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Schroeter KL, Rolfe N, Forrester TJB, Kimber MS, Seah SYK. Shy is a proteobacterial steroid hydratase which catalyzes steroid side chain degradation without requiring a catalytically inert partner domain. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107509. [PMID: 38944126 PMCID: PMC11321319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Shy (side chain hydratase) and Sal (side chain aldolase), are involved in successive reactions in the pathway of bile acid side chain catabolism in Proteobacteria. Untagged Shy copurified with His-tagged Sal indicating that the two enzymes form a complex. Shy contains a MaoC and a DUF35 domain. When coexpressed with Sal, the DUF35 domain but not the MaoC domain of Shy was observed to copurify with Sal, indicating Sal interacts with Shy through its DUF35 domain. The MaoC domain of Shy (ShyMaoC) remained catalytically viable and could hydrate cholyl-enoyl-CoA with similar catalytic efficiency as in the Shy-Sal complex. Sal expressed with the DUF35 domain of Shy (Sal-ShyDUF35) was similarly competent for the retro-aldol cleavage of cholyl-3-OH-CoA. ShyMaoC showed a preference for C5 side chain bile acid substrates, exhibiting low activity toward C3 side chain substrates. The ShyMaoC structure was determined by X-ray crystallography, showing a hot dog fold with a short central helix surrounded by a twisted antiparallel β-sheet. Modeling and mutagenesis studies suggest that the bile acid substrate occupies the large open cleft formed by the truncated central helix and repositioning of the active site housing. ShyMaoC therefore contains two substrate binding sites per homodimer, making it distinct from previously characterized MaoC steroid hydratases that are (pseudo) heterodimers with one substrate binding site per dimer. The characterization of Shy provides insight into how MaoC family hydratases have adapted to accommodate large polycyclic substrates that can facilitate future engineering of these enzymes to produce novel steroid pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt L Schroeter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Rolfe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor J B Forrester
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew S Kimber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Y K Seah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Bories P, Rima J, Tranier S, Marcoux J, Grimoire Y, Tomaszczyk M, Launay A, Fata K, Marrakchi H, Burlet‐Schiltz O, Mourey L, Ducoux‐Petit M, Bardou F, Bon C, Quémard A. HadBD dehydratase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase type II: A singular structure for a unique function. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4964. [PMID: 38501584 PMCID: PMC10949391 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide, tuberculosis is the second leading infectious killer and multidrug resistance severely hampers disease control. Mycolic acids are a unique category of lipids that are essential for viability, virulence, and persistence of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Therefore, enzymes involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis represent an important class of drug targets. We previously showed that the (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (HAD) protein HadD is dedicated mainly to the production of ketomycolic acids and plays a determinant role in Mtb biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we discovered that HAD activity requires the formation of a tight heterotetramer between HadD and HadB, a HAD unit encoded by a distinct chromosomal region. Using biochemical, structural, and cell-based analyses, we showed that HadB is the catalytic subunit, whereas HadD is involved in substrate binding. Based on HadBDMtb crystal structure and substrate-bound models, we identified determinants of the ultra-long-chain lipid substrate specificity and revealed details of structure-function relationship. HadBDMtb unique function is partly due to a wider opening and a higher flexibility of the substrate-binding crevice in HadD, as well as the drastically truncated central α-helix of HadD hotdog fold, a feature described for the first time in a HAD enzyme. Taken together, our study shows that HadBDMtb , and not HadD alone, is the biologically relevant functional unit. These results have important implications for designing innovative antivirulence molecules to fight tuberculosis, as they suggest that the target to consider is not an isolated subunit, but the whole HadBD complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Bories
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Julie Rima
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Samuel Tranier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Julien Marcoux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Yasmina Grimoire
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Mathilde Tomaszczyk
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Anne Launay
- Service de TP de BiochimieUniversité de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Karine Fata
- Service de TP de BiochimieUniversité de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Hedia Marrakchi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Odile Burlet‐Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Manuelle Ducoux‐Petit
