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Zhang K, Su J, Hu X, Yan X, Chen S, Li C, Pan G, Chang H, Tian W, Abbas MN, Cui H. Integrin β2 and β3: Two plasmatocyte markers deepen our understanding of the development of plasmatocytes in the silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1659-1671. [PMID: 35420711 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect hemocytes play important biological roles at developmental stages, metamorphosis, and innate immunity. As one of the most abundant cell types, plasmatocytes can participate in various innate immune responses, especially in encapsulation and node formation. Here, 2 molecular markers of plasmatocytes, consisting of integrin β2 and β3, were identified and used to understand the development of plasmatocytes. Plasmatocytes are widely distributed in the hematopoietic system, including circulating hemolymph and hematopoietic organs (HPOs). HPOs constantly release plasmatocytes with high proliferative activity in vitro; removal of HPOs leads to a dramatic reduction in the circulating plasmatocytes, and the remaining plasmatocytes gradually lose their ability to proliferate in vivo. Our results demonstrated that the release of plasmatocytes from HPOs is regulated by insulin-mediated signals and their downstream pathways, including PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signals. The insulin/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway can significantly irritate the hematopoiesis, and its inhibitor LY294002 could inhibit the hemocytes discharged from HPOs. While the insulin/MAPK/Erk signaling pathway plays a negative regulatory role, inhibiting its activity with U0126 can markedly promote the discharge of plasmatocytes from HPOs. Our results indicate that the circulating plasmatocytes are mainly generated and discharged by HPOs. This process is co-regulated by the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signals in an antagonistic manner to adjust the dynamic balance of the hemocytes. These findings can enhance our understanding of insect hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomin Yan
- Chongqing iCELL Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangzhao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenli Tian
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ma H, Abbas MN, Zhang K, Hu X, Xu M, Liang H, Kausar S, Yang L, Cui H. 20-Hydroxyecdysone regulates the transcription of the lysozyme via Broad-Complex Z2 gene in silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:66-72. [PMID: 30716346 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Broad-Complex Z2 (Br-C Z2) is an ecdysone inducible transcription factor that regulates physiological, innate immune and developmental events in insects. Here, we identified an orthologue of Br-C Z2 from silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmBr-C Z2) to study its involvement in immune responses. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that BmBr-C Z2 was expressed ubiquitously in all tested tissues under normal physiological conditions. Further, developmental profile displayed that BmBr-C Z2 expression was detectable in different developmental stages, however the gene's expression was highest in the molting and pre-pupal stages. Administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) enhanced the expression levels of BmBr-C Z2 in hemocytes. The challenge with pathogens and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) also upregulated the mRNA levels of BmBr-C Z2 in hemocytes when compared with the control. By contrast, the ectopic expression of BmBr-C Z2 remarkably increased the production of antimicrobial peptides, while the knock-down of this gene by double stranded RNA decreased their production. Dual-luciferase assay exhibited that BmBr-C Z2 induced the expression of lysozyme by directly binding to its promoter region. The treatment of Escherichia coli following the knock-down of BmBr-C Z2 strongly reduced the survival rate of silkworm larvae. These results suggest that BmBr-C Z2 plays an important biological role in the innate immune responses of silkworm by regulating immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanghua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
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Tian S, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Liu Q, Xu S, Gong J, Hou Y. Analysis of cysteine protease inhibitor gene (BmCPI) promoter activity in silkworms using bac-to-bac baculovirus systems. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1488-1496. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1485478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A cysteine protease inhibitor of Bombyx mori (BmCPI) plays an important role in pupation, molting, and dissociation of tissues. The present study identified and analyzed the BmCPI promoter region to better understand its functional regulatory mechanisms. Eight promoter fragments of different lengths were analyzed using an improved Bac-to-Bac expression system. Luciferase activities were investigated both in BmE cells and larval organisms after infection with the Bac-to-Bac system, and similar changes in activity were observed in both models. Strong activity was detected in the longest promoter (2005 bp, −1969 to +36), and activity changed significantly with truncation of promoter length. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the promoter region from −32 to +6 bp played a critical role in activating the downstream gene promoter element, where some potential elements were also predicted by informatics tools. The findings offer a basic reference for the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of BmCPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Renze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
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Zhang K, Li C, Weng X, Su J, Shen L, Pan G, Long D, Zhao A, Cui H. Transgenic characterization of two silkworm tissue-specific promoters in the haemocyte plasmatocyte cells. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:133-142. [PMID: 29131435 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Haemocytes play crucial roles in insect metabolism, metamorphosis, and innate immunity. As a model of lepidopteran insects, the silkworm is a useful model to study the functions of both haematopoiesis and haemocytes. Tissue-specific promoters are excellent tools for genetic manipulation and are widely used in fundamental biological research. Herein, two haemocyte-specific genes, Integrin β2 and Integrin β3, were confirmed. Promoter activities of Integrin β2 and Integrin β3 were evaluated by genetic manipulation. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting suggested that both promoters can drive enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) specifically expressed in haemocytes. Further evidence clearly demonstrated that the transgenic silkworm exhibited a high level of EGFP signal in plasmatocytes, but not in other detected haemocyte types. Moreover, EGFP fluorescence signals were observed in the haematopoietic organ of both transgenic strains. Thus, two promoters that enable plasmatocytes to express genes of interest were confirmed in our study. It is expected that the results of this study will facilitate advances in our understanding of insect haematopoiesis and immunity in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - C Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Su
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - G Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - D Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liu X, Zeng Z, Zhao L, Xiao W, Chen P. Changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress factors and the protein synthesis pathway in injured skeletal muscle after contusion. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2196-2202. [PMID: 29434825 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury of skeletal muscle, and particularly mechanically-induced damage, including contusion injury, frequently occurs in contact sports as well as in sports with accidental contact. Although the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration are well understood, those involved in muscle contusion are not. A total of 40 male mice were randomly divided into control (n=8) and muscle contusion (n=32) groups. A muscle contusion model was established by weight-drop injury. Subsequently, the gastrocnemius muscles in the two groups were harvested at different times (1, 3, 7 and 14 days) post-injury. The changes in skeletal muscle morphology were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to analyze inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress factors and the Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The results revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] increased significantly at day 1 and 3 and still exhibited high levels of expression at days 7 and 14 (except IL-6) post-injury. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased significantly at 1, 3 and 7 days and reached its peak levels at 7 days post-injury. It was revealed that gp91phox mRNA increased significantly at all time points and gp91phox protein increased significantly at day 3 post-injury. Furthermore, it was observed that p-Akt/Akt increased significantly at 1 day post-injury. P-mTOR/mTOR increased significantly at day 1 and 7, and p-p70s6k/p70s6k and P-4EBP1/4EBP1 increased significantly at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days post-injury. These results indicate that inflammatory and oxidative stress factors and the Akt/mTOR pathway may serve important roles in the regeneration of muscle contusion. In addition, certain inflammatory factors and oxidative stress factors maintained high levels of expression at 14 days after injury, indicating that the healing process of muscle was still not fully achieved at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Zeng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China.,College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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Zhang K, Pan G, Zhao Y, Hao X, Li C, Shen L, Zhang R, Su J, Cui H. A novel immune-related gene HDD1 of silkworm Bombyx mori is involved in bacterial response. Mol Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Saikhedkar N, Summanwar A, Joshi R, Giri A. Cathepsins of lepidopteran insects: Aspects and prospects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 64:51-59. [PMID: 26210259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular understanding of lepidopteran physiology has revealed that proteases consist of one of the central regulatory/reacting system for insect growth and survival. Among the various proteases, cathepsins are the most crucial cellular proteases, which play vital roles during insect development. In the present review, we have discussed various aspects of the lepidopteran insect cathepsins, emphasizing their roles in processes like development, growth, metamorphosis, apoptosis and immunity. Cathepsins are categorized into different types on the basis of their sequence diversification, leading to variation in structure and catalytic function. Cathepsins exhibit tissue and stage specific expression pattern which is fine-tuned by a delicate balance of expression, compartmentalization, zymogen activation, inhibition by protein inhibitors and degradation. The indispensability of cathepsins as cellular proteases in the above mentioned processes proposes them as novel targets for designing effective and specific insect controlling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Saikhedkar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, MS, India
| | - Aarohi Summanwar
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Rakesh Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, MS, India.
| | - Ashok Giri
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, MS, India.
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