserving the more youthful function of multiple organ systems. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested in any organisms besides C. elegans and D. melanogaster. To determine if two life-extending compounds for Drosophila maintain a more youthful phenotype in old mice, we asked if they had anti-aging effects in both the brain and kidney. We utilized rapidly aging senescence-accelerated SAMP8 mice to investigate age-associated protein level alterations in these organs. The test compounds were two cognition-enhancing Alzheimer's disease drug candidates, J147 and CMS121. Mice were fed the compounds in the last quadrant of their lifespan, when they have cognitive deficits and are beginning to develop CKD. Both compounds improved physiological markers for brain and kidney function. However, these two organs had distinct, tissue-specific protein level alterations that occurred with age, but in both cases, drug treatments restored a more youthful level. These data show that geroprotective AD drug candidates J147 and CMS121 prevent age-associated disease in both brain and kidney, and that their apparent mode of action in each tissue is distinct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kepchia
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antonio Currais
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard Dargusch
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kim Finley
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92115, USA
| | - David Schubert
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barinda AJ, Ikeda K, Nugroho DB, Wardhana DA, Sasaki N, Honda S, Urata R, Matoba S, Hirata KI, Emoto N. Endothelial progeria induces adipose tissue senescence and impairs insulin sensitivity through senescence associated secretory phenotype. Nat Commun 2020; 11:481. [PMID: 31980643 PMCID: PMC6981212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular senescence is thought to play a crucial role in an ageing-associated decline of organ functions; however, whether vascular senescence is causally implicated in age-related disease remains unclear. Here we show that endothelial cell (EC) senescence induces metabolic disorders through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Senescence-messaging secretomes from senescent ECs induced a senescence-like state and reduced insulin receptor substrate-1 in adipocytes, which thereby impaired insulin signaling. We generated EC-specific progeroid mice that overexpressed the dominant negative form of telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 under the control of the Tie2 promoter. EC-specific progeria impaired systemic metabolic health in mice in association with adipose tissue dysfunction even while consuming normal chow. Notably, shared circulation with EC-specific progeroid mice by parabiosis sufficiently transmitted the metabolic disorders into wild-type recipient mice. Our data provides direct evidence that EC senescence impairs systemic metabolic health, and thus establishes EC senescence as a bona fide risk for age-related metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agian Jeffilano Barinda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya 6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Koji Ikeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Dhite Bayu Nugroho
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Donytra Arby Wardhana
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Naoto Sasaki
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Sakiko Honda
- Department of Cardiology, Kyoto Prefectural University Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryota Urata
- Department of Cardiology, Kyoto Prefectural University Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiology, Kyoto Prefectural University Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki, Chuo, Kobe, 6500017, Japan
| | - Noriaki Emoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki, Chuo, Kobe, 6500017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bartold PM, Ivanovski S, Darby I. Implants for the aged patient: biological, clinical and sociological considerations. Periodontol 2000 2016; 72:120-34. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
LeBlanc AJ, Hoying JB. Adaptation of the Coronary Microcirculation in Aging. Microcirculation 2016; 23:157-67. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. LeBlanc
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Innovation Institute; University of Louisville; Louisville Kentucky USA
| | - James B. Hoying
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Innovation Institute; University of Louisville; Louisville Kentucky USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Smith PC, Cáceres M, Martínez C, Oyarzún A, Martínez J. Gingival wound healing: an essential response disturbed by aging? J Dent Res 2015; 94:395-402. [PMID: 25527254 PMCID: PMC4814024 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514563750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival wound healing comprises a series of sequential responses that allow the closure of breaches in the masticatory mucosa. This process is of critical importance to prevent the invasion of microbes or other agents into tissues, avoiding the establishment of a chronic infection. Wound healing may also play an important role during cell and tissue reaction to long-term injury, as it may occur during inflammatory responses and cancer. Recent experimental data have shown that gingival wound healing is severely affected by the aging process. These defects may alter distinct phases of the wound-healing process, including epithelial migration, granulation tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. The cellular and molecular defects that may explain these deficiencies include several biological responses such as an increased inflammatory response, altered integrin signaling, reduced growth factor activity, decreased cell proliferation, diminished angiogenesis, reduced collagen synthesis, augmented collagen remodeling, and deterioration of the proliferative and differentiation potential of stem cells. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular basis of these defects and their possible clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Smith
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Cáceres
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Martínez
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Oyarzún
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Martínez
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matsuo K, Akakabe Y, Kitamura Y, Shimoda Y, Ono K, Ueyama T, Matoba S, Yamada H, Hatakeyama K, Asada Y, Emoto N, Ikeda K. Loss of apoptosis regulator through modulating IAP expression (ARIA) protects blood vessels from atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3784-92. [PMID: 25533470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause for cardiovascular disease. Here we identified a novel mechanism underlying atherosclerosis, which is provided by ARIA (apoptosis regulator through modulating IAP expression), the transmembrane protein that we recently identified. ARIA is expressed in macrophages present in human atherosclerotic plaque as well as in mouse peritoneal macrophages. When challenged with acetylated LDL, peritoneal macrophages isolated from ARIA-deficient mice showed substantially reduced foam cell formation, whereas the uptake did not differ from that in wild-type macrophages. Mechanistically, loss of ARIA enhanced PI3K/Akt signaling and consequently reduced the expression of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1), an enzyme that esterifies cholesterol and promotes its storage, in macrophages. Inhibition of PI3K abolished the reduction in ACAT-1 expression and foam cell formation in ARIA-deficient macrophages. In contrast, overexpression of ARIA reduced Akt activity and enhanced foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages, which was abrogated by treatment with ACAT inhibitor. Of note, genetic deletion of ARIA significantly reduced the atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Oil red-O-positive lipid-rich lesion was reduced, which was accompanied by an increase of collagen fiber and decrease of necrotic core lesion in atherosclerotic plaque in ARIA/ApoE double-deficient mice. Analysis of bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that loss of ARIA in bone marrow cells was sufficient to reduce the atherosclerogenesis in ApoE-deficient mice. Together, we identified a unique role of ARIA in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis at least partly by modulating macrophage foam cell formation. Our results indicate that ARIA could serve as a novel pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonari Matsuo
- From the Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566
| | - Yoshiki Akakabe
- From the Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566
| | - Youhei Kitamura
- From the Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566
| | - Yoshiaki Shimoda
- From the Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566
| | - Kazunori Ono
- From the Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566
| | - Tomomi Ueyama
- From the Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- From the Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- From the Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566
| | - Kinta Hatakeyama
- the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yujiro Asada
- the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Noriaki Emoto
- the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe 6588558, and
| | - Koji Ikeda
- the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe 6588558, and
| |
Collapse
|