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Fabienne Bardou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Cécile Bon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Annaïk Quémard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
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Singh BK, Biswas R, Bhattacharyya S, Basak A, Das AK. The C‐terminal end of mycobacterial HadBC regulates AcpM interaction during the FAS‐II pathway: a structural perspective. FEBS J 2022; 289:4963-4980. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bina Kumari Singh
- School of Biosciences Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Rupam Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur India
| | - Amit Basak
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Amit K. Das
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
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Singh BK, Singha M, Basak S, Biswas R, Das AK, Basak A. Fluorescently labelled thioacetazone for detecting the interaction with Mycobacterium dehydratases HadAB and HadBC. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1444-1452. [PMID: 35084426 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thioacetazone (TAC) used to be a highly affordable, bacteriostatic anti-TB drug but its use has now been restricted, owing to severe side-effects and the frequent appearance of the TAC resistant M. tuberculosis strains. In order to develop new TAC analogues with fewer side-effects, its target enzymes need to be firmly established. It is now hypothesized that TAC, after being activated by a monooxygenase EthA, binds to the dehydratase complex HadAB that finally leads to a covalent modification of HadA, the main partner involved in dehydration. Another dehydratase enzyme, namely HadC in the HadBC complex, is also thought to be a possible target for TAC, for which definitive evidence is lacking. Herein, using a recently exploited azido naphthalimide template attached to thioacetazone and adopting a photo-affinity based labelling technique, coupled with electrophoresis and in-gel visualization, we have successfully demonstrated the involvement of these enzymes including HadBC along with a possible participation of an alternate mycobacterial monooxygenase MymA. In silico studies also revealed strong interactions between the TAC-probe and the concerned enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina K Singh
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Monisha Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Shyam Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Rupam Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Amit K Das
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Amit Basak
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Singh BK, Biswas R, Basak A, Das AK. Mycobacterial crypto-AcpM as a tool to investigate the consequence of drug binding on its key FAS II partner enzyme HadAB. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129964. [PMID: 34252514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Mycobacterial FASII pathway is governed by the Protein-Protein Interaction mediated dynamics existent between Acyl Carrier Protein and its partner enzymes. The dehydratase HadAB, involved in the third step of FASII synthesis has remained a key target of drugs like Thiacetazone (TAC) and its consequence on AcpM binding is yet to be deciphered. Owing to the transient nature of these interactions, analysing their implications as a drug target has been exhausting. Methods In this context, we have developed an in vitro method to study the effect of thiocarbamide-containing compounds, TAC and SPA0355 (a thiourea analogue) against mycobacterial HadAB. Additionally, by utilizing crypto-ACP (NBD-tagged Acyl Carrier Protein) as a tool of our choice, we attempted at exploring the effect of TAC and SPA0355 on mycobacterial HadAB. Results SPA0355 behaves at par with TAC and undergoes activation in the presence of monooxygenase EthA thus, bringing about a covalent modification in HadA subunit of HadAB. The crypto-ACP method provides insights into the altered substrate housing capability in HadAB associated with the impediment of its AcpM mediated functionality; an outcome attributed to the repercussions associated with the binding of the aforementioned thiourea compounds. Conclusion This investigation has assisted in unveiling a two-step mechanism undertaken by AcpM for interacting with its corresponding partner protein during acyl chain transfer. General significance This study highlights the alterations brought about by drug binding in the interplay between ACP and HadAB. Additionally, this work for the first time establishes the role of SPA0355 as a promising drug candidate against dehydratase HadAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina K Singh
- School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Rupam Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Amit Basak
