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Sanders O, Rajagopal L. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Epidemiology with a Mechanistic Rationale. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:185-215. [PMID: 32715279 PMCID: PMC7369141 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies, clinical trials, and reviews suggest increasing 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) with phosphodiesterase inhibitors is disease-modifying in Alzheimer's disease (AD). cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling are disrupted in AD. cAMP/PKA and cGMP/PKG activate cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). CREB binds mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, inducing synaptogenesis, memory, and neuronal survival gene (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α). cAMP/PKA and cGMP/PKG activate Sirtuin-1, which activates PGC1α. PGC1α induces mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant genes (e.g.,Nrf2) and represses BACE1. cAMP and cGMP inhibit BACE1-inducing NFκB and tau-phosphorylating GSK3β. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We review efficacy-testing clinical trials, epidemiology, and meta-analyses to critically investigate whether phosphodiesteraseinhibitors prevent or treat AD. RESULTS Caffeine and cilostazol may lower AD risk. Denbufylline and sildenafil clinical trials are promising but preliminary and inconclusive. PF-04447943 and BI 409,306 are ineffective. Vinpocetine, cilostazol, and nicergoline trials are mixed. Deprenyl/selegiline trials show only short-term benefits. Broad-spectrum phosphodiesterase inhibitor propentofylline has been shown in five phase III trials to improve cognition, dementia severity, activities of daily living, and global assessment in mild-to-moderate AD patients on multiple scales, including the ADAS-Cogand the CIBIC-Plus in an 18-month phase III clinical trial. However, two books claimed based on a MedScape article an 18-month phase III trial failed, so propentofylline was discontinued. Now, propentofylline is used to treat canine cognitive dysfunction, which, like AD, involves age-associated wild-type Aβ deposition. CONCLUSION Phosphodiesterase inhibitors may prevent and treat AD.
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Zhu M, Zheng R, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Zuo B. NDRG4 promotes myogenesis via Akt/CREB activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101720-101734. [PMID: 29254199 PMCID: PMC5731909 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 4 (NDRG4) plays an important role in biological processes and pathogenesis, but its function in muscle development is unclear. In this study, we investigated the function of the NDRG4 gene in the regulation of myogenic differentiation. NDRG4 expression is upregulated during muscle regeneration and C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Gain and loss of function studies revealed that NDRG4 dramatically promotes expression of myogenic differentiation factor (MyoD), myogenin (MyoG), and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) genes and myotube formation. Mechanistically, the binding of NDRG4 to carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) abates the interaction of CTMP and protein kinase B (Akt) and increases the phosphorylation of Akt and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), which leads to increased expression of myogenic genes. Our results reveal that NDRG4 promotes myogenic differentiation via Akt/CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, China
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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Tetsi L, Charles AL, Paradis S, Lejay A, Talha S, Geny B, Lugnier C. Effects of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) on mitochondrial skeletal muscle functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1883-1893. [PMID: 28039524 PMCID: PMC11107545 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in skeletal muscle metabolism and function, notably at the level of tissue respiration, which conduct muscle strength as well as muscle survival. Pathological conditions induce mitochondria dysfunctions notably characterized by free oxygen radical production disturbing intracellular signaling. In that way, the second messengers, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, control intracellular signaling at the physiological and transcription levels by governing phosphorylation cascades. Both nucleotides are specifically and selectively hydrolyzed in their respective 5'-nucleotide by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which constitute a multi-genic family differently tissue distributed and subcellularly compartmentalized. These PDEs are presently recognized as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurologic diseases. However, very few data concerning cyclic nucleotides and PDEs in skeletal muscle, specifically in mitochondria, are reported in the literature. The knowledge of PDE implication in mitochondrial signaling would be helpful for resolving critical mitochondrial dysfunctions in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Tetsi
- EA 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire", Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Laure Charles
- EA 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire", Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Paradis
- EA 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire", Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anne Lejay
- EA 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire", Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Samy Talha
- EA 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire", Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- EA 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire", Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Claire Lugnier
- EA 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire", Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Zhang Y, Li W, Zhu M, Li Y, Xu Z, Zuo B. FHL3 differentially regulates the expression of MyHC isoforms through interactions with MyoD and pCREB. Cell Signal 2015; 28:60-73. [PMID: 26499038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, muscle fiber types are defined by four adult myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. Four and a half LIM domain protein 3 (FHL3) regulates myoblasts differentiation and gene expression by acting as a transcriptional co-activator or co-repressor. However, how FHL3 regulates MyHC expression is currently not clear. In this study, we found that FHL3 down-regulated the expression of MyHC 1/slow and up-regulated the expression of MyHC 2a and MyHC 2b, whereas no significant effect was found on MyHC 2x expression. MyoD and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) played important roles in the regulation of MyHC 1/slow and MyHC 2a expression by FHL3, respectively. FHL3 could interact with MyoD, CREB and pCREB in vivo. pCREB had stronger interaction with the cyclic AMP-responsive elements (CRE) of the MyHC 2a promoter compared with CREB, and FHL3 significantly affected the binding capacity of pCREB to CRE. We established a model in which FHL3 promotes the expression of MyHC 2a through CREB-mediated transcription and inhibits the expression of MyHC 1/slow by inhibiting MyoD transcription activity during myogenesis. Our data support the notion that FHL3 plays important roles in the regulation of muscle fiber type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Wentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Mingfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zaiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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Wilderman A, Guo Y, Divakaruni AS, Perkins G, Zhang L, Murphy AN, Taylor SS, Insel PA. Proteomic and Metabolic Analyses of S49 Lymphoma Cells Reveal Novel Regulation of Mitochondria by cAMP and Protein Kinase A. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26203188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP), acting via protein kinase A (PKA), regulates many cellular responses, but the role of mitochondria in such responses is poorly understood. To define such roles, we used quantitative proteomic analysis of mitochondria-enriched fractions and performed functional and morphologic studies of wild-type (WT) and kin(-) (PKA-null) murine S49 lymphoma cells. Basally, 75 proteins significantly differed in abundance between WT and kin(-) S49 cells. WT, but not kin(-), S49 cells incubated with the cAMP analog 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine cAMP (CPT-cAMP) for 16 h have (a) increased expression of mitochondria-related genes and proteins, including ones in pathways of branched-chain amino acid and fatty acid metabolism and (b) increased maximal capacity of respiration on branched-chain keto acids and fatty acids. CPT-cAMP also regulates the cellular rate of ATP-utilization, as the rates of both ATP-linked respiration and proton efflux are decreased in WT but not kin(-) cells. CPT-cAMP protected WT S49 cells from glucose or glutamine deprivation, In contrast, CPT-cAMP did not protect kin(-) cells or WT cells treated with the PKA inhibitor H89 from glutamine deprivation. Under basal conditions, the mitochondrial structure of WT and kin(-) S49 cells is similar. Treatment with CPT-cAMP produced apoptotic changes (i.e. decreased mitochondrial density and size and loss of cristae) in WT, but not kin(-) cells. Together, these findings show that cAMP acts via PKA to regulate multiple aspects of mitochondrial function and structure. Mitochondrial perturbation thus likely contributes to cAMP/PKA-mediated cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wilderman
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0626
| | - Yurong Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0654
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0626
| | - Guy Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0608, and
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0626
| | - Anne N Murphy
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0626
| | - Susan S Taylor
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0626, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0654
| | - Paul A Insel
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0626, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Mottillo EP, Balasubramanian P, Lee YH, Weng C, Kershaw EE, Granneman JG. Coupling of lipolysis and de novo lipogenesis in brown, beige, and white adipose tissues during chronic β3-adrenergic receptor activation. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2276-86. [PMID: 25193997 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation of β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) expands the catabolic activity of both brown and white adipose tissue by engaging uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent and UCP1-independent processes. The present work examined de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and TG/glycerol dynamics in classic brown, subcutaneous "beige," and classic white adipose tissues during sustained β3-AR activation by CL 316,243 (CL) and also addressed the contribution of TG hydrolysis to these dynamics. CL treatment for 7 days dramatically increased DNL and TG turnover similarly in all adipose depots, despite great differences in UCP1 abundance. Increased lipid turnover was accompanied by the simultaneous upregulation of genes involved in FAS, glycerol metabolism, and FA oxidation. Inducible, adipocyte-specific deletion of adipose TG lipase (ATGL), the rate-limiting enzyme for lipolysis, demonstrates that TG hydrolysis is required for CL-induced increases in DNL, TG turnover, and mitochondrial electron transport in all depots. Interestingly, the effect of ATGL deletion on induction of specific genes involved in FA oxidation and synthesis varied among fat depots. Overall, these studies indicate that FAS and FA oxidation are tightly coupled in adipose tissues during chronic adrenergic activation, and this effect critically depends on the activity of adipocyte ATGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio P Mottillo
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Changren Weng
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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