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Qi M, Su X, Li Z, Huang H, Wang J, Lin N, Kong X. Bibliometric analysis of research progress on tetramethylpyrazine and its effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108656. [PMID: 38735486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, natural products have attracted worldwide attention and become one of the most important resources for pharmacological industries and medical sciences to identify novel drug candidates for disease treatment. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an alkaloid extracted from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., which has shown great therapeutic potential in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, liver and renal injury, as well as cancer. In this review, we analyzed 1270 papers published on the Web of Science Core Collection from 2002 to 2022 and found that TMP exerted significant protective effects on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury that is the cause of pathological damages in a variety of conditions, such as ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, and liver transplantation. TMP is limited in clinical applications to some extent due to its rapid metabolism, a short biological half-life and poor bioavailability. Obviously, the structural modification, administration methods and dosage forms of TMP need to be further investigated in order to improve its bioavailability. This review summarizes the clinical applications of TMP, elucidates its potential mechanisms in protecting I/R injury, provides strategies to improve bioavailability, which presents a comprehensive understanding of the important compound. Hopefully, the information and knowledge from this review can help researchers and physicians to better improve the applications of TMP in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhuohang Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Helan Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiangying Kong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Li J, Wang Z, Li J, Zhao H, Ma Q. HMGB1: A New Target for Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Transformation. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01258-5. [PMID: 38740617 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stroke in China is distinguished by its high rates of morbidity, recurrence, disability, and mortality. The ultra-early administration of rtPA is essential for restoring perfusion in acute ischemic stroke, though it concurrently elevates the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) emerges as a pivotal player in neuroinflammation after brain ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion. Released passively by necrotic cells and actively secreted, including direct secretion of HMGB1 into the extracellular space and packaging of HMGB1 into intracellular vesicles by immune cells, glial cells, platelets, and endothelial cells, HMGB1 represents a prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). It is intricately involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, and detrimental inflammation during the early phases of ischemic stroke. Moreover, HMGB1 significantly contributes to neurovascular remodeling and functional recovery in later stages. Significantly, HMGB1 mediates hemorrhagic transformation by facilitating neuroinflammation, directly compromising the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and enhancing MMP9 secretion through its interaction with rtPA. As a systemic inflammatory factor, HMGB1 is also implicated in post-stroke depression and an elevated risk of stroke-associated pneumonia. The role of HMGB1 extends to influencing the pathogenesis of ischemia by polarizing various subtypes of immune and glial cells. This includes mediating excitotoxicity due to excitatory amino acids, autophagy, MMP9 release, NET formation, and autocrine trophic pathways. Given its multifaceted role, HMGB1 is recognized as a crucial therapeutic target and prognostic marker for ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic transformation. In this review, we summarize the structure and redox properties, secretion and pathways, regulation of immune cell activity, the role of pathophysiological mechanisms in stroke, and hemorrhage transformation for HMGB1, which will pave the way for developing new neuroprotective drugs, reduction of post-stroke neuroinflammation, and expansion of thrombolysis time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Li
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China
| | - Jiameng Li
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingfeng Ma
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China.
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Nezhad Salari AM, Rasoulizadeh Z, Shabgah AG, Vakili-Ghartavol R, Sargazi G, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J. Exploring the mechanisms of kaempferol in neuroprotection: Implications for neurological disorders. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3964. [PMID: 38439154 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Kaempferol, a flavonoid compound found in various fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential neuroprotective effects in neurological diseases. This research examines the existing literature concerning the involvement of kaempferol in neurological diseases, including stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuroblastoma/glioblastoma, spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain, and epilepsy. Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have illustrated that kaempferol possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties, contributing to its neuroprotective effects. Kaempferol has been shown to modulate key signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, such as the PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, kaempferol exhibits potential therapeutic benefits by enhancing neuronal survival, attenuating oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial calcium channel activity, reducing neuroinflammation, promoting neurogenesis, and improving cognitive function. The evidence suggests that kaempferol holds promise as a natural compound for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, optimize dosage regimens, and evaluate the safety and efficacy of this intervention in human clinical trials, thereby contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Rasoulizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | | | - Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavol
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Sargazi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
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Khassafi N, Azami Tameh A, Mirzaei H, Rafat A, Barati S, Khassafi N, Vahidinia Z. Crosstalk between Nrf2 signaling pathway and inflammation in ischemic stroke: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114655. [PMID: 38110142 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the major causes of long-term disability and mortality is ischemic stroke that enjoys limited treatment approaches. On the one hand, oxidative stress, induced by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a critical role in post-stroke inflammatory response. Increased ROS generation is one of the basic factors in the progression of stroke-induced neuroinflammation. Moreover, intravenous (IV) thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) as the only medication approved for patients with acute ischemic stroke who suffer from some clinical restrictions it could not cover the complicated episodes that happen after stroke. Thus, identifying novel therapeutic targets is crucial for successful preparation of new medicines. Recent evidence indicates that the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) contributes significantly to regulating the antioxidant production in cytosol, which causes antiinflammatory effects on neurons. New findings have shown a relationship between activation of the Nrf2 and glial cells, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, the nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling, and expression of inflammatory markers, suggesting induction of Nrf2 activation can represent a promising therapeutic alternative as the modulators of Nrf2 dependent pathways for targeting inflammatory responses in neural tissue. Hence, this review addresses the relationship of Nrf2 signaling with inflammation and Nrf2 activators' potential as therapeutic agents. This review helps to improve required knowledge for focused therapy and the creation of modern and improved treatment choices for patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Khassafi
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ali Rafat
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Shirin Barati
- Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Negin Khassafi
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Vahidinia
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Feng F, Xu DQ, Yue SJ, Chen YY, Tang YP. Neuroprotection by tetramethylpyrazine and its synthesized analogues for central nervous system diseases: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:159. [PMID: 38252346 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the global increase in aging populations and changes in modern lifestyles, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular disorders, neuropsychiatrcic conditions, and related ailments is rising, placing an increasing burden on the global public health system. MATERIALS AND METHODS All studies on tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and its derivatives were obtained from reputable sources such as PubMed, Elsevier, Library Genesis, and Google Scholar. Comprehensive data on TMP and its derivatives was meticulously compiled. RESULTS This comprehensive analysis explains the neuroprotective effects demonstrated by TMP and its derivatives in diseases of the central nervous system. These compounds exert their influence on various targets and signaling pathways, playing crucial roles in the development of various central nervous system diseases. Their multifaceted mechanisms include inhibiting oxidative damage, inflammation, cell apoptosis, calcium overload, glutamate excitotoxicity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. CONCLUSION This review provides a brief summary of the most recent advancements in research on TMP and its derivatives in the context of central nervous system diseases. It involves synthesizing analogs of TMP and evaluating their effectiveness in models of central nervous system diseases. The ultimate goal is to facilitate the practical application of TMP and its derivatives in the future treatment of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China.
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China.
