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Sierra-Marquez J, Schaller L, Sassenbach L, Ramírez-Fernández A, Alt P, Rissiek B, Zimmer B, Schredelseker J, Hector J, Stähler T, Koch-Nolte F, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Dietrich A, Kopp R, Nicke A. Different localization of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in native mouse lung - lack of evidence for a direct P2X4-P2X7 receptor interaction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425938. [PMID: 38953020 PMCID: PMC11215518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction P2X receptors are a family of homo- and heterotrimeric cation channels gated by extracellular ATP. The P2X4 and P2X7 subunits show overlapping expression patterns and have been involved in similar physiological processes, such as pain and inflammation as well as various immune cell functions. While formation of P2X2/P2X3 heterotrimers produces a distinct pharmacological phenotype and has been well established, functional identification of a P2X4/P2X7 heteromer has been difficult and evidence for and against a physical association has been found. Most of this evidence stems, however, from in vitro model systems. Methods Here, we used a P2X7-EGFP BAC transgenic mouse model as well as P2X4 and P2X7 knock-out mice to re-investigate a P2X4-P2X7 interaction in mouse lung by biochemical and immunohistochemical experiments as well as quantitative expression analysis. Results No detectable amounts of P2X4 could be co-purified from mouse lung via P2X7-EGFP. In agreement with these findings, immuno-histochemical analysis using a P2X7-specific nanobody revealed only limited overlap in the cellular and subcellular localizations of P2X4 and P2X7 in both the native lung tissue and primary cells. Comparison of P2X4 and P2X7 transcript and protein levels in the respective gene-deficient and wild type mice showed no mutual interrelation between their expression levels in whole lungs. However, a significantly reduced P2rx7 expression was found in alveolar macrophages of P2rx4 -/- mice. Discussion In summary, our detailed analysis of the cellular and subcellular P2X4 and P2X7 localization and expression does not support a physiologically relevant direct association of P2X4 and P2X7 subunits or receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sierra-Marquez
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Schaller
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Sassenbach
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Ramírez-Fernández
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Alt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Béla Zimmer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johann Schredelseker
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hector
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Stähler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robin Kopp
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Suzuki-Kerr H. ATP released from dying cancer cells stimulates P2X4 receptors and mTOR in their neighbors. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:1-4. [PMID: 36750529 PMCID: PMC10828246 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Suzuki-Kerr
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Building 502-401, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
- Eisdell Moore Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Aotearoa Brain Project - Kaupapa Roro o Aotearoa, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Zhou M, Pang F, Liao D, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, He X, Tang C. Electroacupuncture improves allodynia and central sensitization via modulation of microglial activation associated P2X4R and inflammation in a rat model of migraine. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241258113. [PMID: 38744426 PMCID: PMC11143845 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241258113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that activated microglia were involved in the pathogenesis of central sensitization characterized by cutaneous allodynia in migraine. Activation of microglia is accompanied by increased expression of its receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. Acupuncture and its developed electroacupuncture (EA) have been recommended as an alternative therapy for migraine and are widely used for relieving migraine-associated pain. However, it remains rare studies that show whether EA exerts anti-migraine effects via inhibiting microglial activation related to a release of microglial receptors and the inflammatory pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate EA' ability to ameliorate central sensitization via modulation of microglial activation, microglial receptor, and inflammatory response using a rat model of migraine induced by repeated epidural chemical stimulation. Methods: In the present study, a rat model of migraine was established by epidural repeated inflammatory soup (IS) stimulation and treated with EA at Fengchi (GB20) and Yanglingquan (GB34) and acupuncture at sham-acupoints. Pain hypersensitivity was further determined by measuring the mechanical withdrawal threshold using the von-Frey filament. The changes in c-Fos and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Ibal-1) labeled microglia in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) were examined by immunflurescence to assess the central sensitization and whether accompanied with microglia activation. In addition, the expression of Ibal-1, microglial purinoceptor P2X4, and its associated inflammatory signaling pathway mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and Caspase-1 in the TNC were investigated by western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: Allodynia increased of c-Fos, and activated microglia were observed after repeated IS stimulation. EA alleviated the decrease in mechanical withdrawal thresholds, reduced the activation of c-Fos and microglia labeled with Ibal-1, downregulated the level of microglial purinoceptor P2X4, and limited the inflammatory response (NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β signaling pathway) in the TNC of migraine rat model. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the anti-hyperalgesia effects of EA ameliorate central sensitization in IS-induced migraine by regulating microglial activation related to P2X4R and NLRP3/IL-1β inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Pang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhao Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuxin Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinlu He
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenglin Tang
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Puopolo T, Cai A, Liu C, Ma H, Seeram NP. Investigating cannabinoids as P2X purinoreceptor 4 ligands by using surface plasmon resonance and computational docking. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21265. [PMID: 37920520 PMCID: PMC10618793 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2X4) is an ATP-gated ion channel receptor with diverse neurophysiological functions, and P2X4 modulators hold promise as potential therapeutics for neuropathic pain, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. While several cannabinoids have been reported as modulators of purinoreceptors, their specific purinoreceptor-binding characteristics remain elusive. In this study, we established a comprehensive workflow that included a binding screening platform and a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) competitive assay, complemented by computational docking, to identify potential P2X4 binders among a panel of twenty-eight cannabinoids. Through SPR, we determined the binding affinities of cannabinoids (KD values ranging from 3.4 × 10-4 M to 1 × 10-6 M), along with two known P2X4 antagonists, BX430 (KD = 4.5 × 10-6 M) and 5-BDBD (KD = 7.8 × 10-6 M). The competitive SPR assay validated that BX430 and 5-BDBD acted as non-competitive binders with P2X4. In the following competitive assays, two cannabinoids including cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabivarin (CBV) were identified as competitive P2X4-binders with 5-BDBD, while the remaining cannabinoids exhibited non-competitive binding with either BX430 or 5-BDBD. Our molecular docking experiments further supported these findings, demonstrating that both CBD and CBV shared identical binding sites with residues in the 5-BDBD binding pocket on P2X4. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the P2X4-binding affinity of cannabinoids through SPR and sheds light on the interactions between cannabinoids (CBD and CBV) and P2X4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Puopolo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ang Cai
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Hang Ma
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Gόrecki DC, Rumney RMH. The P2X7 purinoceptor in pathogenesis and treatment of dystrophino- and sarcoglycanopathies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 69:102357. [PMID: 36842388 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathies are incurable diseases caused by mutations in the genes encoding dystrophin or members of the dystrophin associated protein complex (DAPC). Restoration of the missing dystrophin or sarcoglycans via genetic approaches is complicated by the downsides of personalised medicines and immune responses against re-expressed proteins. Thus, the targeting of disease mechanisms downstream from the mutant protein has a strong translational potential. Acute muscle damage causes release of large quantities of ATP, which activates P2X7 purinoceptors, resulting in inflammation that clears dead tissues and triggers regeneration. However, in dystrophic muscles, loss of α-sarcoglycan ecto-ATPase activity further elevates extracellular ATP (eATP) levels, exacerbating the pathology. Moreover, seemingly compensatory P2X7 upregulation in dystrophic muscle cells, combined with high eATP leads to further damage. Accordingly, P2X7 blockade alleviated dystrophic damage in mouse models of both dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathy. Existing P2X7 blockers could be re-purposed for the treatment of these highly debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz C Gόrecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Robin M H Rumney
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
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Imraish A, Abu-Thiab T, Hammad H. P 2X and P2Y receptor antagonists reduce inflammation in ATP-induced microglia. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2023; 21:2788. [PMID: 37090457 PMCID: PMC10117305 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2023.1.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background P2 receptors have been implicated in the release of neurotransmitter and pro-inflammatory cytokines due to their response to neuro-excitatory substances in the microglia. The P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y12 receptors are involved in the development of pain behavior induced by peripheral nerve injury. However, it is not known if blocking P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y12 receptors is associated with the expression and the release of interleukin-1B (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in cultured neonatal spinal cord microglia. Objective For this reason, we examined the effects of P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y12 antagonists on the expression and the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in ATP-stimulated microglia. Methods In this study, we observed the effect of A-740003, PSB-12062 and MRS 2395 (P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y12 receptors antagonist, respectively), on the expression and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results ATP induced the increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA). ATP-evoked increase in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression was inhibited by the P2X4 receptor antagonist A-740003 or P2X7 receptor antagonist PSB-12062, respectively. Similarly, ATP-evoked release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was inhibited by A-740003 and PSB-12062. Furthermore, ATP-evoked increased expression of Iba-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA, and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were nearly all blocked after co-administration of A-740003 plus PSB-12062. Finally, ATP-evoked increased gene expression and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were also inhibited by MRS 2395 (P2Y12 antagonist). Conclusion These observations suggest a new clue for therapeutic strategies to treat the neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Imraish
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Tuqa Abu-Thiab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Hana Hammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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7
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Hua SQ, Hu JL, Zou FL, Liu JP, Luo HL, Hu DX, Wu LD, Zhang WJ. P2X7 receptor in inflammation and pain. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:199-209. [PMID: 35850190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Different studies have confirmed P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammatory mediators play a key role in the development of pain. P2X7 receptor activation can induce the development of pain by mediating the release of inflammatory mediators. In view of the fact that P2X7 receptor is expressed in the nervous system and immune system, it is closely related to the stability and maintenance of the nervous system function. ATP activates P2X7 receptor, opens non-selective cation channels, activates multiple intracellular signaling, releases multiple inflammatory cytokines, and induces pain. At present, the role of P2X7 receptor in inflammatory response and pain has been widely recognized and affirmed. Therefore, in this paper, we discussed the pathological mechanism of P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammation and pain, focused on the internal relationship between P2X7 receptor and pain. Moreover, we also described the effects of some antagonists on pain relief by inhibiting the activities of P2X7 receptor. Thus, targeting to inhibit activation of P2X7 receptor is expected to become another potential target for the relief of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi Hua
- Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jia-Ling Hu
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fei-Long Zou
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ji-Peng Liu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Schneider S, Merfort I, Idzko M, Zech A. Blocking P2X purinoceptor 4 signalling alleviates cigarette smoke induced pulmonary inflammation. Respir Res 2022; 23:148. [PMID: 35676684 PMCID: PMC9175376 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with elevated ATP levels in the extracellular space. Once released, ATP serves as danger signal modulating immune responses by activating purinergic receptors. Accordingly, purinergic signalling has been implicated in respiratory inflammation associated with cigarette smoke exposure. However, the role of P2X4-signalling has not been fully elucidated yet.