- School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Amit K Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Paiva P, Medina FE, Viegas M, Ferreira P, Neves RPP, Sousa JPM, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Animal Fatty Acid Synthase: A Chemical Nanofactory. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9502-9553. [PMID: 34156235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are crucial molecules for most living beings, very well spread and conserved across species. These molecules play a role in energy storage, cell membrane architecture, and cell signaling, the latter through their derivative metabolites. De novo synthesis of fatty acids is a complex chemical process that can be achieved either by a metabolic pathway built by a sequence of individual enzymes, such as in most bacteria, or by a single, large multi-enzyme, which incorporates all the chemical capabilities of the metabolic pathway, such as in animals and fungi, and in some bacteria. Here we focus on the multi-enzymes, specifically in the animal fatty acid synthase (FAS). We start by providing a historical overview of this vast field of research. We follow by describing the extraordinary architecture of animal FAS, a homodimeric multi-enzyme with seven different active sites per dimer, including a carrier protein that carries the intermediates from one active site to the next. We then delve into this multi-enzyme's detailed chemistry and critically discuss the current knowledge on the chemical mechanism of each of the steps necessary to synthesize a single fatty acid molecule with atomic detail. In line with this, we discuss the potential and achieved FAS applications in biotechnology, as biosynthetic machines, and compare them with their homologous polyketide synthases, which are also finding wide applications in the same field. Finally, we discuss some open questions on the architecture of FAS, such as their peculiar substrate-shuttling arm, and describe possible reasons for the emergence of large megasynthases during evolution, questions that have fascinated biochemists from long ago but are still far from answered and understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabiola E Medina
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 7100 Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Matilde Viegas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui P P Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P M Sousa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Discovery of a novel dehydratase of the fatty acid synthase type II critical for ketomycolic acid biosynthesis and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2112. [PMID: 32034201 PMCID: PMC7005898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid synthase type II (FAS-II) multienzyme system builds the main chain of mycolic acids (MAs), important lipid pathogenicity factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Due to their original structure, the identification of the (3 R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratases, HadAB and HadBC, of Mtb FAS-II complex required in-depth work. Here, we report the discovery of a third dehydratase protein, HadDMtb (Rv0504c), whose gene is non-essential and sits upstream of cmaA2 encoding a cyclopropane synthase dedicated to keto- and methoxy-MAs. HadDMtb deletion triggered a marked change in Mtb keto-MA content and size distribution, deeply impacting the production of full-size molecules. Furthermore, abnormal MAs, likely generated from 3-hydroxylated intermediates, accumulated. These data strongly suggest that HadDMtb catalyzes the 3-hydroxyacyl dehydratation step of late FAS-II elongation cycles during keto-MA biosynthesis. Phenotyping of Mtb hadD deletion mutant revealed the influence of HadDMtb on the planktonic growth, colony morphology and biofilm structuration, as well as on low temperature tolerance. Importantly, HadDMtb has a strong impact on Mtb virulence in the mouse model of infection. The effects of the lack of HadDMtb observed both in vitro and in vivo designate this protein as a bona fide target for the development of novel anti-TB intervention strategies.
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Abstract
Actinobacteria is a group of diverse bacteria. Most species in this class of bacteria are filamentous aerobes found in soil, including the genus Streptomyces perhaps best known for their fascinating capabilities of producing antibiotics. These bacteria typically have a Gram-positive cell envelope, comprised of a plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan layer. However, there is a notable exception of the Corynebacteriales order, which has evolved a unique type of outer membrane likely as a consequence of convergent evolution. In this chapter, we will focus on the unique cell envelope of this order. This cell envelope features the peptidoglycan layer that is covalently modified by an additional layer of arabinogalactan . Furthermore, the arabinogalactan layer provides the platform for the covalent attachment of mycolic acids , some of the longest natural fatty acids that can contain ~100 carbon atoms per molecule. Mycolic acids are thought to be the main component of the outer membrane, which is composed of many additional lipids including trehalose dimycolate, also known as the cord factor. Importantly, a subset of bacteria in the Corynebacteriales order are pathogens of human and domestic animals, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The surface coat of these pathogens are the first point of contact with the host immune system, and we now know a number of host receptors specific to molecular patterns exposed on the pathogen's surface, highlighting the importance of understanding how the cell envelope of Actinobacteria is structured and constructed. This chapter describes the main structural and biosynthetic features of major components found in the actinobacterial cell envelopes and highlights the key differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Medina FE, Neves RPP, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. QM/MM Study of the Reaction Mechanism of the Dehydratase Domain from Mammalian Fatty Acid Synthase. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola E. Medina
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui P. P. Neves
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Lefebvre C, Boulon R, Ducoux M, Gavalda S, Laval F, Jamet S, Eynard N, Lemassu A, Cam K, Bousquet MP, Bardou F, Burlet-Schiltz O, Daffé M, Quémard A. HadD, a novel fatty acid synthase type II protein, is essential for alpha- and epoxy-mycolic acid biosynthesis and mycobacterial fitness. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6034. [PMID: 29662082 PMCID: PMC5902629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MAs) have a strategic location within the mycobacterial envelope, deeply influencing its architecture and permeability, and play a determinant role in the pathogenicity of mycobacteria. The fatty acid synthase type II (FAS-II) multienzyme system is involved in their biosynthesis. A combination of pull-downs and proteomics analyses led to the discovery of a mycobacterial protein, HadD, displaying highly specific interactions with the dehydratase HadAB of FAS-II. In vitro activity assays and homology modeling showed that HadD is, like HadAB, a hot dog folded (R)-specific hydratase/dehydratase. A hadD knockout mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis produced only the medium-size alpha’-MAs. Data strongly suggest that HadD is involved in building the third meromycolic segment during the late FAS-II elongation cycles, leading to the synthesis of the full-size alpha- and epoxy-MAs. The change in the envelope composition induced by hadD inactivation strongly altered the bacterial fitness and capacities to aggregate, assemble into colonies or biofilms and spread by sliding motility, and conferred a hypersensitivity to the firstline antimycobacterial drug rifampicin. This showed that the cell surface properties and the envelope integrity were greatly affected. With the alarmingly increasing case number of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases, HadD appears as an attractive target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Lefebvre
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Richard Boulon
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Manuelle Ducoux
- Département Biologie Structurale & Biophysique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Sabine Gavalda
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Françoise Laval
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Stevie Jamet
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Anne Lemassu
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Kaymeuang Cam
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Bousquet
- Département Biologie Structurale & Biophysique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Fabienne Bardou
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Département Biologie Structurale & Biophysique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Annaïk Quémard
- Département Tuberculose & Biologie des Infections, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
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Domain swapping between FabGs deciphers the structural determinant for in-solution oligomerization and substrate binding. Biophys Chem 2018; 237:9-21. [PMID: 29625337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Quémard A. New Insights into the Mycolate-Containing Compound Biosynthesis and Transport in Mycobacteria. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:725-738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Deletion of a dehydratase important for intracellular growth and cording renders rough Mycobacterium abscessus avirulent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4228-37. [PMID: 27385830 PMCID: PMC4961194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605477113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) is a rapidly growing Mycobacterium and an emerging pathogen in humans. Transitioning from a smooth (S) high-glycopeptidolipid (GPL) producer to a rough (R) low-GPL producer is associated with increased virulence in zebrafish, which involves the formation of massive serpentine cords, abscesses, and rapid larval death. Generating a cord-deficient Mabs mutant would allow us to address the contribution of cording in the physiopathological signs of the R variant. Herein, a deletion mutant of MAB_4780, encoding a dehydratase, distinct from the β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadABC complex, was constructed in the R morphotype. This mutant exhibited an alteration of the mycolic acid composition and a pronounced defect in cording. This correlated with an extremely attenuated phenotype not only in wild-type but also in immunocompromised zebrafish embryos lacking either macrophages or neutrophils. The abolition of granuloma formation in embryos infected with the dehydratase mutant was associated with a failure to replicate in macrophages, presumably due to limited inhibition of the phagolysosomal fusion. Overall, these results indicate that MAB_4780 is required for Mabs to successfully establish acute and lethal infections. Therefore, targeting MAB_4780 may represent an attractive antivirulence strategy to control Mabs infections, refractory to most standard chemotherapeutic interventions. The combination of a dehydratase assay with a high-resolution crystal structure of MAB_4780 opens the way to identify such specific inhibitors.
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Jamet S, Slama N, Domingues J, Laval F, Texier P, Eynard N, Quémard A, Peixoto A, Lemassu A, Daffé M, Cam K. The Non-Essential Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis Genes hadA and hadC Contribute to the Physiology and Fitness of Mycobacterium smegmatis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145883. [PMID: 26701652 PMCID: PMC4689354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram positive mycobacteria with a high GC content, such as the etiological agent of tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possess an outer membrane mainly composed of mycolic acids (MAs), the so-called mycomembrane, which is essential for the cell. About thirty genes are involved in the biosynthesis of MAs, which include the hadA, hadB and hadC genes that encode the dehydratases Fatty Acid Synthase type II (FAS-II) known to function as the heterodimers HadA-HadB and HadB-HadC. The present study shows that M. smegmatis cells remain viable in the absence of either HadA and HadC or both. Inactivation of HadC has a dramatic effect on the physiology and fitness of the mutant strains whereas that of HadA exacerbates the phenotype of a hadC deletion. The hadC mutants exhibit a novel MA profile, display a distinct colony morphology, are less aggregated, are impaired for sliding motility and biofilm development and are more resistant to detergent. Conversely, the hadC mutants are significantly more susceptible to low- and high-temperature and to selective toxic compounds, including several current anti-tubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie Jamet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nawel Slama
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Joana Domingues
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Laval
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Texier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Annaik Quémard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio Peixoto
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lemassu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Kaymeuang Cam
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Nataraj V, Varela C, Javid A, Singh A, Besra GS, Bhatt A. Mycolic acids: deciphering and targeting the Achilles' heel of the tubercle bacillus. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:7-16. [PMID: 26135034 PMCID: PMC4949712 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are unique long chain fatty acids found in the lipid-rich cell walls of mycobacteria including the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Essential for viability and virulence, enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids represent novel targets for drug development. This is particularly relevant to the impact on global health given the rise of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how mycolic acid are synthesised, especially the potential role of specialised fatty acid synthase complexes. Also, we examine the role of a recently reported mycolic acid transporter MmpL3 with reference to several reports of the targeting of this transporter by diverse compounds with anti-M. tuberculosis activity. Additionally, we consider recent findings that place mycolic acid biosynthesis in the context of the cell biology of the bacterium, viz its localisation and co-ordination with the bacterial cytoskeleton, and its role beyond maintaining cell envelope integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayashankar Nataraj
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Cristian Varela
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Asma Javid
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Albel Singh
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Carrère-Kremer S, Blaise M, Singh VK, Alibaud L, Tuaillon E, Halloum I, van de Weerd R, Guérardel Y, Drancourt M, Takiff H, Geurtsen J, Kremer L. A new dehydratase conferring innate resistance to thiacetazone and intra-amoebal survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:1085-102. [PMID: 25754266 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria are innately resistant to most antibiotics, although the mechanisms responsible for their drug resistance remain poorly understood. They are particularly refractory to thiacetazone (TAC), a second-line antitubercular drug. Herein, we identified MSMEG_6754 as essential for the innate resistance of Mycobacterium smegmatis to TAC. Transposon-mediated and targeted disruption of MSMEG_6754 resulted in hypersusceptibility to TAC. Conversely, introduction of MSMEG_6754 into Mycobacterium tuberculosis increased resistance 100-fold. Resolution of the crystal structure of MSMEG_6754 revealed a homodimer in which each monomer comprises two hot-dog domains characteristic of dehydratase-like proteins and very similar to the HadAB complex involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis. Gene inactivation of the essential hadB dehydratase could be achieved in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis only when the strains carried an integrated copy of MSMEG_6754, supporting the idea that MSMEG_6754 and HadB share redundant dehydratase activity. Using M. smegmatis-Acanthamoeba co-cultures, we found that intra-amoebal growth of the MSMEG_6754 deleted strain was significantly reduced compared with the parental strain. This in vivo growth defect was fully restored upon complementation with catalytically active MSMEG_6754 or HadABC, indicating that MSMEG_6754 plays a critical role in the survival of M. smegmatis within the environmental host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Carrère-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, CNRS UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, case 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,INSERM U1058, Université de Montpellier and Department of Bacteriology-Virology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Mickael Blaise
- CARB Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vipul K Singh
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, CNRS UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, case 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Laeticia Alibaud
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, CNRS UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, case 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- INSERM U1058, Université de Montpellier and Department of Bacteriology-Virology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Iman Halloum
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, CNRS UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, case 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Robert van de Weerd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Guérardel
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 8576, IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- URMITE, UMR63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Howard Takiff
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Jeroen Geurtsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, CNRS UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, case 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,INSERM, DIMNP, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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