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Feng X, Li M, Lin Z, Lu Y, Zhuang Y, Lei J, Liu X, Zhao H. Tetramethylpyrazine promotes axonal remodeling and modulates microglial polarization via JAK2-STAT1/3 and GSK3-NFκB pathways in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 170:105607. [PMID: 37657766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke results in demyelination that underlies neurological disfunction. Promoting oligodendrogenesis will rescue the injured axons and accelerate remyelination after stroke. Microglia react to ischemia/hypoxia and polarize to M1/M2 phenotypes influencing myelin injury and repair. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has neuroprotective effects in treating cerebrovascular disorders. This study aims to evaluate whether TMP promotes the renovation of damaged brain tissues especially on remyelination and modulates microglia phenotypes following ischemic stroke. Here magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and histopathological evaluation are performed to characterize the process of demyelination and remyelination. Immunofluorescence staining is used to prove oligodendrogenesis and microglial polarization. Western blotting is conducted to examine interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and Janus protein tyrosine kinase (JAK) 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1/3-glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3-nuclear transcription factor κB (NFκB) signals. Results show TMP alleviates the injury of axons and myelin sheath, increases NG2+, Ki67+/NG2+, CNPase+, Ki67+/CNPase+, Iba1+/Arg-1+ cells and decreases Iba1+ and Iba1+/CD16+ cells in periinfarctions of rats. Particularly, TMP downregulates IL-6 and upregulates IL-10 and TGF-β expressions, besides, enhances JAK2-STAT3 and suppresses STAT1-GSK3-NFκB activation in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rats. Then we demonstrate that TMP reverses M1/M2 phenotype via JAK2-STAT1/3 and GSK3-NFκB pathways in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated BV2 microglia. Blocking JAK2 with AG490 counteracts TMP's facilitation on M2 polarization of microglia. This study warrants the promising therapy for stroke with TMP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mingcong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ziyue Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuming Zhuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jianfeng Lei
- Medical Imaging Laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Zhang Q, Jiang Q, Sa K, Liang J, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Research progress of plant-derived natural alkaloids in central nervous system diseases. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4885-4907. [PMID: 37455555 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most important causes of human death. Because of their complex pathogenesis, more and more attention has been paid to them. At present, drug treatment of the CNS is the main means; however, most drugs only relieve symptoms, and some have certain toxicity and side effects. Natural compounds derived from plants can provide safer and more effective alternatives. Alkaloids are common nitrogenous basic organic compounds found in nature, which exist widely in many kinds of plants and have unique application value in modern medicine. For example, Galantamine and Huperzine A from medicinal plants are widely used drugs on the market to treat Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the main purpose of this review is to provide the available information on natural alkaloids with the activity of treating central nervous system diseases in order to explore the trends and perspectives for the further study of central nervous system drugs. In this paper, 120 alkaloids with the potential effect of treating central nervous system diseases are summarized from the aspects of sources, structure types, mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kuiru Sa
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junming Liang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Feng W, Chai L, Liu J, Li D, Chen H, Qiu Y, Shen N, Shi X, Xie X, Li M. HMGB1-induced activation of ER stress contributes to pulmonary artery hypertension in vitro and in vivo. Respir Res 2023; 24:149. [PMID: 37268944 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HMGB1 and ER stress have been considered to participate in the progression of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). However, the molecular mechanism underlying HMGB1 and ER stress in PAH remains unclear. This study aims to explore whether HMGB1 induces pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) functions and pulmonary artery remodeling through ER stress activation. METHODS Primary cultured PASMCs and monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats were applied in this study. Cell proliferation and migration were determined by CCK-8, EdU and transwell assay. Western blotting was conducted to detect the protein levels of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4), seven in absentia homolog 2 (SIAH2) and homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2). Hemodynamic measurements, immunohistochemistry staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate the development of PAH. The ultrastructure of ER was observed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS In primary cultured PASMCs, HMGB1 reduced HIPK2 expression through upregulation of ER stress-related proteins (PERK and ATF4) and subsequently increased SIAH2 expression, which ultimately led to PASMC proliferation and migration. In MCT-induced PAH rats, interfering with HMGB1 by glycyrrhizin, suppression of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid or targeting SIAH2 by vitamin K3 attenuated the development of PAH. Additionally, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), as a component of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, reversed hemodynamic deterioration and vascular remodeling by targeting PERK/ATF4/SIAH2/HIPK2 axis. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel insight to understand the pathogenesis of PAH and suggests that targeting HMGB1/PERK/ATF4/SIAH2/HIPK2 cascade might have potential therapeutic value for the prevention and treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuqian Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Limin Chai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanjie Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nirui Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinming Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Li G, Sng KS, Shu B, Wang YJ, Yao M, Cui XJ. Effects of tetramethylpyrazine treatment in a rat model of spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175524. [PMID: 36803629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disabling condition that leads to the loss of motor, sensory, and excretory functions, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients and imposing a heavy burden on the patient's family and society. There is currently a lack of effective treatments for SCI. However, a large number of experimental studies have shown beneficial effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP). We performed a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effects of TMP on neurological and motor function recovery in rats with acute SCI. English (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMbase) and Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and CBM) databases were searched for literature related to TMP treatment in rats with SCI published until October 2022. Two researchers independently read the included studies, extracted the data, and evaluated their quality. A total of 29 studies were included, and a risk of bias assessment revealed that the methodological quality of the included studies was low. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB; n = 429, pooled mean difference [MD] = 3.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.67 to 4.22, p < 0.00001) and inclined plane test (n = 133, pooled MD = 5.60, 95% CI = 3.78 to 7.41, p < 0.00001) scores of rats treated with TMP were significantly higher than those in the control group at 14 days after SCI. TMP treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA; n = 128, pooled MD = -2.03, 95% CI = -3.47 to -0.58, p < 0.00001) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD; n = 128, pooled MD = 5.02, 95% CI = 2.39 to 7.65, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis indicated that different doses of TMP did not improve the BBB scale and inclined plane test angles. In conclusion, this review showed that TMP can improve SCI outcomes; however, in view of the limitations of the included studies, larger and high-quality studies are required for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kim Sia Sng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bing Shu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Li Y, Luo L, Ding X, Zhang X, Gan S, Shang C. Production of Tetramethylpyrazine from Cane Molasses by Bacillus sp. TTMP20. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062640. [PMID: 36985611 PMCID: PMC10054849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) is an active ingredient of Ligusticum wallichii Franch. It can be used in medicine and food fields. In this study, Bacillus sp. TTMP20 was applied to produce TTMP using cane molasses as a carbon source. After pretreatment with phosphoric acid, 170 mL/L treated molasses, combined with 10 g/L yeast powder, 30 g/L tryptone and 30 g/L (NH4)2HPO4 were used for fermentation. After 36 h, TTMP output reached the highest value of 208.8 mg/L. The yield of TTMP using phosphoric acid-treated molasses as carbon source was 145.59% higher than control. Under the sulfuric acid treatment process of molasses (150 g), the maximum yield of TTMP was 895.13 mg/L, which was 183.18% higher than that of untreated molasses (316.1 mg/L). This study demonstrated that molasses is a high-quality and inexpensive carbon source for the manufacture of TTMP, laying the groundwork for the future industrial production of TTMP.