Methods Here, we analysed the P2X4 mRNA expression in COPD patients as well as cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Furthermore, P2X4-signalling was blocked by either using a specific antagonist or genetic depletion of P2rx4 in mice applied to an acute and prolonged model of cigarette smoke exposure. Finally, we inhibited P2X4-signalling in macrophages derived from THP-1 before stimulation with cigarette smoke extract. Results COPD patients exhibited an increased P2X4 mRNA expression in cells isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral mononuclear cells. Similarly, P2rx4 expression was elevated in lung tissue of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Blocking P2X4-signalling in mice alleviated cigarette smoke induced airway inflammation as well as lung parenchyma destruction. Additionally, human macrophages derived from THP-1 cells released reduced concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in response to cigarette smoke extract stimulation when P2X4 was inhibited. Conclusion Taken together, we provide evidence that P2X4-signalling promotes innate immunity in the immunopathologic responses induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02072-z.
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Manouchehri JM, Datta J, Willingham N, Wesolowski R, Stover D, Ganju RK, Carson WE, Ramaswamy B, Cherian MA. Augmentation of Extracellular ATP Synergizes With Chemotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855032. [PMID: 35515134 PMCID: PMC9065442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer affects two million patients worldwide every year and is the most common cause of cancer-related death among women. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) sub-type is associated with an especially poor prognosis because currently available therapies fail to induce long-lasting responses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapies that result in durable responses. One universal characteristic of the tumor microenvironment is a markedly elevated concentration of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP). Chemotherapy exposure results in further increases in eATP through its release into the extracellular space of cancer cells via P2RX channels. eATP is degraded by eATPases. Given that eATP is toxic to cancer cells, we hypothesized that augmenting the release of eATP through P2RX channels and inhibiting extracellular ATPases would sensitize TNBC cells to chemotherapy. Methods TNBC cell lines MDA-MB 231, Hs 578t and MDA-MB 468 and non-tumorigenic immortal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells were treated with increasing concentrations the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel in the presence of eATPases or specific antagonists of P2RXs with cell viability and eATP content being measured. Additionally, the mRNA, protein and cell surface expressions of the purinergic receptors P2RX4 and P2RX7 were evaluated in all examined cell lines via qRT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry analyses, respectively. Results In the present study, we observed dose-dependent declines of cell viability and increases in eATP of paclitaxel-treated TNBC cell lines in the presence of inhibitors of eATPases, but not of the MCF-10A cell line. These effects were reversed by specific antagonists of P2RXs. Similar results, as those observed with eATPase inhibitors, were seen with P2RX activators. All examined cell lines expressed both P2RX4 and P2RX7 at the mRNA, protein and cell surface levels. Conclusion These results reveal that eATP modulates the chemotherapeutic response in TNBC cell lines, which could be exploited to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy regimens for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jharna Datta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie Willingham
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert Wesolowski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Stover
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William E Carson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Mathew A Cherian
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Bereiter DA, Rahman M, Ahmed F, Thompson R, Luong N, Olson JK. Title: P2x7 Receptor Activation and Estrogen Status Drive Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in a Rat Model for Dry Eye. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827244. [PMID: 35479310 PMCID: PMC9037241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition with an increase in tear osmolarity and loss of tear film integrity. DED is often accompanied by adverse ocular symptoms which are more prevalent in females than males. The basis for ocular hyperalgesia in DED remains uncertain; however, both peripheral and central neural mechanisms are implicated. A model for aqueous deficient DED, exorbital gland excision, was used to determine if activation of the purinergic receptor subtype 7, P2X7R, expressed by non-neural cells in peripheral and central trigeminal nerve pathways, contributed to persistent ocular hyperalgesia. Densitometry of trigeminal brainstem sections revealed increases in P2X7R, the myeloid cell marker Iba1, and the inflammasome, NLRP3, of estradiol-treated DED females compared to estradiol-treated sham females, while expression in DED males and DED females not given estradiol displayed minor changes. No evidence of immune cell infiltration into the trigeminal brainstem was seen in DED rats; however, markers for microglia activation (Iba1) were increased in all groups. Isolated microglia expressed increased levels of P2X7R and P2X4R, IL-1β (Ιnterleukin-1β), NLRP3, and iNOS (nitric oxide synthase). Further, estradiol-treated DED females displayed greater increases in P2X7R, IL-1β and NLRP3 expression compared to untreated DED females. Orbicularis oculi muscle activity (OOemg) evoked by ocular instillation of hypertonic saline (HS) was recorded as a surrogate measure of ocular hyperalgesia and was markedly enhanced in all DED groups compared to sham rats. Systemic minocycline reduced HS-evoked OOemg in all DED groups compared to sham rats. Local microinjection in the caudal trigeminal brainstem of an antagonist for P2X7R (A804598) greatly reduced HS-evoked OOemg activity in all DE groups, while responses in sham groups were not affected. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of siRNA for P2X7R significantly reduced HS-evoked OOemg activity in all DED groups, while evoked responses in sham animals were not affected. These results indicated that activation of P2X7R at central and peripheral sites in trigeminal pain pathways contributed to an increase in ocular hyperalgesia and microglia activation in DED males and females. Estrogen treatment in females further amplified ocular hyperalgesia and neuroimmune responses in this model for aqueous deficient DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mostafeezur Rahman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Fabeeha Ahmed
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Randall Thompson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nhungoc Luong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Julie K Olson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Ren W, Rubini P, Tang Y, Engel T, Illes P. Inherent P2X7 Receptors Regulate Macrophage Functions during Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010232. [PMID: 35008658 PMCID: PMC8745241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes which derive either from blood-borne monocytes or reside as resident macrophages in peripheral (Kupffer cells of the liver, marginal zone macrophages of the spleen, alveolar macrophages of the lung) and central tissue (microglia). They occur as M1 (pro-inflammatory; classic) or M2 (anti-inflammatory; alternatively activated) phenotypes. Macrophages possess P2X7 receptors (Rs) which respond to high concentrations of extracellular ATP under pathological conditions by allowing the non-selective fluxes of cations (Na+, Ca2+, K+). Activation of P2X7Rs by still higher concentrations of ATP, especially after repetitive agonist application, leads to the opening of membrane pores permeable to ~900 Da molecules. For this effect an interaction of the P2X7R with a range of other membrane channels (e.g., P2X4R, transient receptor potential A1 [TRPA1], pannexin-1 hemichannel, ANO6 chloride channel) is required. Macrophage-localized P2X7Rs have to be co-activated with the lipopolysaccharide-sensitive toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in order to induce the formation of the inflammasome 3 (NLRP3), which then activates the pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β)-degrading caspase-1 to lead to IL-1β release. Moreover, inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, sepsis, etc.) are generated downstream of the P2X7R-induced upregulation of intracellular second messengers (e.g., phospholipase A2, p38 mitogen-activated kinase, and rho G proteins). In conclusion, P2X7Rs at macrophages appear to be important targets to preserve immune homeostasis with possible therapeutic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ren
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China; (W.R.); (P.R.); (Y.T.)
- School of Acupunct3ure and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Patrizia Rubini
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China; (W.R.); (P.R.); (Y.T.)
- School of Acupunct3ure and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China; (W.R.); (P.R.); (Y.T.)
- School of Acupunct3ure and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Illes
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China; (W.R.); (P.R.); (Y.T.)
- School of Acupunct3ure and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Jonavičė U, Romenskaja D, Kriaučiūnaitė K, Jarmalavičiūtė A, Pajarskienė J, Kašėta V, Tunaitis V, Malm T, Giniatulin R, Pivoriūnas A. Extracellular Vesicles from Human Teeth Stem Cells Trigger ATP Release and Promote Migration of Human Microglia through P2X4 Receptor/MFG-E8-Dependent Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010970. [PMID: 34681627 PMCID: PMC8537493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) effectively suppress neuroinflammation and induce neuroprotective effects in different disease models. However, the mechanisms by which EVs regulate the neuroinflammatory response of microglia remains largely unexplored. Here, we addressed this issue by testing the action of EVs derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth stem cells (SHEDs) on immortalized human microglial cells. We found that EVs induced a rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ and promoted significant ATP release in microglial cells after 20 min of treatment. Boyden chamber assays revealed that EVs promoted microglial migration by 20%. Pharmacological inhibition of different subtypes of purinergic receptors demonstrated that EVs activated microglial migration preferentially through the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) pathway. Proximity ligation and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that EVs promote association between milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII (MFG-E8) and P2X4R proteins. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of αVβ3/αVβ5 integrin suppressed EV-induced cell migration and formation of lipid rafts in microglia. These results demonstrate that EVs promote microglial motility through P2X4R/MFG-E8-dependent mechanisms. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms through which EVs target human microglia that may be exploited for the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting disease-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugnė Jonavičė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; (U.J.); (D.R.); (K.K.); (A.J.); (J.P.); (V.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Diana Romenskaja
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; (U.J.); (D.R.); (K.K.); (A.J.); (J.P.); (V.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Karolina Kriaučiūnaitė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; (U.J.); (D.R.); (K.K.); (A.J.); (J.P.); (V.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Akvilė Jarmalavičiūtė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; (U.J.); (D.R.); (K.K.); (A.J.); (J.P.); (V.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Justina Pajarskienė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; (U.J.); (D.R.); (K.K.); (A.J.); (J.P.); (V.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Vytautas Kašėta
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; (U.J.); (D.R.); (K.K.); (A.J.); (J.P.); (V.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Virginijus Tunaitis
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; (U.J.); (D.R.); (K.K.); (A.J.); (J.P.); (V.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Rashid Giniatulin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Augustas Pivoriūnas
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; (U.J.); (D.R.); (K.K.); (A.J.); (J.P.); (V.K.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Bello SF, Xu H, Guo L, Li K, Zheng M, Xu Y, Zhang S, Bekele EJ, Bahareldin AA, Zhu W, Zhang D, Zhang X, Ji C, Nie Q. Hypothalamic and ovarian transcriptome profiling reveals potential candidate genes in low and high egg production of white Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata). Poult Sci 2021; 100:101310. [PMID: 34298381 PMCID: PMC8322464 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, the low egg production rate is a major challenge to Muscovy duck farmers. Hypothalamus and ovary play essential role in egg production of birds. However, there are little or no reports from these tissues to identify potential candidate genes responsible for egg production in White Muscovy ducks. A total of 1,537 laying ducks were raised; the egg production traits which include age at first egg (days), number of eggs at 300 d, and number of eggs at 59 wk were recorded. Moreover, 4 lowest (LP) and 4 highest producing (HP) were selected at 59 wk of age, respectively. To understand the mechanism of egg laying regulation, we sequenced the hypothalamus and ovary transcriptome profiles in LP and HP using RNA-Seq. The results showed that the number of eggs at 300 d and number of eggs at 59 wk in the HP were significantly more (P < 0.001) than the LP ducks. In total, 106.98G clean bases were generated from 16 libraries with an average of 6.68G clean bases for each library. Further analysis showed 569 and 2,259 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the hypothalamus and ovary between LP and HP, respectively. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed 114 and 139 pathways in the hypothalamus and ovary, respectively which includes Calcium signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, Focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway, Apoptosis and Apelin signaling pathways that are involved in egg production. Based on the GO terms and KEGG pathways results, 10 potential candidate genes (P2RX1, LPAR2, ADORA1, FN1, AKT3, ADCY5, ADCY8, MAP3K8, PXN, and PTTG1) were identified to be responsible for egg production. Further, protein-protein interaction was analyzed to show the relationship between these candidate genes. Therefore, this study provides useful information on transcriptome of hypothalamus and ovary of LP and HP Muscovy ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semiu Folaniyi Bello
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijin Guo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yibin Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Endashaw Jebessa Bekele
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ali Abdalla Bahareldin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijian Zhu
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, 527400 Guangdong, China
| | - Dexiang Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, 527400 Guangdong, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Congliang Ji
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, 527400 Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, 527400 Guangdong, China.
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14
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Ishikura T, Kinoshita M, Shimizu M, Yasumizu Y, Motooka D, Okuzaki D, Yamashita K, Murata H, Beppu S, Koda T, Tada S, Shiraishi N, Sugiyama Y, Miyamoto K, Kusunoki S, Sugimoto T, Kumanogoh A, Okuno T, Mochizuki H. Anti-AQP4 autoantibodies promote ATP release from astrocytes and induce mechanical pain in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:181. [PMID: 34419102 PMCID: PMC8380350 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intractable neuropathic pain is a common symptom of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). However, the underlying mechanism of NMOSD pain remains to be elucidated. In this study, we focused on ATP, which is one of the damage-associated molecular patterns, and also a well-recognized molecule involved in peripheral neuropathic pain. Methods We assessed the development of pain symptoms by injecting anti-AQP4 recombinant autoantibodies (rAQP4 IgG) into rat spinal cords. We incubated HEK293 cells expressing AQP4 (HEK-AQP4) and rat astrocytes with rAQP4 IgG and assessed the level of ATP in the supernatant. We performed transcriptome analysis of the spinal cords injected with rAQP4 IgG. Pharmacological inhibition was also applied to investigate the involvement of ATP in the development of neuropathic pain in our rat model. The ATP concentration within the cerebrospinal fluid was examined in patients with NMOSD and other neurological diseases. Results Development of mechanical allodynia was confirmed in rAQP4 IgG–treated rats. AQP4-Ab–mediated extracellular ATP release from astrocytes was observed in vitro, and pharmacological inhibition of ATP receptor reversed mechanical allodynia in the rAQP4 IgG–treated rats. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed elevation of gene expressions related to several ATP receptors including P2rx4 and IL1B in the spinal cord of rAQP4 IgG–treated rats. In patients, CSF ATP concentration was significantly higher in the acute and remission phase of NMOSD than in multiple sclerosis or other neurological disorders. Conclusion Anti-AQP4 antibody was shown to induce the release of extracellular ATP from astrocytes. The ATP-mediated development of mechanical allodynia was also suggested in rats treated with anti-AQP4 antibody. Our study indicates the pivotal role of ATP in the pain mechanism of NMOSD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02232-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Ishikura
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mikito Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasumizu
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Murata
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Beppu
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Koda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Tada
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sugiyama
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Data Science, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Okuno
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages express a sub-type specific purinergic receptor profile. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:481-492. [PMID: 34282551 PMCID: PMC8410913 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides act as danger signals that orchestrate inflammation by purinergic receptor activation. The expression pattern of different purinergic receptors may correlate with a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. Macrophages function as pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages (M1) or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (M2). The present study found that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages express a unique purinergic receptor profile during in vitro polarization. As assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Gαs-coupled P1 receptors A2A and A2B are upregulated in M1 and M2 compared to M0, but A2A 15 times higher in M1. The ionotropic P2 receptor P2X5 is selectively upregulated in M1- and M2-polarized macrophages. P2X7 is temporarily expressed in M1 macrophages. Metabotropic P2Y receptors showed a distinct expression profile in M1 and M2-polarized macrophages: Gαq coupled P2Y1 and P2Y6 are exclusively upregulated in M2, whereas Gαi P2Y13 and P2Y14 are overexpressed in M1. This consequently leads to functional differences between M1 and M2 in response to adenosine di-phosphate stimulation (ADP): In contrast to M1, M2 showed increased cytoplasmatic calcium after ADP stimulation. In the present study we show that bone marrow-derived macrophages express a unique repertoire of purinergic receptors. We show for the first time that the repertoire of purinergic receptors is highly flexible and quickly adapts upon pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage differentiation with functional consequences to nucleotide stimulation.
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16
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Palygin O, Klemens CA, Isaeva E, Levchenko V, Spires DR, Dissanayake LV, Nikolaienko O, Ilatovskaya DV, Staruschenko A. Characterization of purinergic receptor 2 signaling in podocytes from diabetic kidneys. iScience 2021; 24:102528. [PMID: 34142040 PMCID: PMC8188476 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that renal purinergic signaling undergoes significant remodeling during pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes. This study examined the renal P2 receptor profile and ATP-mediated calcium response from podocytes in glomeruli from kidneys with type 1 or type 2 diabetic kidney disease (DKD), using type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) rats and streptozotocin-injected Dahl salt-sensitive (type 1 diabetes) rats. A dramatic increase in the ATP-mediated intracellular calcium flux in podocytes was observed in both models. Pharmacological inhibition established that P2X4 and P2X7 are the major receptors contributing to the augmented ATP-mediated intracellular calcium signaling in diabetic podocytes. The transition in purinergic receptor composition from metabotropic to ionotropic may disrupt intracellular calcium homeostasis in podocytes resulting in their dysfunction and potentially further aggravating DKD progression. Diabetic podocytes have sustained intracellular Ca2+ signaling in response to ATP Podocyte purinergic receptor signaling is predominantly ionotropic in diabetes Both type 1 and 2 diabetic podocytes have similar purinergic receptor remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christine A Klemens
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elena Isaeva
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Denisha R Spires
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lashodya V Dissanayake
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Oksana Nikolaienko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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17
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Yin N, Yan E, Duan W, Mao C, Fei Q, Yang C, Hu Y, Xu X. The role of microglia in chronic pain and depression: innocent bystander or culprit? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:949-958. [PMID: 33544194 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that chronic pain and depression often accompany each other, but the underlying pathogenesis of comorbid chronic pain and depression remains mostly undetermined. Biotechnology is gradually revealing the phenotype and function of microglia, with great progress regarding microglia's role in neurodegeneration, depression, chronic pain, and other conditions. This article summarizes the role of microglia in chronic pain, depression, and comorbidities, which is conducive to finding new targets to treat chronic pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Enshi Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wenbin Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Changyuan Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Qin Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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18
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Zhu X, Li Q, Song W, Peng X, Zhao R. P2X7 receptor: a critical regulator and potential target for breast cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:349-358. [PMID: 33486566 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is currently the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Advanced breast cancer is prone to metastasis, and there is currently no drug to cure metastatic breast cancer. The purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor is an ATP-gated nonselective cation channel receptor and is involved in signal transduction, growth regulation, cytokine secretion, and tumor cell development. Recent studies have shown that upregulation of the P2X7 receptor in breast cancer can mediate AKT signaling pathways, Ca2 þ-activated SK3 potassium channels, and EMT and regulate the secretion of small extracellular vesicles to promote breast cancer invasion and migration, which are affected by factors such as hypoxia and ATP. In addition, studies have shown that microRNAs can bind to the 3' untranslated region of the P2X7 receptor, which affects the occurrence and development of breast cancer by upregulating and downregulating P2X7 receptor expression. Studies have shown that new P2X7 receptor inhibitors, such as emodin and Uncaria tomentosa, can inhibit P2X7 receptor-mediated breast cancer invasion and are expected to be used clinically. This article reviews the research progress on the relationship between the P2X7 receptor and breast cancer to provide new ideas and a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Zhu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Peng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
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19
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Dissection of P2X4 and P2X7 Receptor Current Components in BV-2 Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228489. [PMID: 33187309 PMCID: PMC7696836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells represent the immune system of the central nervous system. They become activated by ATP released from damaged and inflamed tissue via purinergic receptors. Ionotropic purinergic P2X4 and P2X7 receptors have been shown to be involved in neurological inflammation and pain sensation. Whether the two receptors assemble exclusively as homotrimers or also as heterotrimers is still a matter of debate. We investigated the expression of P2X receptors in BV-2 microglia cells applying the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. We dissected P2X4 and P2X7 receptor-mediated current components by using specific P2X4 and P2X7 receptor blockers and by their characteristic current kinetics. We found that P2X4 and P2X7 receptors are activated independently from each other, indicating that P2X4/P2X7 heteromers are not of functional significance in these cells. The pro-inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ, if applied in combination, upregulated P2X4, but not P2X7 receptor-dependent current components also arguing against phenotypically relevant heteromerization of P2X4 and P2X7 receptor subunits.
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20
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Martínez-Cuesta MÁ, Blanch-Ruiz MA, Ortega-Luna R, Sánchez-López A, Álvarez Á. Structural and Functional Basis for Understanding the Biological Significance of P2X7 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228454. [PMID: 33182829 PMCID: PMC7696479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) possesses a unique structure associated to an as yet not fully understood mechanism of action that facilitates cell permeability to large ionic molecules through the receptor itself and/or nearby membrane proteins. High extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels—inexistent in physiological conditions—are required for the receptor to be triggered and contribute to its role in cell damage signaling. The inconsistent data on its activation pathways and the few studies performed in natively expressed human P2X7R have led us to review the structure, activation pathways, and specific cellular location of P2X7R in order to analyze its biological relevance. The ATP-gated P2X7R is a homo-trimeric receptor channel that is occasionally hetero-trimeric and highly polymorphic, with at least nine human splice variants. It is localized predominantly in the cellular membrane and has a characteristic plasticity due to an extended C-termini, which confers it the capacity of interacting with membrane structural compounds and/or intracellular signaling messengers to mediate flexible transduction pathways. Diverse drugs and a few endogenous molecules have been highlighted as extracellular allosteric modulators of P2X7R. Therefore, studies in human cells that constitutively express P2X7R need to investigate the precise endogenous mediator located nearby the activation/modulation domains of the receptor. Such research could help us understand the possible physiological ATP-mediated P2X7R homeostasis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Martínez-Cuesta
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
- CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.M.-C.); (Á.Á.); Tel.: +34-963983716 (M.Á.M.-C.); +34-963864898 (Á.Á.)
| | - María Amparo Blanch-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Raquel Ortega-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Ainhoa Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
- CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.M.-C.); (Á.Á.); Tel.: +34-963983716 (M.Á.M.-C.); +34-963864898 (Á.Á.)
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21
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Arnaud-Sampaio VF, Rabelo ILA, Bento CA, Glaser T, Bezerra J, Coutinho-Silva R, Ulrich H, Lameu C. Using Cytometry for Investigation of Purinergic Signaling in Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cytometry A 2020; 97:1109-1126. [PMID: 32633884 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are widely recognized for their importance in guiding pro-tumoral or antitumoral responses. Mediating inflammation or immunosuppression, these cells support many key events in cancer progression: cell growth, chemotaxis, invasiveness, angiogenesis and cell death. The communication between cells in the tumor microenvironment strongly relies on the secretion and recognition of several molecules, including damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Extracellular ATP (eATP) and its degradation products act as signaling molecules and have extensively described roles in immune response and inflammation, as well as in cancer biology. These multiple functions highlight the purinergic system as a promising target to investigate the interplay between macrophages and cancer cells. Here, we reviewed purinergic signaling pathways connecting cancer cells and macrophages, a yet poorly investigated field. Finally, we present a new tool for the characterization of macrophage phenotype within the tumor. Image cytometry emerges as a cutting-edge tool, capable of providing a broad set of information on cell morphology, expression of specific markers, and its cellular or subcellular localization, preserving cell-cell interactions within the tumor section and providing high statistical strength in small-sized experiments. Thus, image cytometry allows deeper investigation of tumor heterogeneity and interactions between these cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izadora L A Rabelo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina A Bento
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Bezerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Zumerle S, Calì B, Munari F, Angioni R, Di Virgilio F, Molon B, Viola A. Intercellular Calcium Signaling Induced by ATP Potentiates Macrophage Phagocytosis. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1-10.e4. [PMID: 30943393 PMCID: PMC6449513 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a signaling molecule exploited by the immune cells for both autocrine regulation and paracrine communication. By performing live calcium imaging experiments, we show that triggered mouse macrophages are able to propagate calcium signals to resting bystander cells by releasing ATP. ATP-based intercellular communication is mediated by P2X4 and P2X7 receptors and is a feature of pro-inflammatory macrophages. In terms of functional significance, ATP signaling is required for efficient phagocytosis of pathogen-derived molecules and apoptotic cells and may represent a target for macrophage regulation by CD39-expressing cells. These results highlight a cell-to-cell communication mechanism tuning innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zumerle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.
| | - Bianca Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Munari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Angioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Molon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
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23
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Khalafalla MG, Woods LT, Jasmer KJ, Forti KM, Camden JM, Jensen JL, Limesand KH, Galtung HK, Weisman GA. P2 Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in the Salivary Gland: From Physiology to Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:222. [PMID: 32231563 PMCID: PMC7082426 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although often overlooked in our daily lives, saliva performs a host of necessary physiological functions, including lubricating and protecting the oral cavity, facilitating taste sensation and digestion and maintaining tooth enamel. Therefore, salivary gland dysfunction and hyposalivation, often resulting from pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome or from radiotherapy of the head and neck region during cancer treatment, severely reduce the quality of life of afflicted patients and can lead to dental caries, periodontitis, digestive disorders, loss of taste and difficulty speaking. Since their initial discovery in the 1970s, P2 purinergic receptors for extracellular nucleotides, including ATP-gated ion channel P2X and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors, have been shown to mediate physiological processes in numerous tissues, including the salivary glands where P2 receptors represent a link between canonical and non-canonical saliva secretion. Additionally, extracellular nucleotides released during periods of cellular stress and inflammation act as a tissue alarmin to coordinate immunological and tissue repair responses through P2 receptor activation. Accordingly, P2 receptors have gained widespread clinical interest with agonists and antagonists either currently undergoing clinical trials or already approved for human use. Here, we review the contributions of P2 receptors to salivary gland function and describe their role in salivary gland dysfunction. We further consider their potential as therapeutic targets to promote physiological saliva flow, prevent salivary gland inflammation and enhance tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G. Khalafalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lucas T. Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kimberly J. Jasmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jean M. Camden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Janicke L. Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Section of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Hilde K. Galtung
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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24
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Oliveira-Fusaro MC, Gregory NS, Kolker SJ, Rasmussen L, Allen LAH, Sluka KA. P2X4 Receptors on Muscle Macrophages Are Required for Development of Hyperalgesia in an Animal Model of Activity-Induced Muscle Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:1917-1929. [PMID: 31898158 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activity-induced pain is common in those with chronic musculoskeletal pain and limits participation in daily activities and exercise. Our laboratory developed a model of activity-induced pain and shows that depletion of muscle macrophages prevents development of hyperalgesia. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from fatiguing muscle and activates purinergic receptors (P2X), and P2X4 receptors are expressed on macrophages. We hypothesized that exercise releases ATP to activate P2X4 receptors on muscle macrophages, which subsequently release interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to produce hyperalgesia. In an animal model of activity-induced pain, using male and female C57BL6/J mice, we show increased expression of P2X4 on muscle macrophages, and blockade of P2X4 receptors in muscle prevented development of hyperalgesia. Using a lentivirus expressing an artificial micro-RNA to P2X4 under the control of a CD68 promoter, we decreased expression of P2X4 mRNA in cultured macrophages, decreased expression of P2X4 protein in muscle macrophages in vivo, and prevented development of activity-induced hyperalgesia. We further show that macrophages primed with LPS differentially released IL-1β when treated with ATP in neutral or acidic pH. Lastly, blockade of IL-1β in muscle prevented development of hyperalgesia in this model. Thus, our data suggest that P2X4 receptors could be a valid pharmacological target to control activity-induced muscle pain experienced by patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas S Gregory
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pain Research Program, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sandra J Kolker
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pain Research Program, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pain Research Program, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Lee-Ann H Allen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kathleen A Sluka
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pain Research Program, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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25
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Chen G, Zhang YQ, Qadri YJ, Serhan CN, Ji RR. Microglia in Pain: Detrimental and Protective Roles in Pathogenesis and Resolution of Pain. Neuron 2019; 100:1292-1311. [PMID: 30571942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous signaling molecules are altered in microglia and contribute to the pathogenesis of pain. Here, we discuss how microglial signaling regulates spinal cord synaptic plasticity in acute and chronic pain conditions with different degrees and variations of microgliosis. We highlight that microglial mediators such as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are powerful neuromodulators that regulate synaptic transmission and pain via neuron-glial interactions. We also reveal an emerging role of microglia in the resolution of pain, in part via specialized pro-resolving mediators including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. We also discuss a possible role of microglia in chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yawar J Qadri
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Hale Transformative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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26
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Kopp R, Krautloher A, Ramírez-Fernández A, Nicke A. P2X7 Interactions and Signaling - Making Head or Tail of It. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:183. [PMID: 31440138 PMCID: PMC6693442 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenine nucleotides play important roles in cell-cell communication and tissue homeostasis. High concentrations of extracellular ATP released by dying cells are sensed as a danger signal by the P2X7 receptor, a non-specific cation channel. Studies in P2X7 knockout mice and numerous disease models have demonstrated an important role of this receptor in inflammatory processes. P2X7 activation has been shown to induce a variety of cellular responses that are not usually associated with ion channel function, for example changes in the plasma membrane composition and morphology, ectodomain shedding, activation of lipases, kinases, and transcription factors, as well as cytokine release and apoptosis. In contrast to all other P2X family members, the P2X7 receptor contains a long intracellular C-terminus that constitutes 40% of the whole protein and is considered essential for most of these effects. So far, over 50 different proteins have been identified to physically interact with the P2X7 receptor. However, few of these interactions have been confirmed in independent studies and for the majority of these proteins, the interaction domains and the physiological consequences of the interactions are only poorly described. Also, while the structure of the P2X7 extracellular domain has recently been resolved, information about the organization and structure of its C-terminal tail remains elusive. After shortly describing the structure and assembly of the P2X7 receptor, this review gives an update of the identified or proposed interaction domains within the P2X7 C-terminus, describes signaling pathways in which this receptor has been involved, and provides an overlook of the identified interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kopp
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Krautloher
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Ramírez-Fernández
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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27
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Guerra Martinez C. P2X7 receptor in cardiovascular disease: The heart side. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:513-526. [PMID: 30834550 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a ligand-gated purinergic receptor activated by extracellular ATP. The receptor is highly expressed in immune cells and in the brain, and, upon activation, the P2X7 receptor allows a cation flux, leading to the distinct activation of intracellular signalling pathways as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and modulation of cell survival. Through these molecular mechanisms, P2X7 is known to play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology of a wide spectrum of diseases, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, neurological, respiratory and more recently cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies demonstrated that the P2X7 could modulate the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and worsen the cardiac disease phenotypes. This review discusses the critical molecular function of P2X7 in the modulation of the onset, progression and resolution of cardiovascular diseases and analyses the putative future use of P2X7-based therapies that modulate the IL-1β secretion arm and direct P2X7 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Guerra Martinez
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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28
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Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Fornai M, Pacher P, Lee HT, Haskó G. P2X4 receptors, immunity, and sepsis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:65-74. [PMID: 30921560 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is life-threatening systemic organ dysfunction caused by a deregulated host response to an infectious insult. Currently, the treatment of sepsis is limited to the use of antibiotics, fluids, and cardiovascular/respiratory support. Despite these interventions, septic mortality remains high, with reduced life quality in survivors. For this reason, the identification of novel drug targets is a pressing task of modern pharmacology. According to a recent research, it appears that P2 purinergic receptors, which can regulate the host's response to infections, have been identified as potential targets for the treatment of sepsis. Among P2 receptors, the P2X4 receptor has recently captured the attention of the research community owing to its role in protecting against infections, inflammation, and organ injury. The present review provides an outline of the role played by P2X4 receptors in the modulation of the host's response to sepsis and the promise that targeting this receptor holds in the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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29
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Zou L, Gong Y, Liu S, Liang S. Natural compounds acting at P2 receptors alleviate peripheral neuropathy. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:125-131. [PMID: 30599217 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is generally resistant to currently available treatments, and it is often a consequence of nerve injury due to surgery, diabetes or infection. Myocardial ischemic nociceptive signaling increases the sympathoexcitatory reflex to aggravate myocardial injury. Elucidation of the pathogenetic factors might provide a target for optimal treatment. Abundant evidence in the literature suggests that P2X and P2Y receptors play important roles in signal transmission. Traditional Chinese medicines, such as emodin, puerarin and resveratrol, antagonize nociceptive transmission mediated by purinergic 2 (P2) receptors in primary afferent neurons. This review summarizes recently published data on P2 receptor-mediated neuropathic pain and myocardial ischemia in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and stellate ganglia (SG), with a special focus on the beneficial role of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Neuropharmacological Labratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, Peoples Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Gong
- Undergraduate student of the First Clinical Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Neuropharmacological Labratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, Peoples Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacological Labratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, Peoples Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Angora G, Prost M, Dellis O. [P2X4, Ca 2+ and CXCL5, a new pro-inflammatory trio]. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34:882-884. [PMID: 30451656 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2018223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ginette Angora
- M1 Biologie Santé, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marion Prost
- M1 Biologie Santé, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Oliver Dellis
- Université Paris Sud UMR-S 1174 Inserm, équipe calcium, bâtiment 440/443, rue des Adèles, 91405 Orsay, France
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31
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Kovács G, Környei Z, Tóth K, Baranyi M, Brunner J, Neubrandt M, Dénes Á, Sperlágh B. Modulation of P2X7 purinergic receptor activity by extracellular Zn 2+ in cultured mouse hippocampal astroglia. Cell Calcium 2018; 75:1-13. [PMID: 30098501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7R protein, a P2 type purinergic receptor functioning as a non-selective cation channel, is expressed in different cell types of the central nervous system in several regions of the brain. The activation of the P2X7R protein by ATP modulates excitatory neurotransmission and contributes to microglial activation, apoptosis and neuron-glia communication. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is highly concentrated in the synaptic vesicles of glutamatergic hippocampal neurons where free zinc ions released into the synaptic cleft alter glutamatergic signal transmission. Changes in both P2X7R-mediated signaling and brain zinc homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular zinc regulates P2X7R activity in the hippocampus. We observed that P2X7R is expressed in both neurons and glial cells in primary mouse hippocampal neuron-glia culture. Propidium iodide (PI) uptake through large pores formed by pannexins and P2X7R was dose-dependently inhibited by extracellular zinc ions. Calcium influx mediated by P2X7R in glial cells was also reduced by free zinc ions. Interestingly, no calcium influx was detected in response to ATP or 3'-O-(4-Benzoyl) benzoyl ATP (BzATP) in neurons despite the expression of P2X7R at the plasma membrane. Our results show that free zinc ions can modulate hippocampal glial purinergic signaling, and changes in the activity of P2X7R may contribute to the development of depression-like behaviors associated with zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Krisztina Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Brunner
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Neubrandt
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Khoja S, Huynh N, Warnecke AMP, Asatryan L, Jakowec MW, Davies DL. Preclinical evaluation of avermectins as novel therapeutic agents for alcohol use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1697-1709. [PMID: 29500584 PMCID: PMC5949264 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) on human health have been documented worldwide. The enormous socioeconomic burden coupled with lack of efficacious pharmacotherapies underlies the need for improved treatment strategies. At present, there is a growing body of preclinical evidence that demonstrates the potential of avermectins [ivermectin (IVM), selamectin (SEL), abamectin (ABM), and moxidectin (MOX)] in treatment of AUDs. Avermectins are derived by fermentation of soil micro-organism, Streptomyces avermitilis, and have been extensively used for treatment of parasitic infections. From the mechanistic standpoint, avermectins are positive modulators of purinergic P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs). P2X4Rs belong to P2X superfamily of cation-permeable ion channels gated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). Building evidence has implicated a role for P2X4Rs in regulation of ethanol intake and that ethanol can inhibit ATP-gated currents in P2X4Rs. Investigations using recombinant cell models and animal models of alcohol drinking have reported that IVM, ABM, and MOX, but not SEL, were able to antagonize the inhibitory effects of ethanol on P2X4Rs in vitro and reduce ethanol intake in vivo. Furthermore, IVM was shown to reduce ethanol consumption via P2X4R potentiation in vivo, supporting the involvement of P2X4Rs in IVM's anti-alcohol effects and that P2X4Rs can be used as a platform for developing novel anti-alcohol compounds. Taken together, these findings support the utility of avermectins as a novel class of drug candidates for treatment of AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheraz Khoja
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nhat Huynh
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Alicia M P Warnecke
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Daryl L Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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33
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Bernier L, Ase AR, Séguéla P. P2X receptor channels in chronic pain pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2219-2230. [PMID: 28728214 PMCID: PMC5980614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a highly prevalent debilitating condition for which treatment options remain limited for many patients. Ionotropic ATP signalling through excitatory and calcium-permeable P2X receptor channels is now rightfully considered as a critical player in pathological pain generation and maintenance; therefore, their selective targeting represents a therapeutic opportunity with promising yet untapped potential. Recent advances in the structural, functional and pharmacological characterization of rodent and human ATP-gated P2X receptor channels have shed brighter light on the role of specific subtypes in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory, neuropathic or cancer pain. Here, we will review the contribution of P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors to chronic pain and discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with the pharmacological manipulation of their function. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis‐Philippe Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Ariel R Ase
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
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Di Virgilio F, Sarti AC, Grassi F. Modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by P2X ion channels. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:51-59. [PMID: 29631184 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a major component of the inflammatory microenvironment where it accumulates following cell and tissue injury but also as a consequence of non-lytic release from activated inflammatory cells. In the inflammatory microenvironment ATP binds and activates nucleotide receptors of the P2Y and P2X subfamilies expressed by immune cells. P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled, while P2X receptors are cation-selective channels. Changes in the intracellular ion homeostasis triggered by P2X receptor stimulation trigger multiple key responses crucial for initiation, propagation, and resolution of inflammation. In the P2X receptor family, the P2X7 subtype has an important role in the activation of lymphocyte, granulocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell responses. Although clinical studies have been so far rather inconclusive, it is believed that P2X7 receptor targeting might offer novel perspectives for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B. Viotti 3/5, 20133 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Via Francesco Sforza, 35-20122 Milan, Italy.
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35
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Zech A, Wiesler B, Ayata CK, Schlaich T, Dürk T, Hoßfeld M, Ehrat N, Cicko S, Idzko M. P2rx4 deficiency in mice alleviates allergen-induced airway inflammation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80288-80297. [PMID: 27863396 PMCID: PMC5348320 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidences point out a crucial role for extracellular nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during inflammatory conditions. Once released into the extracellular space, ATP modulates migration, maturation and function of various inflammatory cells via activating of purinergic receptors of the P2Y- and P2X- family. P2RX4 is an ATP-guided ion channel expressed on structural cells such as alveolar epithelial and smooth muscle cells as well as inflammatory cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. P2RX4 has been shown to interact with P2RX7 and promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Although P2RX7 has already been implicated in allergic asthma, the role of P2RX4 in airway inflammation has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, we used a selective pharmacological antagonist and genetic ablation to investigate the role of P2RX4 in an ovalbumin (OVA) driven model of allergen-induced airway inflammation (AAI). Both, P2RX4 antagonist 5-BDBD treatment and P2rx4 deficiency resulted in an alleviated broncho alveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia, peribronchial inflammation, Th2 cytokine production and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, P2rx4-deficient bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) showed a reduced IL-1ß production in response to ATP accompanied by a decreased P2rx7 expression and attenuated Th2 priming capacity compared to wild type (WT) BMDCs in vitro. Moreover, mice adoptively transferred with P2rx4-deficient BMDCs exhibit a diminished AAI in vivo. In conclusion our data suggests that P2RX4-signaling contributes to AAI pathogenesis by regulating DC mediated Th2 cell priming via modulating IL-1ß secretion and selective P2RX4-antagonists might be a new therapeutic option for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zech
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wiesler
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tilmann Schlaich
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Dürk
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
| | - Madelon Hoßfeld
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ehrat
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sanja Cicko
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Björkgren I, Lishko PV. Purinergic signaling in testes revealed. J Gen Physiol 2018; 148:207-11. [PMID: 27574291 PMCID: PMC5004342 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Björkgren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Polina V Lishko
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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37
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ATP-mediated Events in Peritubular Cells Contribute to Sterile Testicular Inflammation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1431. [PMID: 29362497 PMCID: PMC5780482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritubular myoid cells, which form the walls of seminiferous tubules in the testis, are functionally unexplored. While they transport sperm and contribute to the spermatogonial stem cell niche, specifically their emerging role in the immune surveillance of the testis and in male infertility remains to be studied. Recently, cytokine production and activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were uncovered in cultured peritubular cells. We now show that human peritubular cells express purinergic receptors P2RX4 and P2RX7, which are functionally linked to TLRs, with P2RX4 being the prevalent ATP-gated ion channel. Subsequent ATP treatment of cultured peritubular cells resulted in up-regulated (pro-)inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion, while characteristic peritubular proteins, that is smooth muscle cell markers and extracellular matrix molecules, decreased. These findings indicate that extracellular ATP may act as danger molecule on peritubular cells, able to promote inflammatory responses in the testicular environment.
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38
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Layhadi JA, Turner J, Crossman D, Fountain SJ. ATP Evokes Ca 2+ Responses and CXCL5 Secretion via P2X 4 Receptor Activation in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1159-1168. [PMID: 29255078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes sense extracellular ATP, a danger-associated molecular pattern, released during cellular stress and death, via activation of cell surface P2X and P2Y receptors. Here, we investigate P2 receptor expression in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and receptors that mediate ATP-evoked intracellular [Ca2+]i signals and cytokine production in response to ATP concentrations that exclude P2X7 receptor activation. Expression of P2X1, P2X4, P2X5, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, and P2Y13 was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. ATP elicited intracellular Ca2+ responses in a concentration-dependent fashion (EC50 = 11.4 ± 2.9 μM, n = 3). P2Y11 and P2Y13 activations mediated the amplitude of [Ca2+]i response, whereas P2X4 activation, but not P2X1 or P2X7, determined the duration of Ca2+ response during a sustained phase. ATP mediated gene induction of CXCL5, a proinflammatory chemokine. P2X4 antagonism (PSB-12062 or BX430) inhibited ATP-mediated induction of CXCL5 gene expression and secretion of CXCL5 by primary macrophage. Inhibition of CXCL5 secretion by P2X4 antagonists was lost in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ Reciprocally, positive allosteric modulation of P2X4 (ivermectin) augmented ATP-mediated CXCL5 secretion. P2X7, P2Y11, or P2Y13 receptor did not contribute to CXCL5 secretion. Together, the data reveals a role for P2X4 in determining the duration of ATP-evoked Ca2+ responses and CXCL5 secretion in human primary macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Layhadi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Turner
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich NR4 7UY, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Crossman
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom;
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39
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Schneider M, Prudic K, Pippel A, Klapperstück M, Braam U, Müller CE, Schmalzing G, Markwardt F. Interaction of Purinergic P2X4 and P2X7 Receptor Subunits. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:860. [PMID: 29213241 PMCID: PMC5702805 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X4 and P2X7 are members of the P2X receptor family, comprising seven isoforms (P2X1–P2X7) that form homo- and heterotrimeric non-specific cation channels gated by extracellular ATP. P2X4 and P2X7 are widely coexpressed, particularly in secretory epithelial cells and immune and inflammatory cells, and regulate inflammation and nociception. Although functional heteromerization has been established for P2X2 and P2X3 subunits expressed in sensory neurons, there are contradictory reports regarding a functional interaction between P2X4 and P2X7 subunits. To resolve this issue, we coexpressed P2X4 and P2X7 receptor subunits labeled with green (EGFP) and red (TagRFP) fluorescent proteins in Xenopus laevis oocytes and investigated a putative physical interaction between the fusion proteins by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Coexpression of P2X4 and P2X7 subunits with EGFP and TagRFP located in the extracellular receptor domains led to significant FRET signals. Significant FRET signals were also measured between C-terminally fluorophore-labeled full-length P2X41-384 and C-terminally truncated fluorescent P2X71-408 subunits. We furthermore used the two-electrode voltage clamp technique to investigate whether human P2X4 and P2X7 receptors (hP2X4, hP2X7) functionally interact at the level of ATP-induced whole-cell currents. Concentration–response curves and effects of ivermectin (P2X4-potentiating drug) or BzATP (P2X7-specific agonist) were consistent with a model in which coexpressed hP2X4 and hP2X7 do not interact. Similarly, the effect of adding specific inhibitors of P2X4 (PSB-15417) or P2X7 (oATP, A438079) could be explained by a model in which only homomers exist, and that these are blocked by the respective antagonist. In conclusion, we show that P2X4 and P2X7 subunits can form heterotrimeric P2X4/P2X7 receptors. However, unlike observations for P2X2 and P2X3, coexpression of P2X4 and P2X7 subunits does not result in a novel electrophysiologically discriminable P2X receptor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schneider
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute for Physiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Kirsten Prudic
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute for Physiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Anja Pippel
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute for Physiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Manuela Klapperstück
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute for Physiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Ursula Braam
- Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Fritz Markwardt
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute for Physiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
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40
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Asatryan L, Ostrovskaya O, Lieu D, Davies DL. Ethanol differentially modulates P2X4 and P2X7 receptor activity and function in BV2 microglial cells. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:11-21. [PMID: 28943285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the mechanisms leading to neurodegenerative brain damage induced by chronic alcohol (ethanol) exposure. Microglia play a major role in the development of innate immune responses to environmental injuries including ethanol. Adenosine 5″-triphosphate (ATP)-activated purinergic P2X receptor (P2XR) subtypes, P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs, are endogenously expressed in microglia and can modulate their activity. These 2 P2XR subtypes differ pharmacologically and functionally: 1) P2X4Rs are activated at lower (≤0.1 mM) whereas P2X7Rs - at higher (≥1.0 mM) ATP concentrations; 2) P2X4R activation contributes to the release of brain derived neurotrophic factor and its role in tactile allodynia and neuropathic pain is demonstrated; 3) Due to its role in the secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-1β, P2X7Rs have been implicated in the development of neurodegenerative pathologies, pain and morphine tolerance. To date, the roles of individual P2XR subtypes in ethanol effects on microglia and the functional consequences are not completely understood. Based on the existing knowledge on the pharmacological and functional differences between P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs, the present work tested the hypothesis that P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs play differential roles in ethanol action in microglia. Effects of ethanol on P2X4R and P2X7R activity, expression and functional consequences were determined using murine BV2 microglial cells. Ethanol (≥100 mM) inhibited P2X4Rs but was inactive on P2X7 channel activity. Ethanol (25, 100 mM) inhibited P2X4R-mediated microglia migration whereas it potentiated pore formation in P2X7Rs. Furthermore, ethanol (25, 100 mM) potentiated P2X7R-mediated IL-1β secretion from BV2 microglia. Ethanol also induced protein expression for both P2XR subtypes. Overall, the findings identify differential roles for P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs in regards to ethanol effects on microglia which may be linked to different stages of ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Olga Ostrovskaya
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Dustin Lieu
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Daryl L Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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41
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Anti-Mycobacterium avium complex activity of clarithromycin, rifampin, rifabutin, and ethambutol in combination with adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 88:241-246. [PMID: 28511780 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) inhibited the growth of various bacteria, including mycobacteria, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas, without damaging bacterial surface structures. Notably, ATP's antibacterial activity was found to be attributable to its iron-chelating ability. ATP exhibited combined effects with some antimicrobials against Mycobacterium intracellulare and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, suggesting its usefulness as an adjunctive drug in the chemotherapy against certain intractable infections. In this study, we examined detailed profiles of the anti-Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) activity of some antimicrobial agents, including clarithromycin (CLA), rifampin (RIF), rifabutin (RBT), and ethambutol (EMB), in combination with ATP. It was found that the anti-MAC activity of CLA+RIF, CLA+RBT, and CLA+EMB was markedly potentiated in a strain-dependent manner. In this case, the onset of the regrowth of antimicrobial agent-treated mycobacteria during cultivation was significantly delayed in the presence of ATP, indicating the usefulness of ATP as an adjunctive drug in chemotherapy against MAC infections.
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42
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Sadovnick AD, Gu BJ, Traboulsee AL, Bernales CQ, Encarnacion M, Yee IM, Criscuoli MG, Huang X, Ou A, Milligan CJ, Petrou S, Wiley JS, Vilariño-Güell C. Purinergic receptors P2RX4 and P2RX7 in familial multiple sclerosis. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:736-744. [PMID: 28326637 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants in the purinergic receptors P2RX4 and P2RX7 have been shown to affect susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we set out to evaluate whether rare coding variants of major effect could also be identified in these purinergic receptors. Sequencing analysis of P2RX4 and P2RX7 in 193 MS patients and 100 controls led to the identification of a rare three variant haplotype (P2RX7 rs140915863:C>T [p.T205M], P2RX7 rs201921967:A>G [p.N361S], and P2RX4 rs765866317:G>A [p.G135S]) segregating with disease in a multi-incident family with six family members diagnosed with MS (logarithm of odds = 3.07). Functional analysis of this haplotype in HEK293 cells revealed impaired P2X7 surface expression (P < 0.01), resulting in over 95% inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced pore function (P < 0.001) and a marked reduction in phagocytic ability (P < 0.05). In addition, transfected cells showed 40% increased peak ATP-induced inward current (P < 0.01), and a greater Ca2+ response to the P2X4 135S variant compared with wild type (P < 0.0001). Our study nominates rare genetic variants in P2RX4 and P2RX7 as major genetic contributors to disease, further supporting a role for these purinergic receptors in MS and the disruption of transmembrane cation channels leading to impairment of phagocytosis as the pathological mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ben J Gu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony L Traboulsee
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cecily Q Bernales
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mary Encarnacion
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Irene M Yee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria G Criscuoli
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xin Huang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amber Ou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol J Milligan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Greve AS, Skals M, Fagerberg SK, Tonnus W, Ellermann-Eriksen S, Evans RJ, Linkermann A, Praetorius HA. P2X 1, P2X 4, and P2X 7 Receptor Knock Out Mice Expose Differential Outcome of Sepsis Induced by α-Haemolysin Producing Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:113. [PMID: 28428949 PMCID: PMC5382212 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α-haemolysin (HlyA)-producing Escherichia coli commonly inflict severe urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis, which comprises substantial risk for sepsis. In vitro, the cytolytic effect of HlyA is mainly mediated by ATP release through the HlyA pore and subsequent P2X1/P2X7 receptor activation. This amplification of the lytic process is not unique to HlyA but is observed by many other pore-forming proteins including complement-induced haemolysis. Since free hemoglobin in the blood is known to be associated with a worse outcome in sepsis one could speculate that inhibition of P2X receptors would ameliorate the course of sepsis. Surprisingly, this study demonstrates that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] mice are exceedingly sensitive to sepsis with uropathogenic E. coli. These mice have markedly lower survival, higher cytokine levels and activated intravascular coagulation. Quite the reverse is seen in [Formula: see text] mice, which had markedly lower cytokine levels and less coagulation activation compared to controls after exposure to uropathogenic E. coli. The high cytokine levels in the [Formula: see text] mouse are unexpected, since P2X7 is implicated in caspase-1-dependent IL-1β production. Here, we demonstrate that IL-1β production during sepsis with uropathogenic E. coli is mediated by caspase-8, since caspase-8 and RIPK3 double knock out mice show substantially lower cytokine during sepsis and increased survival after injection of TNFα. These data support that P2X7 and P2X4 receptor activation has a protective effect during severe E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Skals
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus DresdenDresden, Germany
| | | | - Richard J Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus DresdenDresden, Germany
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P2X7 receptor promotes intestinal inflammation in chemically induced colitis and triggers death of mucosal regulatory T cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1183-1194. [PMID: 28286160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor activation contributes to inflammation development in different pathologies. We previously reported that the P2X7 receptor is over-expressed in the gut mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and that P2X7 inhibition protects against chemically induced colitis. Here, we investigated in detail the role of the P2X7 receptor in inflammatory bowel disease development, by treating P2X7 knockout (KO) and WT mice with two different (and established) colitis inductors. P2X7 KO mice were protected against gut inflammation induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or oxazolone, with no weight loss or gut histological alterations after treatment. P2X7 receptor knockout induced regulatory T cell accumulation in the colon, as evaluated by qRT-PCR for FoxP3 expression and immunostaining for CD90/CD45RBlow. Flow cytometry analysis of mesenteric lymph node cells showed that P2X7 activation (by ATP) triggered regulatory T cell death. In addition, such cells from P2X7 KO mice expressed more CD103, suggesting increased migration of regulatory T cells to the colon (relative to the WT). Our results show that the P2X7 has a key role during inflammation development in inflammatory bowel disease, by triggering the death and retention in the mesenteric lymph nodes of regulatory T cells that would otherwise promote immune system tolerance in the gut.
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ion channel gated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The receptor is present on an increasing number of different cells types including stem, blood, glial, neural, ocular, bone, dental, exocrine, endothelial, muscle, renal and skin cells. The P2X7 receptor induces various downstream events in a cell-specific manner, including inflammatory molecule release, cell proliferation and death, metabolic events, and phagocytosis. As such this receptor plays important roles in heath and disease. Increasing knowledge about the P2X7 receptor has been gained from studies of, but not limited to, protein chemistry including cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, crystal structures and atomic modeling, as well as from studies of primary tissues and transgenic mice. This chapter focuses on the P2X7 receptor itself. This includes the P2RX7 gene and its products including splice and polymorphic variants. This chapter also reviews modulators of P2X7 receptor activation and inhibition, as well as the transcriptional regulation of the P2RX7 gene via its promoter and enhancer regions, and by microRNA and long-coding RNA. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the post-translational modification of the P2X7 receptor by N-linked glycosylation, adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation and palmitoylation. Finally, this chapter reviews interaction partners of the P2X7 receptor, and its cellular localisation and trafficking within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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46
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Tsuda M. P2 receptors, microglial cytokines and chemokines, and neuropathic pain. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1319-1329. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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47
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Aprile-Garcia F, Metzger MW, Paez-Pereda M, Stadler H, Acuña M, Liberman AC, Senin SA, Gerez J, Hoijman E, Refojo D, Mitkovski M, Panhuysen M, Stühmer W, Holsboer F, Deussing JM, Arzt E. Co-Expression of Wild-Type P2X7R with Gln460Arg Variant Alters Receptor Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151862. [PMID: 26986975 PMCID: PMC4795689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a member of the P2X family of ligand-gated ion channels. A single-nucleotide polymorphism leading to a glutamine (Gln) by arginine (Arg) substitution at codon 460 of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been associated with mood disorders. No change in function (loss or gain) has been described for this SNP so far. Here we show that although the P2X7R-Gln460Arg variant per se is not compromised in its function, co-expression of wild-type P2X7R with P2X7R-Gln460Arg impairs receptor function with respect to calcium influx, channel currents and intracellular signaling in vitro. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation and FRET studies show that the P2X7R-Gln460Arg variant physically interacts with P2X7R-WT. Specific silencing of either the normal or polymorphic variant rescues the heterozygous loss of function phenotype and restores normal function. The described loss of function due to co-expression, unique for mutations in the P2RX7 gene so far, explains the mechanism by which the P2X7R-Gln460Arg variant affects the normal function of the channel and may represent a mechanism of action for other mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aprile-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Matías Acuña
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana C. Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio A. Senin
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Gerez
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Hoijman
- