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Berdowska I, Matusiewicz M, Fecka I. Methylglyoxal in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Routes Leading to Pathology Counterbalanced by Treatment Strategies. Molecules 2023; 28:7742. [PMID: 38067472 PMCID: PMC10708463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the major compound belonging to reactive carbonyl species (RCS) responsible for the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Its upregulation, followed by deleterious effects at the cellular and systemic levels, is associated with metabolic disturbances (hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance/hyperlipidemia/inflammatory processes/carbonyl stress/oxidative stress/hypoxia). Therefore, it is implicated in a variety of disorders, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, an interplay between pathways leading to MGO generation and scavenging is addressed in regard to this system's impairment in pathology. The issues associated with mechanistic MGO involvement in pathological processes, as well as the discussion on its possible causative role in cardiometabolic diseases, are enclosed. Finally, the main strategies aimed at MGO and its AGEs downregulation with respect to cardiometabolic disorders treatment are addressed. Potential glycation inhibitors and MGO scavengers are discussed, as well as the mechanisms of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Kim SK, Choe JY, Kim JW, Park KY. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Suppress Monosodium Urate-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Activation in THP-1 Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040522. [PMID: 37111279 PMCID: PMC10145217 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) is thought to negatively regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The aim of this study was to identify the inhibitory effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) on monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the regulation of PPAR-γ in THP-1 cells. The expression of PPAR-γ, NLRP3, caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in human monocytic THP-1 cells transfected with PPAR-γ siRNA or not and stimulated with MSU crystals was assessed using quantitative a real time-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The expression of those markers in THP-1 cells pretreated with statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin, and mevastatin) was also evaluated. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using H2DCF-DA and flow cytometry analyses. THP-1 cells treated with MSU crystals (0.3 mg/mL) inhibited PARR-γ and increased NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, and all those changes were significantly reversed by treatment with atorvastatin, simvastatin, or mevastatin. PPAR-γ activity revealed that MSU crystals suppressed PPAR-γ activity, which was markedly augmented by atorvastatin, simvastatin, and mevastatin. Transfecting cells with PPAR-γ siRNA attenuated the inhibitory effect of statins on MSU crystal-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Statins also significantly reduced the intracellular ROS generation caused by stimulation with MSU crystals. The inhibitory effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin on intracellular ROS generation were reduced in THP-1 cells transfected with PPAR-γ siRNA. This study demonstrates that PPAR-γ is responsible for suppressing MSU-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The inhibitory effect of statins on MSU-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation depends on PPAR-γ activity and production and the inhibition of ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Kyu Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
- Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Choe
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
- Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
- Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Yeun Park
- Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
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COVID-19: Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of Statins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084177. [PMID: 33920709 PMCID: PMC8073792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a new virus with high infectivity and moderate mortality. The major clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is interstitial pneumonia, which may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the disease causes a potent systemic hyperin-flammatory response, i.e., a cytokine storm or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), which is associated with thrombotic complications. The complexity of the disease requires appropriate intensive treatment. One of promising treatment is statin administration, these being 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors that exert pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies indicate that statin therapy is associated with decreased mortality in COVID-19, which may be caused by direct and indirect mechanisms. According to literature data, statins can limit SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and replication by inhibiting the main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The cytokine storm can be ameliorated by lowering serum IL-6 levels; this can be achieved by inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and modulating macrophage activity. Statins can also reduce the complications of COVID-19, such as thrombosis and pulmonary fibrosis, by reducing serum PAI-1 levels, attenuating TGF-β and VEGF in lung tissue, and improving endothelial function. Despite these benefits, statin therapy may have side effects that should be considered, such as elevated creatinine kinase (CK), liver enzyme and serum glucose levels, which are already elevated in severe COVID-19 infection. The present study analyzes the latest findings regarding the benefits and limitations of statin therapy in patients with COVID-19.
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Tang D, Geng F, Yu C, Zhang R. Recent Application of Zebrafish Models in Atherosclerosis Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643697. [PMID: 33718384 PMCID: PMC7947229 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Establishing animal models of atherosclerosis is of great benefit for studying its complicated pathogenesis and screening and evaluating related drugs. Although researchers have generated a variety of models for atherosclerosis study in rabbits, mice and rats, the limitations of these models make it difficult to monitor the development of atherosclerosis, and these models are unsuitable for large scale screening of potential therapeutic targets. On the contrast, zebrafish can fulfill these purposes thanks to their fecundity, rapid development ex utero, embryonic transparency, and conserved lipid metabolism process. Thus, zebrafish have become a popular alternative animal model for atherosclerosis research. In this mini review, we summarize different zebrafish models used to study atherosclerosis, focusing on the latest applications of these models to the dynamic monitoring of atherosclerosis progression, mechanistic study of therapeutic intervention and drug screening, and assessment of the impacts of other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Statins, toxicity, and their adverse effects via oxidative imbalance. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by lipid retention and inflammation in the artery wall. The retention and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in sub-endothelial space play a critical role in atherosclerotic plaque formation and destabilization. Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) and other modified LDL particles are avidly taken up by endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages mainly through several scavenger receptors, including CD36 which is a class B scavenger receptor and membrane glycoprotein. RECENT FINDINGS Animal studies performed on CD36-deficient mice suggest that deficiency of CD36 prevents the development of atherosclerosis, though with some debate. CD36 serves as a signaling hub protein at the crossroad of inflammation, lipid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. In addition, the level of soluble CD36 (unattached to cells) in the circulating blood was elevated in patients with atherosclerosis and other metabolic disorders. We performed a state-of-the-art review on the structure, ligands, functions, and regulation of CD36 in the context of atherosclerosis by focusing on the pathological role of CD36 in the dysfunction of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages, and platelets. Finally, we highlight therapeutic possibilities to target CD36 expression/activity in atherosclerosis.
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Niedzielski M, Broncel M, Gorzelak-Pabiś P, Woźniak E. New possible pharmacological targets for statins and ezetimibe. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110388. [PMID: 32559626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin therapy is the gold standard in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these drugs provides an opportunity to define new therapeutic goals for pharmacotherapy in patients with atherosclerotic lesions. The present review indicates the existence of previously unknown therapeutic targets for statins, such as Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF-2), Cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) and the microRNA regulating eNOS activity and synthesis; nuclear PXR receptor and EB transcription factor regulating Inflammasome NLRP3 activity; the Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), which inhibits the WNT signalling pathway; the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which regulates the cell cycle, and the ERK5-Nrf2 pathway, which reduces the level of harmful advanced glycation end-products (AGE) in VSMCs during diabetic vasculopathy. Importantly, our review includes a number of promising discoveries, specifically those related to the effects of miR-221, miR-222 and miR-27b on the structure, synthesis and activity of eNOS, such as microRNA-based therapies, which offer promise in future targeted therapies. In contrast to numerous experiments confirming the pleiotropic effect of statins, there is still insufficient evidence on the pleiotropic effect of ezetimibe, which goes beyond its basic inhibitory effect on intestinal cholesterol absorption. However, recent studies indicate that this effect is limited to inhibiting macrophage migration, decreasing VCAM-1 expression and reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species. Defining new therapeutic goals for pharmacotherapy in patients with atherosclerotic lesions and ensuring effective treatment of dyslipidemia and its associated cardiovascular complications requires a thorough understanding of both the mechanisms of action of these drugs and of atherosclerosis itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Niedzielski
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gorzelak-Pabiś
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Woźniak
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland.
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A High-Fat Diet Exacerbates the Course of Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection That Can Be Mitigated by Treatment with Simvastatin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1230461. [PMID: 32596277 PMCID: PMC7298325 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1230461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is responsible for triggering a damage immune response in the host cardiovascular system. This parasite has a high affinity for host lipoproteins and uses the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor for its invasion. Assuming that the presence of LDL cholesterol in tissues could facilitate T. cruzi proliferation, dietary composition may affect the parasite-host relationship. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate myocarditis in T. cruzi-infected C57BL/6 mice-acute phase-fed a high-fat diet and treated with simvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication. Animals (n = 10) were infected with 5 × 103 cells of the VL-10 strain of T. cruzi and treated or untreated daily with 20 mg/kg simvastatin, starting 24 h after infection and fed with a normolipidic or high-fat diet. Also, uninfected mice, treated or not with simvastatin and fed with normolipidic or high-fat diet, were evaluated as control groups. Analyses to measure the production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interferon- (IFN-) γ, interleukin- (IL-) 10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF); total hepatic lipid dosage; cholesterol; and fractions, as well as histopathological analysis, were performed on day 30 using cardiac and fat tissues. Our results showed that the high-fat diet increased (i) parasite replication, (ii) fat accumulation in the liver, (iii) total cholesterol and LDL levels, and (iv) the host inflammatory state through the production of the cytokine TNF. However, simvastatin only reduced the production of CCL2 but not that of other inflammatory mediators or biochemical parameters. Together, our data suggest that the high-fat diet may have worsened the biochemical parameters of the uninfected and T. cruzi-infected animals, as well as favored the survival of circulating parasites.
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Yinjuan T, Jianjun W, Yinglu G, Weijun C, Weijun T, Mingying L. [Effect of atorvastatin on LOX-1 and eNOS expression in collateral vessels of hypercholesterolemic rats]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1265-1272. [PMID: 31852645 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.11.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of atorvastatin on the expression of lectin- like oxLDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in collateral vessels of hypercholesterolemic rats. METHODS Forty male SD rats were randomized equally into 4 groups: femoral ligation group (L), hypercholesterolemia + femoral ligation group (HL), hypercholesterolemia+atorvastatin+femoral ligation group (AL), and hypercholesterolemia+normal saline+femoral ligation group (NL). The rats in the latter 3 groups were fed atherogenic diet for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8 weeks, the rats were subjected to femoral artery ligation with or without intraperitoneal injection of atorvastatin (AL group) or saline (NL group). Two weeks later, all the rats were euthanized and the expressions of LOX-1 and eNOS in the collateral vessels were detected with immunofluorescence assay. In the in vitro experiment, cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with LOX-1 siRNA followed by treatment with oxLDL and/or atorvastatin. The expressions of LOX-1 and eNOS in the cells were detected with realtime PCR and Western blotting, and the cellular NO production was examined with Griess assay. RESULTS The collateral vessels of rats with normal feeding expressed LOX-1, which was significantly increased in the collateral vessels of hypercholesterolemic rats; atorvastatin treatment significantly lowered LOX-1 expressions in the hypercholesterolemic rats. In normally fed rats, the growing collateral vessels exhibited strong eNOS expressions, which were lowered in hypercholesterolemic rats and enhanced after atorvastatin treatment. In the cell experiment, HUVECs with oxLDL treatment showed a high LOX-1 expression and a low eNOS expression, and atorvastatin treatment of the cells down-regulated LOX-1 and up-regulated eNOS expressions. Inhibition of LOX-1 mediated by a specific LOX-1 siRNA abolished the effect of oxLDL stimulation on eNOS expression in the cells. CONCLUSIONS Both hypercholesterolemia and oxLDL can induce endothelial dysfunction and impair collateral vessel growth via the LOX-1/eNOS pathway in rats, and atorvastatin treatment can restore the LOX-1/eNOS pathway to promote the growth of the collateral vessels, suggesting the potential of atorvastatin as a therapeutic agent to promote repair of collateral vessel injuries in ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Yinjuan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Wang Jianjun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Guan Yinglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Cai Weijun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Tang Weijun
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Luo Mingying
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500, China
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The Effects of Pitavastatin on Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and ICAM-1 in Human Saphenous Vein Graft Endothelial Culture. Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 2019:2549432. [PMID: 31772607 PMCID: PMC6739759 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2549432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study pitavastatin's effects on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB ) and adhesion molecules in human saphenous vein graft endothelial culture indicating its pleotropic properties. Materials and Method Low-dose (0.1 μM/L) and high-dose (1μM/L) pitavastatin calcium were administered as a frontline therapy in human saphenous endothelial cell culture, followed by induction of inflammation by TNF-α and determination of mRNA level alterations of ICAM-1 and NF-κB genes of endothelial cells using the qRT-PCR method. Additionally, immunofluorescence method was used to show the expression of NF-κB and ICAM-1. Finally, LDH levels were determined by the ELISA method to quantify cytotoxicity. Results ICAM-1 mRNA expression in the low-dose pitavastatin+TNF-α group was significantly higher than that in the TNF-α group and significantly lower than that in the high-dose pitavastatin+TNF-α group (for all comparisons, P = 0.001). The low-dose pitavastatin+TNF-α group had a similar NF-κB mRNA expression with TNF-α and high-dose pitavastatin+TNF-α groups. Conclusion Pitavastatin increases ICAM-1 mRNA expression in saphenous vein endothelial cells. Furthermore, the effect of pitavastatin on adhesion molecules appears independent of NF-κB. Novel studies are needed in this field.
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Xie X, Li S, Zhu Y, Liu L, Pan Y, Wang J, Shi W, Song Y, Yang L, Gao L, Zang W, Li M. MicroRNA-27a/b mediates endothelin-1-induced PPARγ reduction and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:527-539. [PMID: 28484848 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression has been found to correlate with the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension, while the molecular mechanisms underlying PPARγ reduction in PASMC remain largely unclear. The aim of the current study is to address this issue. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) dose- and time-dependently resulted in PPARγ reduction and proliferation of primary cultured rat PASMC, which was accompanied by the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and subsequent induction of microRNA-27a/b (miR-27a/b) expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that NF-κB directly bound to the promoter regions of miR-27a/b. Luciferase reporter assay identified that miR-27a/b directly regulates the expression of PPARγ in PASMC. Further study indicated that the presence of either NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate or prior silencing miR-27a/b with anti-miRNA oligonucleotides suppressed ET-1-induced PPARγ reduction and proliferation of PASMC, while overexpression of miR-27a/b reduced PPARγ expression and enhanced PASMC proliferation. Taken together, our study demonstrates that ET-1 stimulates miR-27a/b expression by activation of the NF-κB pathway, which in turn results in PPARγ reduction and contributes to ET-1-induced PASMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Yilin Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Wenhua Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Weijin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, 710061.
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Ganss R. Maternal Metabolism and Vascular Adaptation in Pregnancy: The PPAR Link. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:73-84. [PMID: 27789100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for pregnancy-related hypertension and its complications remain inadequate, although an increasing role for maternal susceptibility is becoming evident. Systemic vascular dysfunction in response to imbalances in angiogenic, inflammatory, and constricting factors is implicated in the pathogenesis of gestational hypertension, and growing evidence now links these factors with maternal metabolism. In particular, the crucial role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in maternal vascular adaptation provides further insights into how obesity and gestational diabetes may be linked to pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. This is especially important given the rapidly growing prevalence of obesity during pregnancy, and highlights a new approach to treat pregnancy-related hypertension and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ganss
- Vascular Biology and Stromal Targeting, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Akoumianakis I, Tarun A, Antoniades C. Perivascular adipose tissue as a regulator of vascular disease pathogenesis: identifying novel therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:3411-3424. [PMID: 27976387 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is an active endocrine organ with the ability to dynamically secrete a wide range of adipocytokines. Importantly, its secretory profile is altered in various cardiovascular disease states. AT surrounding vessels, or perivascular AT (PVAT), is recognized in particular as an important local regulator of vascular function and dysfunction. Specifically, PVAT has the ability to sense vascular paracrine signals and respond by secreting a variety of vasoactive adipocytokines. Due to the crucial role of PVAT in regulating many aspects of vascular biology, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of vascular disease pathogenesis. Signalling pathways in PVAT, such as those using adiponectin, H2 S, glucagon-like peptide 1 or pro-inflammatory cytokines, are among the potential novel pharmacological therapeutic targets of PVAT. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Akoumianakis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
| | - Akansha Tarun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
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Gu W, Cui R, Ding T, Li X, Peng J, Xu W, Han F, Guo X. Simvastatin alleviates airway inflammation and remodelling through up-regulation of autophagy in mouse models of asthma. Respirology 2016; 22:533-541. [PMID: 27782356 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Statins have been widely used in inflammatory diseases including asthma, because of their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. It has been shown that simvastatin induces autophagy and cell death in some circumstances. However, the possible cross-talk between simvastatin and autophagic processes in lung disease is largely unknown. Thus, we investigated the impact of simvastatin on airway inflammation and airway remodelling and the possible relationship of these processes to a simvastatin-induced autophagic pathway in mouse models of asthma. METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged mice were treated with simvastatin and sacrificed. The autophagy-related proteins Atg5, LC3B and Beclin1 were quantified, as well as the autophagy flux in bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMCs). The relationship between airway inflammation and the autophagic process was investigated. RESULTS We show that simvastatin treatment mediates activation of autophagy in BSMCs, which is correlated with airway inflammation and airway remodelling in mouse models of asthma. Simvastatin increases autophagy-related protein Atg5, LC3B and Beclin1 expression and autophagosome formation in lung tissue. Simvastatin-induced autophagy is associated with increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and decreased IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines production in BSMCs, as well as reversed extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. In contrast, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) eliminates the therapeutic effect of simvastatin. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that simvastatin inhibits airway inflammation and airway remodelling through an activated autophagic process in BSMCs. We propose a crucial function of autophagy in statin-based therapeutic approaches in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiading Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengfeng Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Atorvastatin Prevents Glutamate Uptake Reduction Induced by Quinolinic Acid Via MAPKs Signaling. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2017-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Pitavastatin and carbohydrate metabolism: what is the evidence? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:955-60. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1165607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Filippatos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - M. S. Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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17
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Mouawad CA, Mrad MF, El-Achkar GA, Abdul-Sater A, Nemer GM, Creminon C, Lotersztajn S, Habib A. Statins Modulate Cyclooxygenase-2 and Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 in Human Hepatic Myofibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1176-86. [PMID: 26477987 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic properties in the liver. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms underlying anti-fibrogenic effects of statins in isolated hepatic myofibroblasts and focused on cyclooxyegnase-2, a major anti-proliferative pathway in these cells. We show that simvastatin and fluvastatin inhibit thymidine incorporation in hMF in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of cells with NS398, a COX-2 inhibitor, partially blunted this effect. cAMP levels, essential to the inhibition of hMF proliferation, were increased by statins and inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Since statins modify prenylation of some important proteins in gene expression, we investigated the targets involved using selective inhibitors of prenyltransferases. Inhibition of geranylgeranylation resulted in the induction of COX-2 and mPGES-1. Using gel retardation assays, we further demonstrated that statins potentially activated the NFκB and CRE/E-box binding for COX-2 promoter and the binding of GC-rich regions and GATA for mPGES-1. Together these data demonstrate that statin limit hepatic myofibroblasts proliferation via a COX-2 and mPGES-1 dependent pathway. These data suggest that statin-dependent increase of prostaglandin in hMF contributes to its anti-fibrogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel A Mouawad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-236 Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Food Technologies, Al-Kafaat University, Ain Saadeh, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - May F Mrad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-236 Beirut, Lebanon.,Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center-American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghewa A El-Achkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Abdul-Sater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-236 Beirut, Lebanon.,Deparment of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Georges M Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christophe Creminon
- iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, CEA Saclay - Bât. 136, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Lotersztajn
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France.,Université Paris 7 Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Aïda Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-236 Beirut, Lebanon.,Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France.,Université Paris 7 Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
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18
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Xu C, Fang D, Chen X, Xinyue L, Nie Y, Xie Y, Ma Y, Deng S, Zhang Z, Song X. Effect of telmisartan on the therapeutic efficacy of pitavastatin in high-fat diet induced dyslipidemic guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:364-71. [PMID: 26057693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II-receptor blockers (ARBs), similar to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), could improve lipid metabolism abnormalities. There might be some cross-talking pathways between statins and ARBs to produce additive beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in dyslipidemia. However, few studies investigate the effects of ARBs on the therapeutic efficacy of statins in dyslipidemia. The present study was designed to systematically evaluate the effects of telmisartan on the therapeutic efficacy of pitavastatin on lowering lipid level and reducing fat deposition by employing a dyslipidemia model, guinea pigs. 48 Male guinea pigs fed with high-fat diet were randomly grouped and treated with vehicle, telmisartan, pitavastatin or telmisartan/pitavastatin combinations. After treatment for eight weeks, telmisartan could significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of pitavastatin by extremely reducing body weight gain, weight of adipose tissue and adipocyte size. However, telmisartan/pitavastatin combinations could not further improve lipid levels on the basis of pitavastain, though single telmisartan markedly decreased triglyceride (TG) and slightly increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Moreover, telmisartan/pitavastatin combinations significantly upregulated the gene expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ, but no effects on the expression of PPAR-α/γ, leptin and adiponectin compared to monotherapy. Taken together, our studies provided new evidences that telmisartan has an additive beneficial influence on decreasing fat deposition and weight gain through PPAR-δ pathway but cannot enhance the therapeutic efficacy of pitavastatin on lowering lipid levels. The combinational administration of telmisartan and pitavastatin could be a potential therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemia related obesity and worthy of further investigation in obese animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dailong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Xinyue
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yafei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Senyi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| | - Xiangrong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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19
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Rojas J, Salazar J, Martínez MS, Palmar J, Bautista J, Chávez-Castillo M, Gómez A, Bermúdez V. Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:851252. [PMID: 26491604 PMCID: PMC4600540 DOI: 10.1155/2015/851252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, currently representing the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the fundamental pathophysiologic component of CVD, where the immune system plays an essential role. Monocytes and macrophages are key mediators in this aspect: due to their heterogeneity and plasticity, these cells may act as either pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, monocytes may develop heterogeneous functional phenotypes depending on the predominating pro- or anti-inflammatory microenvironment within the lesion, resulting in classic, intermediate, and non-classic monocytes, each with strikingly differing features. Similarly, macrophages may also adopt heterogeneous profiles being mainly M1 and M2, the former showing a proinflammatory profile while the latter demonstrates anti-inflammatory traits; they are further subdivided in several subtypes with more specialized functions. Furthermore, macrophages may display plasticity by dynamically shifting between phenotypes in response to specific signals. Each of these distinct cell profiles is associated with diverse biomarkers which may be exploited for therapeutic intervention, including IL-10, IL-13, PPAR-γ, LXR, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and microRNAs. Direct modulation of the molecular pathways concerning these potential macrophage-related targets represents a promising field for new therapeutic alternatives in atherosclerosis and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- Endocrinology Department, Maracaibo University Hospital, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- *Joselyn Rojas:
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jim Palmar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Alexis Gómez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
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