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Xu S, Zhang N, Cao L, Liu L, Deng H, Hua S, Zhang Y. Tetramethylpyrazine Attenuates Oxygen-glucose Deprivation-induced Neuronal Damage through Inhibition of the HIF-1α/BNIP3 Pathway: From Network Pharmacological Finding to Experimental Validation. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:CPD-EPUB-129515. [PMID: 36790003 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230215100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS A network pharmacological analysis combined with experimental validation was used to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of the natural product Tetramethylpyrazine(TMP). BACKGROUND Protecting neurons is critical for acute ischemic stroke treatment. Tetramethylpyrazine is a bioactive component extracted from Chuanxiong. The neuroprotective potential of TMP has been reported, but a systematic analysis of its mechanism has not been performed. OBJECTIVE Based on the hints of network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis, the mechanism by which TMP alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal damage through inhibition of the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway was verified. METHOD In this study, we initially used network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses to elucidate the mechanisms involved in TMP's predictive targets on a system level. The HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway mediating the cellular response to hypoxia and apoptosis was considered worthy of focus in the bioinformatic analysis. An oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced PC12 cell injury model was established for functional and mechanical validation. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, intracellular reactive oxygen species, percentage of apoptotic cells, and Caspase-3 activity were determined to assess the TMP's protective effects. Transfection with siRNA/HIF-1α or pcDNA/HIF-1α plasmids to silence or overexpress hypoxia-inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α). The role of HIF-1α in OGD-injured cells was observed first. After that, TMP's regulation of the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway was investigated. The pcDNA3.1/HIF-1α-positive plasmids were applied in rescue experiments. RESULT The results showed that TMP dose-dependently attenuated OGD-induced cell injury. The expression levels of HIF-1α, BNIP3, and the Bax/Bcl-2 increased significantly with increasing OGD duration. Overexpression of HIF-1α decreased cell viability, increased BNIP3 expression, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; siRNA-HIF-1α showed the opposite effect. TMP treatment suppressed HIF-1α, BNIP3 expression, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and was reversed by HIF-1α overexpression. CONCLUSION Our study shows that TMP protects OGD-damaged PC12 cells by inhibiting the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway, which provides new insights into the mechanism of TMP and its neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Dongcheng District Community Health Service Management Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Cao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Binhai New Area Hospital of TCM. Tian Jin, Fourth Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengyu Hua
- Institute of traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Nrf2 Regulates Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122377. [PMID: 36552584 PMCID: PMC9774301 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is characterized by acute ischemia in a certain part of the brain, which leads to brain cells necrosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, etc. At present, there are limited effective clinical treatments for cerebral ischemic stroke, and the recovery of cerebral blood circulation will lead to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Cerebral ischemic stroke involves many pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as one of the most critical antioxidant transcription factors in cells, can coordinate various cytoprotective factors to inhibit oxidative stress. Targeting Nrf2 is considered as a potential strategy to prevent and treat cerebral ischemia injury. During cerebral ischemia, Nrf2 participates in signaling pathways such as Keap1, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, NF-κB, and HO-1, and then alleviates cerebral ischemia injury or CIRI by inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, protecting the blood-brain barrier, and inhibiting ferroptosis. In this review, we have discussed the structure of Nrf2, the mechanisms of Nrf2 in cerebral ischemic stroke, the related research on the treatment of cerebral ischemia through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in recent years, and expounded the important role and future potential of the Nrf2 pathway in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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13
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Network Pharmacology Analysis and Experimental Validation of Kaempferol in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Regulating Neuroinflammation Involving Neutrophils. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012694. [PMID: 36293548 PMCID: PMC9604352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol, a natural plant flavonoid compound, has a neuroprotective effect on ischemic stroke, while the specific mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, we applied the comprehensive strategy that combines network pharmacology and experimental evaluation to explore the potential mechanism of kaempferol in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. First, network pharmacology analysis identified the biological process of kaempferol, suggesting that kaempferol may partly help in treating ischemic stroke by regulating apoptosis and inflammatory response. Then, we evaluated the efficacy of kaempferol in the acute stage of ischemic stroke and elucidated its effects and possible mechanisms on cell apoptosis and neuroinflammation involved by neutrophils. The results showed that kaempferol could significantly reduce the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), and reduce the volume of cerebral infarction and the degree of cerebral edema. In terms of anti-apoptosis, kaempferol could significantly reduce the number of TUNEL-positive cells, inhibit the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and promote the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Kaempferol may play an anti-apoptotic role by up-regulating the expression level of the BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, we found that kaempferol inhibited neuron loss and the activation of glial cells, as well as the expression level of the inflammatory protein COX-2 and the classic pro-inflammatory signaling pathway TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB in the ischemic brain, reduced MPO activity and neutrophil counts in peripheral blood, and down-regulated neutrophil aggregation and infiltration in the ischemic brain. Western blot revealed that kaempferol down-regulated the activation of the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway in neutrophils and ischemic brains. Our study showed that kaempferol inhibited the activation and number of neutrophils in the rat peripheral blood and brain, which may be related to the down-regulation of the JAK1/STAT3 pathway.
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Dietz RM, Dingman AL, Herson PS. Cerebral ischemia in the developing brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1777-1796. [PMID: 35765984 PMCID: PMC9536116 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain ischemia affects all ages, from neonates to the elderly population, and is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Multiple preclinical rodent models involving different ages have been developed to investigate the effect of ischemia during different times of key brain maturation events. Traditional models of developmental brain ischemia have focused on rodents at postnatal day 7-10, though emerging models in juvenile rodents (postnatal days 17-25) indicate that there may be fundamental differences in neuronal injury and functional outcomes following focal or global cerebral ischemia at different developmental ages, as well as in adults. Here, we consider the timing of injury in terms of excitation/inhibition balance, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, blood brain barrier integrity, and white matter injury. Finally, we review translational strategies to improve function after ischemic brain injury, including new ideas regarding neurorestoration, or neural repair strategies that restore plasticity, at delayed time points after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Dietz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andra L Dingman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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15
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Liu Y, Yang G, Cui W, Zhang Y, Liang X. Regulatory mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine on central nervous system diseases: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:948600. [PMID: 36133805 PMCID: PMC9483103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.948600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases can lead to motor, sensory, speech, cognitive dysfunction, and sometimes even death. These diseases are recognized to cause a substantial socio-economic impact on a global scale. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the main active ingredients extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum striatum DC. (Chuan Xiong). Many in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that TMP has a certain role in the treatment of CNS diseases through inhibiting calcium ion overload and glutamate excitotoxicity, anti-oxidative/nitrification stress, mitigating inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis, protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and facilitating synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of action of TMP on ischemic cerebrovascular disease, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive impairments, migraine, and depression. Our review will provide new insights into the clinical applications of TMP and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
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16
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Su Y, Guo C, Chen Q, Guo H, Wang J, Mu K, Chen D. Construction of bionanoparticles based on Angelica polysaccharides for the treatment of stroke. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 44:102570. [PMID: 35623564 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an acute and severe neurological disease, resulting in disability and death. The poor drug delivery to cerebral ischemic regions is a key challenge of ischemic stroke treatment. Inspired by the ability of Macrophage membranes to cross the blood-brain barrier, We prepared amphiphilic nanoparticles (AOE@TMP) by linking Angelica polysaccharide (APS) and Ethyl ferulate (EF) using oxalate bond (OL) as the linker arm, with an inner core encapsulated with Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), and finally using macrophage membrane camouflage (MAOE@TMP). The experimental results show that MAOE@TMP can successfully deliver drugs to the site of brain injury and specifically release it in the microenvironment of the brain injury site, and the three active ingredients in the herb pair could potentiate and significantly reduce the cerebral infarction size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005,PR China
| | - Chunjing Guo
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan 10 Road, Qingdao 266003,PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005,PR China; Weifang Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences and Industrial Technology, Weifang 261100, PR China; Weifang Institute of Technology, Weifang 262500, PR China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005,PR China; Weifang Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences and Industrial Technology, Weifang 261100, PR China; Weifang Institute of Technology, Weifang 262500, PR China
| | - Jinqiu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005,PR China
| | - Kaihang Mu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005,PR China
| | - Daquan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005,PR China.
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Qin C, Yang S, Chu YH, Zhang H, Pang XW, Chen L, Zhou LQ, Chen M, Tian DS, Wang W. Signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:215. [PMID: 35794095 PMCID: PMC9259607 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused primarily by an interruption in cerebral blood flow, which induces severe neural injuries, and is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Thus, it is of great necessity to further detailly elucidate the mechanisms of ischemic stroke and find out new therapies against the disease. In recent years, efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, including cellular excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell death processes, and neuroinflammation. In the meantime, a plethora of signaling pathways, either detrimental or neuroprotective, are also highly involved in the forementioned pathophysiology. These pathways are closely intertwined and form a complex signaling network. Also, these signaling pathways reveal therapeutic potential, as targeting these signaling pathways could possibly serve as therapeutic approaches against ischemic stroke. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke and categorize them based on the pathophysiological processes they participate in. Therapeutic approaches targeting these signaling pathways, which are associated with the pathophysiology mentioned above, are also discussed. Meanwhile, clinical trials regarding ischemic stroke, which potentially target the pathophysiology and the signaling pathways involved, are summarized in details. Conclusively, this review elucidated potential molecular mechanisms and related signaling pathways underlying ischemic stroke, and summarize the therapeutic approaches targeted various pathophysiology, with particular reference to clinical trials and future prospects for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yun-Hui Chu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Pang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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18
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V Ganesh G, Ganesan K, Xu B, Ramkumar KM. Nrf2 driven macrophage responses in diverse pathophysiological contexts: Disparate pieces from a shared molecular puzzle. Biofactors 2022; 48:795-812. [PMID: 35618963 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The wide anatomical distribution of macrophages and their vast array of functions match various polarization states and their involvement in homeostasis and disease. The confluence of different cellular signaling networks, including direct involvement in inflammation, at the doorstep of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor- erythroid (NF-E2) p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation raises the importance of deciphering the molecular circuitry at the background of multiple-discrete and antagonistic yet flexible and contextual pathways. While we primarily focus on wound healing and repair mechanisms that are affected in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), we strive to explore the striking similarities and differences in molecular events including inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis during tissue injury and wound persistence that accumulates pro-inflammatory senescent macrophages, as a means to identify possible targets or cellular mediators to lessen DFU disease burden. In addition, the role of iron in the modulation of Nrf2 response in macrophages is crucial and reviewed here. Targeted approaches, unlike conventional treatments, in DFU management will require the review and re-assessment of mediators with relevance to other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham V Ganesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Programme, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Tetramethylpyrazine: A review on its mechanisms and functions. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113005. [PMID: 35483189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (known as Chuanxiong in China, CX) is one of the most widely used and long-standing medicinal herbs in China. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an alkaloid and one of the active components of CX. Over the past few decades, TMP has been proven to possess several pharmacological properties. It has been used to treat a variety of diseases with excellent therapeutic effects. Here, the pharmacological characteristics and molecular mechanism of TMP in recent years are reviewed, with an emphasis on the signal-regulation mechanism of TMP. This review shows that TMP has many physiological functions, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis properties; autophagy regulation; vasodilation; angiogenesis regulation; mitochondrial damage suppression; endothelial protection; reduction of proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells; and neuroprotection. At present, TMP is used in treating cardiovascular, nervous, and digestive system conditions, cancer, and other conditions and has achieved good curative effects. The therapeutic mechanism of TMP involves multiple targets, multiple pathways, and bidirectional regulation. TMP is, thus, a promising drug with great research potential.
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Zhao X, He Y, Zhang Y, Wan H, Wan H, Yang J. Inhibition of Oxidative Stress: An Important Molecular Mechanism of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Astragalus membranaceus, Carthamus tinctorius L., Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae, etc.) in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke by Regulating the Antioxidant System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1425369. [PMID: 35651725 PMCID: PMC9151006 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1425369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been utilized for thousands of years in China and is becoming increasingly popular all over the world, especially for the treatments of ischemic stroke. More and more evidences have implicated that oxidative stress has been closely related with ischemic stroke. This review will concentrate on the evidence of the action mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine and its active ingredient in preventing ischemic stroke by modulating redox signaling and oxidative stress pathways and providing references for clinical treatment and scientific research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haofang Wan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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21
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:843-860. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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22
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Li H, Bai F, Cong C, Chen B, Xie W, Li S, Liu Q, Chen C, Wu Y. Effects of ligustrazine on the expression of neurotransmitters in the trigeminal ganglion of a rat migraine model. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1318. [PMID: 34532455 PMCID: PMC8422085 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Migraine is one of the most common neurological diseases which has been treated by active substances from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), such as ligustrazine, an extract of the Chinese herb Chuanxiong. However, the pathogenesis of migraine and the curative mechanisms of ligustrazine have remained unclear. The genes P2X3, TRPV1, ERK, and c-fos have been implicated to play a role. In this work, we attempted to elucidate the analgesic mechanism of ligustrazine using a classic migraine-representative rat model. Methods The migraine rat model was established by administration of nitroglycerin (NTG). Ligustrazine treatment was administered by intravenous injection. The animal's behavior was continuously recorded, and then trigeminal ganglions (TGs) were isolated. Total RNA was extracted from cells and total protein was extracted from TG. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses were used to detect the levels of P2X3, TRPV1, c-Fos, and ERK in TG. Results Ligustrazine could reduce the neurological activities of NTG-induced migraine rats. The rats TG nerve showed varying degrees of expression of P2X3, TRPV1, c-Fos and ERK expression element. Ligustrazine could inhibit over-expression of P2X3, TRPV1, c-fos, and ERK in the TG nerve of NTG-induced migraine rats. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that ligustrazine had potent activity against NTG-induced migraine rats through inhibition of the c-fos/ERK signaling pathway. This work may provide a comprehensive basis for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of migraine and the curative mechanisms of ligustrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanghui Bai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Stroke Prevention and Treatment, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Cong Cong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Baotian Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaojun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and West Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Farina M, Vieira LE, Buttari B, Profumo E, Saso L. The Nrf2 Pathway in Ischemic Stroke: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:5001. [PMID: 34443584 PMCID: PMC8399750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, characterized by the sudden loss of blood flow in specific area(s) of the brain, is the leading cause of permanent disability and is among the leading causes of death worldwide. The only approved pharmacological treatment for acute ischemic stroke (intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) has significant clinical limitations and does not consider the complex set of events taking place after the onset of ischemic stroke (ischemic cascade), which is characterized by significant pro-oxidative events. The transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of a great number of antioxidant and/or defense proteins, has been pointed as a potential pharmacological target involved in the mitigation of deleterious oxidative events taking place at the ischemic cascade. This review summarizes studies concerning the protective role of Nrf2 in experimental models of ischemic stroke, emphasizing molecular events resulting from ischemic stroke that are, in parallel, modulated by Nrf2. Considering the acute nature of ischemic stroke, we discuss the challenges in using a putative pharmacological strategy (Nrf2 activator) that relies upon transcription, translation and metabolically active cells in treating ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo Eugênio Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil;
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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24
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Liu Y, Qin X, Lei Z, Chai H, Huang Z, Wu Z. Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps formation and alleviates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver transplantation. Exp Cell Res 2021; 406:112719. [PMID: 34273405 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is an adverse effect for liver transplantation which is characterized by immune response mediated inflammation. Recent studies report that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are implicated in hepatic IRI. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of action of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), the main chemical composition of Ligusticum chuanxiong in treatment of ischemic related diseases. Data showed that hepatic IRI increases the leak of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and stimulates formation of NETs. Extracellular DNA/NETs assay, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescence assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and Western blot assay, showed that TMP significantly reduces formation of NETs and alleviates hepatic IRI. Moreover, TMP and Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) suppressed ROS production in neutrophils. In addition, analysis showed that activation of NADPH oxidase plays a role in formation of NETs triggered by hepatic IRI. Notably, TMP inhibited formation of NETs though inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Additionally, Combination treatment using TMP and DPI was more effective compared with monotherapy of either of the two drugs. These findings show that combination therapy using TMP and DPI is a promising method for treatment hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qin
- Department of General Surgery of Yuzhong District, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zilun Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Chai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuotian Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongjun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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25
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Zhu T, Xie WJ, Wang L, Jin XB, Meng XB, Sun GB, Sun XB. Notoginsenoside R1 activates the NAMPT-NAD +-SIRT1 cascade to promote postischemic angiogenesis by modulating Notch signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111693. [PMID: 34029951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) maintains mitochondrial function and protects against cerebral ischemic injury by improving energy metabolism. Notoginsenoside R1 (R1), a unique constituent of Panax notoginseng, has been shown to promote the proliferation and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Whether R1 has proangiogenesis on the activation of NAMPT in ischemic stroke remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacodynamic effect and mechanism of R1 on angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. We used male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). R1 was administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection immediately after ischemia induction. The promotion of R1 on angiogenesis were detected by immunofluorescence staining, 3D stereoscopic imaging and transmission electron microscopy detection. HBMEC cells were pretreated with different concentrations of R1 for 12 h before oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) exposure. Afterward, scratch assay, EdU staining and tube formation were determined. Western blot analyses of proteins, including those involved in angiogenesis, NAMPT-SIRT1 cascade, VEGFR-2, and Notch signaling, were conducted. We showed that R1 significantly restored cerebral blood flow, improved mitochondrial energy metabolism and promoted angiogenesis. More importantly, incubation with 12.5-50 μM R1 significantly increased the migration, proliferation and tube formation of HBMECs in vitro. The promotion of R1 on angiogenesis were associated with the NAMPT-NAD+-SIRT1 cascade and Notch/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway, which was partially eliminated by inhibitors of NAMPT and SIRT1. We demonstrated that R1 promotes post-stroke angiogenesis via activating NAMPT-NAD+-SIRT1 cascade. The modulation of Notch signaling and VEGFR-2 contribute to the post-stroke angiogenesis. These findings offer insight for exploring new therapeutic strategies for neurorestoration via R1 treatment after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Colleg, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100193, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei-Jie Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Colleg, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100193, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Colleg, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100193, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing 100193, China; China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 211198, China; Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China.
| | - Xin-Biao Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Colleg, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100193, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiang-Bao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Colleg, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100193, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Gui-Bo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Colleg, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100193, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Colleg, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100193, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing 100193, China.
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26
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Tan Z, Qiu J, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Yin X, Li J, Liu G, Li H, Yang G. Tetramethylpyrazine Alleviates Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Through Facilitating Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Rats With Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:646537. [PMID: 34025340 PMCID: PMC8134703 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) ubiquitously disturb all patients with dementia at some point in the disease course. Although a plethora of non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods targeting the relief BPSD have been developed, the therapeutic effect is still far from ideal. Here, a rat BPSD model combining the physiological changes with mental insults was successfully established. Meanwhile, our results indicated that TMP attenuated anxious behavior using an elevated plus maze (EPM) test, ameliorated recognitive ability and sociability through a novel object recognition test (NORT) and social interaction test (SIT), and improved learning and memory impairments via a Barnes maze in rats with bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO) plus chronic restraint stress (CRS). Given that hippocampus chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) always causes damage to the hippocampus, and the majority of cognitive impairments, behaviors, and stress responses are associated with pathology in the hippocampus including anxiety and depression, we paid attention to investigate the role of the hippocampus in BPSD. Our results indicated that Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) attenuated anxiety and ameliorated recognitive ability, sociability, learning, and memory impairments due to alleviating dendritic and spine deficits, and upregulating the expression of synapse-related proteins (including PSD95, SYN, GAP43, SYP) in the hippocampus. We also found that the underlying mechanism was that TMP could activate the TrkB/ERK/CREB signaling pathway to promote synaptic remodeling in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, the present study enlarges the therapeutic scope of TMP in neurodegenerative disorders and provides basic knowledge and feasible candidates for treating BPSD, particularly for vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihu Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- The First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xixi Yin
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine/Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangya Liu
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine/Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
| | - Hengfei Li
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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27
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Xie Q, Li H, Lu D, Yuan J, Ma R, Li J, Ren M, Li Y, Chen H, Wang J, Gong D. Neuroprotective Effect for Cerebral Ischemia by Natural Products: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:607412. [PMID: 33967750 PMCID: PMC8102015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.607412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. Stroke is a disease with high prevalence and incidence, the pathogenesis is a complex cascade reaction. In recent years, it’s reported that a vast number of natural products have demonstrated beneficial effects on stroke worldwide. Natural products have been discovered to modulate activities with multiple targets and signaling pathways to exert neuroprotection via direct or indirect effects on enzymes, such as kinases, regulatory receptors, and proteins. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the established pharmacological effects and multiple target mechanisms of natural products for cerebral ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications. In addition, the biological activity of natural products is closely related to their structure, and the structure-activity relationship of most natural products in neuroprotection is lacking, which should be further explored in future. Overall, we stress on natural products for their role in neuroprotection, and this wide band of pharmacological or biological activities has made them suitable candidates for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Daoyin Gong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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28
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Classical Active Ingredients and Extracts of Chinese Herbal Medicines: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Molecular Mechanisms for Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8868941. [PMID: 33791075 PMCID: PMC7984881 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8868941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and approximately 87% of cases are attributed to ischemia. The main factors that cause ischemic stroke include excitotoxicity, energy metabolism disorder, Ca+ overload, oxidative damage, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation. However, no effective drug is currently available for the comprehensive treatment of ischemic stroke in clinical applications; thus, there is an urgent need to find and develop comprehensive and effective drugs to treat postischemic stroke. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in treating ischemic stroke, with overall regulatory effects at multiple levels and on multiple targets. Many researchers have studied the effective components of TCMs and have achieved undeniable results. This paper reviews studies on the anticerebral ischemia effects of TCM monomers such as tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), tanshinone IIA (TSA), gastrodin (Gas), and baicalin (BA) as well as effective extracts such as Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB). Research on the anticerebral ischemia effects of TCMs has focused mostly on their antioxidative stress, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, proangiogenic, and proneurogenic effects. However, the research on the use of TCM to treat ischemic stroke remains incompletely characterized. Thus, we summarized and considered this topic from the perspective of pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, and mechanistic research, and we have provided a reference basis for future research and development on anticerebral ischemia TCM drugs.
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29
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Functional metabolomics innovates therapeutic discovery of traditional Chinese medicine derived functional compounds. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107824. [PMID: 33667524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) produce chemically diverse functional compounds that are importantly chemical resource for facilitating new drug discovery and development against a diversity of diseases. However, modern exploration of TCM derived functional compounds is significantly hindered by the inefficient elucidation of pharmacological functions over past decades, because conventional research methods are incapable of efficiently elucidating therapeutic potential of TCM conferred by multiple functional compounds. Functional metabolomics has the priority-capacity to characterize systems therapeutic actions of TCM by precisely capturing molecular interactions between disease response metabolite biomarkers (DRMB) and functional compounds (secondary metabolites), which underline pharmacological efficiency and associated therapeutic mechanisms. In this critical review, we innovatively summarize systems therapeutic feature of TCM derived functional compounds from a functional-metabolism perspective, then systems metabolic targets (SMT) identified by functional metabolomics method are strategically proposed to better understanding of therapeutic discovery of TCM derived functional compounds. In addition, we propose the perspective strategy as Spatial Temporal Operative Real Metabolomics (STORM) to considerably improve analytical capacity of functional metabolomics method by selectively incorporating the cutting edge technologies of mass spectrometry imaging, isotope-metabolic fluxomics, synthetic and biosynthetic chemistry, which could considerably enhance the precision and resolution of elucidating pharmacological efficiency and associated therapeutic mechanisms of TCM derived functional compounds. Collectively, such critical review is expected to provide novel perspective-strategy that could significantly improve modern exploration and exploitation of TCM derived functional compounds that further promote new drug discovery and development against the complex diseases.
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30
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Guo S, Li Y, Wei B, Liu W, Li R, Cheng W, Zhang X, He X, Li X, Duan C. Tim-3 deteriorates neuroinflammatory and neurocyte apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage through the Nrf2/HMGB1 signaling pathway in rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21161-21185. [PMID: 33168786 PMCID: PMC7695377 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is known to play an important role in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) has emerged as a critical regulator of adaptive and innate immune responses, and has been identified to play a vital role in certain inflammatory diseases; The present study explored the effect of Tim-3 on inflammatory responses and detailed mechanism in EBI following SAH. We investigated the effects of Tim-3 on SAH models established by endovascular puncture method in Sprague–Dawley rats. The present studies revealed that SAH induced a significant inflammatory response and significantly increased Tim-3 expression. Tim-3-AAV administration aggravated neurocyte apoptosis, brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurological dysfunction; significantly inhibited Nrf2 expression; and increased HMGB1 expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-17, and IL-18. However, Tim-3 siRNA or NK252 administration abolished the pro-inflammatory effects of Tim-3. Our results indicate a function for Tim-3 as a molecular player that links neuroinflammation and brain damage after SAH. We reveal that Tim-3 overexpression deteriorates neuroinflammatory and neurocyte apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage through the Nrf2/HMGB1 signaling pathway in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenquan Guo
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhi Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Boyang Wei
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Cheng
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuying He
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Cao H, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Xu M, Ge L. The Effect of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with Tetramethylpyrazine Therapy on Ischemic Brain Injury: A Histological Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105298. [PMID: 32992203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively poor survival and differentiation performance of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (ucMSCs) limits its application of transplantation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effect of ucMSCs and tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the histological therapy of ischemia stroke. METHODS Using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, we sought to determine the therapeutic effects of ucMSCs combined with TMP on ischemic stroke in rats. 1 × 106 ucMSCs was intracerebral transplanted after 24 hours and TMP (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally every day. After 7 days, the brain tissues were subjected to infarct weight measurement and preparation for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, HE staining, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The results showed that TMP combined with ucMSCs treatment significantly decreased the neurological deficit score, as well as the cerebral infarct ratio (from 16.33±3.35 to 7.67±1.19%) compared to TMP or ucMSCs treated alone. Moreover, TMP+ucMSCs treatment improved the morphological architecture of the infarct zone, dramatically up-regulated the expression of α-tubulin and nestin, and down-regulated GFAP and IL-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ucMSCs combined with TMP are able to exert therapeutic effects following ischemic injury by improving neurogenesis, inhibiting inflammation, and ameliorating histological damage. This may therefore be a promising future treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Liang Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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32
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Cui H, Xu Z, Qu C. Tetramethylpyrazine ameliorates isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting neuroinflammation via miR-150 in rats. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3878-3887. [PMID: 32855738 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has neuroprotective effects in the pathogenesis of some human diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TMP in isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats, and further identify the mechanisms involved in the protective effects of TMP. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the cognitive function of rats exposed to isoflurane or treated with TMP. ELISA was conducted to evaluate the effects of isoflurane or TMP on neuroinflammation. The expression of microRNA-150 (miR-150) was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and the potential target genes of miR-150 were predicted and verified. The impaired cognitive function induced by isoflurane in the rats was significantly ameliorated by treatment with TMP. In addition, TMP treatment in rats attenuated neuroinflammation caused by isoflurane. The expression of miR-150 was inhibited by isoflurane exposure, but was enhanced by TMP treatment in rats. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-150 alleviated the isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation, while the neuroprotective effects of TMP were significantly abrogated by the knockdown of miR-150. AKT3 was a direct target of miR-150, and its mRNA expression was significantly decreased by the overexpression of miR-150 in isoflurane- and TMP-treated rats. These results demonstrated the protective effects of TMP against isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction, which were achieved by attenuating neuroinflammation via the regulation of the miR-150/AKT3 pathway. In addition, miR-150 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the alleviation of cognitive dysfunction induced by anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Cui
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Dongying Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying, Shandong 257055, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghui Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Dongying Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying, Shandong 257055, P.R. China
| | - Chunshan Qu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Dongying Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying, Shandong 257055, P.R. China
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Gugliandolo A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Activation of Nrf2 by Natural Bioactive Compounds: A Promising Approach for Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144875. [PMID: 32664226 PMCID: PMC7402299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. The pathological subtypes of stroke are ischemic stroke, the most frequent, and hemorrhagic stroke. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates redox homeostasis. In stress conditions, Nrf2 translocates inside the nucleus and induces the transcription of enzymes involved in counteracting oxidative stress, endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism, regulators of inflammation, and others. Different natural compounds, including food and plant-derived components, were shown to be able to activate Nrf2, mediating an antioxidant response. Some of these compounds were tested in stroke experimental models showing several beneficial actions. In this review, we focused on the studies that evidenced the positive effects of natural bioactive compounds in stroke experimental models through the activation of Nrf2 pathway. Interestingly, different natural compounds can activate Nrf2 through multiple pathways, inducing a strong antioxidant response associated with the beneficial effects against stroke. According to several studies, the combination of different bioactive compounds can lead to a better neuroprotection. In conclusion, natural bioactive compounds may represent new therapeutic strategies against stroke.
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Maeda A. Recruitment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Damaged Sites by Plant-Derived Components. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:437. [PMID: 32582713 PMCID: PMC7295908 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into a limited number of diverse cells and secrete regenerative factors that contribute to the repair of damaged tissue. In response to signals emitted by tissue damage, MSCs migrate from the bone marrow and area surrounding blood vessels within tissues into the circulating blood, and accumulate at the site of damage. Hence, MSC transplantation therapy is beginning to be applied to the treatment of various intractable human diseases. Recent medicinal plants studies have shown that plant-derived components can activate cell functions. For example, several plant-derived components activate cell signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), enhance expression of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, stimulate extracellular matrix remodeling, and consequently, promote cell migration of MSCs. Moreover, plant-derived components have been shown to promote recruitment of MSCs to damaged tissues and enhance healing in disease models, potentially advancing their therapeutic use. This article provides a comprehensive review of several plant-derived components that activate MSC migration and homing to damaged sites to promote tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Maeda
- Skin Regeneration, PIAS Collaborative Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Wu L, Xiong X, Wu X, Ye Y, Jian Z, Zhi Z, Gu L. Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation to Prevent Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:28. [PMID: 32194375 PMCID: PMC7066113 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral ischemia injury can result in neuronal death and/or functional impairment, which leads to further damage and dysfunction after recovery of blood supply. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) often causes irreversible brain damage and neuronal injury and death, which involves many complex pathological processes including oxidative stress, amino acid toxicity, the release of endogenous substances, inflammation and apoptosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation are interactive and play critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain. Oxidative stress is important in the pathological process of ischemic stroke and is critical for the cascade development of ischemic injury. Oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cerebral ischemia and is more likely to lead to cell death and ultimately brain death after reperfusion. During reperfusion especially, superoxide anion free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) are produced, which can cause lipid peroxidation, inflammation and cell apoptosis. Inflammation alters the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in cerebral ischemic injury. Inflammatory factors can therefore stimulate or exacerbate inflammation and aggravate ischemic injury. Neuroprotective therapies for various stages of the cerebral ischemia cascade response have received widespread attention. At present, neuroprotective drugs mainly include free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-apoptotic agents. However, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between oxidative stress and inflammation, and their interplay with different types of programmed cell death in ischemia/reperfusion injury are unclear. The development of a suitable method for combination therapy has become a hot topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeng Zhi
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wang J, Hong G, Li G, Wang W, Liu T. Novel Homo-Bivalent and Polyvalent Compounds Based on Ligustrazine and Heterocyclic Ring as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:E4505. [PMID: 31835359 PMCID: PMC6943434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalent and polyvalent inhibitors can be used as antitumor agents. In this experiment, eight ligustrazine dimers and seven ligustrazine tetramers linked by alkane diamine with different lengths of carbon chain lengths were synthesized. After screening their antiproliferation activities against five cancer cell lines, most ligustrazine derivatives showed better cytotoxicity than the ligustrazine monomer. In particular, ligustrazine dimer 8e linked with decane-1,10-diamine exhibited the highest cytotoxicity in FaDu cells with an IC50 (50% inhibiting concentration) value of 1.36 nM. Further mechanism studies suggested that 8e could induce apoptosis of FaDu cells through the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and S-phase cell cycle arrest. Inspired by these results, twenty-seven additional small molecule heterocyclic dimers linked with decane-1,10-diamine and nine cinnamic acid dimers bearing ether chain were synthesized and screened. Most monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic systems showed highly selective anti-proliferation activity to FaDu cells and low toxicity to normal MCF 10A cells. The structure-activity relationship revealed that the two terminal amide bonds and the alkyl linker with a chain length of 8-12 carbon were two important factors to maintain its antitumor activity. In addition, the ADMET calculation predicted that most of the potent compounds had good oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Wang
- Graduate Institute, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
| | - Ge Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; (G.H.); (G.L.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; (G.H.); (G.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; (G.H.); (G.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Tianjun Liu
- Graduate Institute, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; (G.H.); (G.L.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Zhang H, Tang W, Wang S, Zhang J, Fan X. Tetramethylpyrazine Inhibits Platelet Adhesion and Inflammatory Response in Vascular Endothelial Cells by Inhibiting P38 MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2019; 43:286-297. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Wang Y, Chen Q, Shi C, Jiao F, Gong Z. Mechanism of glycyrrhizin on ferroptosis during acute liver failure by inhibiting oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4081-4090. [PMID: 31545489 PMCID: PMC6797988 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the anti‑ferroptosis effects of the HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin (GLY). The present study used a cell and animal model of acute liver failure (ALF), induced using tumor necrosis factor‑α, lipopolysaccharide and D‑galactosamine, to investigate the effects of GLY. The expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) were detected were detected by western blotting in L02 hepatocytes and mouse liver. The expression of GPX4 and HMGB1 in L02 hepatocytes and mouse liver was detected by immunofluorescence. The pathological changes to liver tissues were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were tested using kits. Compared with the normal group, the degree of liver damage and liver function in the model animal group was severe. The protein levels of HMGB1 in L02 cells and liver tissues were significantly increased. The expression of NRF2, HO‑1 and GPX4 was significantly decreased. The levels of LDH, Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS were increased, whereas the level of GSH was decreased. Treatment with GLY reduced the degree of liver damage, the expression of HMGB1 was decreased, and the levels of Nrf2, HO‑1 and GPX4 were increased. The levels of LDH, Fe2+, MDA, ROS were decreased, while the level of GSH was increased by GLY treatment. The results of the present study indicated that HMGB1 is involved in the process of ferroptosis. The HMGB1 inhibitor GLY significantly reduced the degree of ferroptosis during ALF by inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fangzhou Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zuojiong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Peng T, Jiang Y, Farhan M, Lazarovici P, Chen L, Zheng W. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines on Preclinical in vivo Models of Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion-Injury: Prospects for Neuroprotective Drug Discovery and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:204. [PMID: 30930774 PMCID: PMC6423897 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired brain ischemia-and reperfusion-injury (IRI), including both Ischemic stroke (IS) and Traumatic Brain injury (TBI), is one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults and represents a major burden in both western and developing countries worldwide. China’s clinical neurological therapeutic experience in the use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), including TCM-derived active compounds, Chinese herbs, TCM formulations and decoction, in brain IRI diseases indicated a trend of significant improvement in patients’ neurological deficits, calling for blind, placebo-controlled and randomized clinical trials with careful meta-analysis evaluation. There are many TCMs in use for brain IRI therapy in China with significant therapeutic effects in preclinical studies using different brain IRI-animal. The basic hypothesis in this field claims that in order to avoid the toxicity and side effects of the complex TCM formulas, individual isolated and identified compounds that exhibited neuroprotective properties could be used as lead compounds for the development of novel drugs. China’s efforts in promoting TCMs have contributed to an explosive growth of the preclinical research dedicated to the isolation and identification of TCM-derived neuroprotective lead compounds. Tanshinone, is a typical example of TCM-derived lead compounds conferring neuroprotection toward IRI in animals with brain middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or TBI models. Recent reports show the significance of the inflammatory response accompanying brain IRI. This response appears to contribute to both primary and secondary ischemic pathology, and therefore anti-inflammatory strategies have become popular by targeting pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, other inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and several transcriptional factors. Here, we review recent selected studies and discuss further considerations for critical reevaluation of the neuroprotection hypothesis of TCMs in IRI therapy. Moreover, we will emphasize several TCM’s mechanisms of action and attempt to address the most promising compounds and the obstacles to be overcome before they will enter the clinic for IRI therapy. We hope that this review will further help in investigations of neuroprotective effects of novel molecular entities isolated from Chinese herbal medicines and will stimulate performance of clinical trials of Chinese herbal medicine-derived drugs in IRI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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40
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Liu L, Locascio LM, Doré S. Critical Role of Nrf2 in Experimental Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:153. [PMID: 30890934 PMCID: PMC6411824 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide; however, effective clinical approaches are still limited. The transcriptional factor Nrf2 is a master regulator in cellular and organismal defense against endogenous and exogenous stressors by coordinating basal and stress-inducible activation of multiple cytoprotective genes. The Nrf2 network not only tightly controls redox homeostasis but also regulates multiple intermediary metabolic processes. Therefore, targeting Nrf2 has emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases including stroke. Here, the current understanding of the Nrf2 regulatory network is critically examined to present evidence for the contribution of Nrf2 pathway in rodent ischemic stroke models. This review outlines the literature for Nrf2 studies in preclinical stroke and focuses on the in vivo evidence for the role of Nrf2 in primary and secondary brain injuries. The dynamic change and functional importance of Nrf2 signaling, as well as Nrf2 targeted intervention, are revealed in permanent, transient, and global cerebral ischemia models. In addition, key considerations, pitfalls, and future potentials for Nrf2 studies in preclinical stroke investigation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Logan M Locascio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Li M, Liu J, Bi Y, Chen J, Zhao L. Potential Medications or Compounds Acting on Toll-like Receptors in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:160-175. [PMID: 28571545 PMCID: PMC5883378 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170601125139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors play an integral role in the process of inflammatory response after ischemic in-jury. The therapeutic potential acting on TLRs is worth of evaluations. The aim of this review was to introduce readers some potential medications or compounds which could alleviate the ischemic damage via TLRs. Methods: Research articles online on TLRs were reviewed. Categorizations were listed according to the follows, methods acting on TLRs directly, modulations of MyD88 or TRIF signaling pathway, and the ischemic tolerance induced by the pre-conditioning or postconditioning with TLR ligands or minor cerebral ischemia via acting on TLRs. Results: There are only a few studies concerning on direct effects. Anti-TLR4 or anti-TLR2 therapies may serve as promis-ing strategies in acute events. Approaches targeting on inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and enhancing interferon regu-latory factor dependent signaling have attracted great interests. Not only drugs but compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicine have been used to identify their neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. In addition, many re-searchers have reported the positive therapeutic effects of preconditioning with agonists of TLR2, 3, 4, 7 and 9. Several trails have also explored the potential of postconditioning, which provide a new idea in ischemic treatments. Considering all the evidence above, many drugs and new compounds may have great potential to reduce ischemic insults. Conclusion: This review will focus on promising therapies which exerting neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury by acting on TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Dong T, Chen N, Ma X, Wang J, Wen J, Xie Q, Ma R. The protective roles of L-borneolum, D-borneolum and synthetic borneol in cerebral ischaemia via modulation of the neurovascular unit. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:874-883. [PMID: 29728011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Borneol has been used to treat stroke in China since ancient times. In our previous research, we demonstrated the effect of borneol on cerebral ischaemia injury via meta-analysis. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is the structural basis of the preservation of the brain microenvironment and is believed to be a promising target in treating stroke. In this research, we explored the roles of three kinds of borneol, namely, L-borneolum (B1), D-borneolum (B2) and synthetic borneol (B3), in the NVU with permanent middle cerebral artery occluded (pMCAO) rats. METHODS The Longa scoring method was used to evaluate nerve function deficits in the pMCAO rats. Awakening time, brain water content, brain index and brain edema rate were also measured. TTC staining was used to calculate the cerebral infarction rate. The morphology of the ischaemia penumbra brain tissue was observed via HE staining, and the neuronal denatured cell index (DCI) was calculated. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF and TNF-α in the serum. Moreover, the ultrastructures of the neurons and of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were observed using transmission electron microscopy. The expression levels of Claudin-5, Bcl-2 and Bax in the ischaemia penumbra of pMCAO rats were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Pretreatment with B1, B2 and B3 delayed the recovery time (P < 0.01). B1 remarkably ameliorated neurological deficits 24 h after cerebral ischaemia (P < 0.05). Moreover, B1 and B3 were both able to ameliorate brain edema and the area of cerebral infarction. In addition, B1, B2 and B3 all increased serum VEGF levels and decreased serum TNF-α levels (P < 0.01). For the ultrastructure determination, the BBB and the nerve centre were significantly improved by B1, B2 and B3. The mechanistic exploration revealed that B2 and B3 protected the brain by reducing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). Immunohistochemistry suggested that B1, B2 and B3 could also enhance the expression of Claudin-5 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The three kinds of borneol demonstrated different protective effects on cerebral ischaemia injury. L-Borneolum displayed the most prominent anti-cerebral ischaemia effect among them. The mechanism was most likely executed via anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation effects and maintenance of the stability of the BBB and TJs to comprehensively improve NVU function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwei Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Nian Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Shao Z, Wang L, Liu S, Wang X. Tetramethylpyrazine Protects Neurons from Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Death. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5277-5282. [PMID: 29104282 PMCID: PMC5685034 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the theoretical basis for protecting the brain from ischemic stroke with tetramethylpyrazine, we studied whether and how tetramethylpyrazine could protect neurons against the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced death and whether transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6 (TRPC6) was involved. Material/Methods Primary rat cortical neurons were cultured and an OGD model was established in the presence or absence of tetramethylpyrazine. Neuronal death was assessed by measuring the uptake of membrane-impermeable PI. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein expressions of TRPC6 and caspase-3. The involvement of TRPC6 was tested via RNAi against TRPC6. Results OGD-induced neuronal death was decreased by tetramethylpyrazine in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of TRPC6 protein was decreased by OGD. Furthermore, downregulating TRPC6 by RNA interfering mimicked the effect of OGD in neuronal death. Tetramethylpyrazine attenuated OGD-induced TRPC6 downregulation in a tetramethylpyrazine concentration-dependent manner. However, these effects of tetramethylpyrazine on attenuating OGD-induced neuronal death were abolished by TRPC6 RNAi. Conclusions Tetramethylpyrazine can protect neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced death, possibly via TRPC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkai Shao
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland).,Heilongjiang Medical Science Institute, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Aimin District, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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Yu B, Ruan M, Liang T, Huang SW, Yu Y, Cheng HB, Shen XC. The Synergic Effect of Tetramethylpyrazine Phosphate and Borneol for Protecting Against Ischemia Injury in Cortex and Hippocampus Regions by Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:70-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang A, Zhu G, Qian P, Zhu T. Tetramethylpyrazine reduces blood-brain barrier permeability associated with enhancement of peripheral cholinergic anti-inflammatory effects for treating traumatic brain injury. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2392-2400. [PMID: 28962173 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a diverse group of intracranial injuries resulting from external mechanical insults to the brain. While basic and clinical research for TBI has been conducted for decades, it has not identified cost-effective medical interventions for treating TBI. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), which is derived from the Chinese herb, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (Chuan Xiong), has been clinically used for treating ischemic brain injury for years. However, whether TMP could provide effective benefits for improving the outcomes following TBI is unknown. In the present study, using controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury to create an animal model of TBI, the potential effects of TMP on improving blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the early phase of the secondary injury, as well as the splenic anti-inflammatory activities, were evaluated. Cognitive functions were also assessed by Morris water maze trials following TBI. Results demonstrated that, at 24 h after CCI injury, BBB permeability was significantly reduced (P<0.05) by the application of TMP. In addition, within 24 h after CCI injury, the plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the spleen were significantly lowered by TMP (P<0.05). Furthermore, within 24 h after CCI injury, the activation of the splenic anti-inflammatory effects mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 (nAChRa7) stimulation were significantly enhanced by TMP (P<0.05). Additionally, impaired spatial memory acquisition and consolidation were significantly improved by TMP after CCI injury (P<0.05). Together, in light of these data, in the treatment of TBI, TMP could effectively reduce BBB permeability, which may be closely associated with the enhanced splenic anti-inflammatory effects activated by nAChRa7 stimulation, and potentially improve cognitive recovery concerning spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Guangbin Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ping Qian
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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46
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Luo X, Yu Y, Xiang Z, Wu H, Ramakrishna S, Wang Y, So KF, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone protects retinal ganglion cells against N
-methyl-d
-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity. J Neurochem 2017; 141:373-386. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Luo
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yankun Yu
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zongqin Xiang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Huisu Wu
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | | | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Jiangsu China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education of PRC; Guangzhou China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Ying Xu
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Jiangsu China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education of PRC; Guangzhou China
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47
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Combination of amino acid/dipeptide with ligustrazine-betulinic acid as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:26-38. [PMID: 28237794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lead compound TBA, 3β-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-ene-28-oic acid-3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazin-2-methyl ester, which exhibited promising antitumor activity and induced tumor cell apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, had previously been reported. Moreover, reports have revealed that the introduction of amino acid to betulinic acid could improve selective cytotoxicity as well as water solubility. Thus, a series of novel TBA amino acid and dipeptide derivatives were designed, synthesized and screened for selective cytotoxic activity against five cancer cell lines (HepG2, HT-29, Hela, BCG-823 and A549) and the not malignant cell line MDCK by standard MTT assay. Most of the tested TBA-amino acid and dipeptide analogues showed stronger anti-proliferative activity against all tested tumor cell lines than TBA. Among them, BA-25 exhibited the greatest cytotoxic activity on tumor cell lines (mean IC50 = 2.31 ± 0.78 μM), that was twofold than the positive drug cisplatin (DDP), while it showed lower cytotoxicity on MDCK cell line than DDP. Further cell apoptosis analyses indicated BA-25-induced apoptosis was associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration.
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48
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Jing H, Wang S, Wang M, Fu W, Zhang C, Xu D. Isobavachalcone Attenuates MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Mice by Inhibition of Microglial Activation through NF-κB Pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169560. [PMID: 28060896 PMCID: PMC5217967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multi-system and age-related neurodegenerative disorder. The intervention targeting neuroinflammation in PD patients is one effective strategy to slow down or inhibit disease progression. Microglia-mediated inflammatory response plays an important role in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and other cerebral diseases. Isobavachalcone is a main component of Chinese herb medicine Psoralea corylifolia, which function includes immunoregulation, anti-oxidation and the regulation of β-amyloid (Aβ42) deposited in hippocampus in Alzheimer's patients. Whether it has the therapeutic effect on Parkinson's disease, however, is unclear. In this study, we found that isobavachalcone could effectively remit Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), prolong the residence time of mice on Rota-rod and alleviate the neuronal necrosis. It also inhibited the over-activation of microglia, and decreased the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β in the brain of PD mice. In vitro, isobavachalcone could inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway through inhibiting the LPS-induced transfer of NF-κB subunit from cytoplasm to nucleus in BV-2 cells. Isobavachalcone decreased the LPS-induced oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and provided a neuroprotective effect by antagonizing microglia-mediated inflammation. Our results indicated that isobavachalcone may be a candidated drug against Parkinson's disease with great clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jing
- Laboratory of Genome Engineering, The Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Laboratory of Genome Engineering, The Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenliang Fu
- Laboratory of Genome Engineering, The Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Genome Engineering, The Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Donggang Xu
- Laboratory of Genome Engineering, The Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen HS, Qi SH, Shen JG. One-Compound-Multi-Target: Combination Prospect of Natural Compounds with Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:134-156. [PMID: 27334020 PMCID: PMC5327453 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160620102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is the only FDA-approved drug for acute ischemic stroke treatment, but its clinical use is limited due to the narrow therapeutic time window and severe adverse effects, including hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity. One of the potential resolutions is to use adjunct therapies to reduce the side effects and extend t-PA's therapeutic time window. However, therapies modulating single target seem not to be satisfied, and a multitarget strategy is warranted to resolve such complex disease. Recently, large amount of efforts have been made to explore the active compounds from herbal supplements to treat ischemic stroke. Some natural compounds revealed both neuro- and bloodbrain- barrier (BBB)-protective effects by concurrently targeting multiple cellular signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, those compounds are potential to be one-drug-multi-target agents as combined therapy with t-PA for ischemic stroke. In this review article, we summarize current progress about molecular targets involving in t-PA-mediated HT and neurotoxicity in ischemic brain injury. Based on these targets, we select 23 promising compounds from currently available literature with the bioactivities simultaneously targeting several important molecular targets. We propose that those compounds merit further investigation as combined therapy with t-PA. Finally, we discuss the potential drawbacks of the natural compounds' studies and raise several important issues to be addressed in the future for the development of natural compound as an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Su-Hua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Gang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
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Wu Y, Liao F, Liao W, Yu J, Deng X, Zheng H, Meng Y, Wang L. Effect of ferulic acid on the brain pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine in conscious rats. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:973-979. [PMID: 27827094 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1257835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. In traditional Chinese medicine, Angelica sinensis is often coprescribed with Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the most important active ingredients isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort; ferulic acid (FA) is the main water-soluble component of Angelica sinensis. 2. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible effect of FA on the brain pharmacokinetics of TMP in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of TMP were investigated in brain microdialysates after oral and intravenous administration of TMP (4 mg/kg) to rats in the absence and presence of FA (5 mg/kg). Samples were collected at timed intervals for the measurement of TMP by a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method. 3. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis for brain microdialysates. The brain pharmacokinetic data for TMP showed significant increases in Cmax, t1/2, AUC0-inf and MRT0-inf after combination with FA. After intragastric administration with FA, there were significant decreases in the Tmax (from 38.33 ± 5.77 to 21 ± 5.48 min; p < 0.01) of TMP. This study indicated that potential drug-drug interaction between TMP and FA should be taken into consideration and the combined administration is beneficial in improving the bioavailability of TMP in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinai Wu
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Fengyun Liao
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Weiguo Liao
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jianye Yu
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xingyun Deng
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Huazhu Zheng
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - YingJiao Meng
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
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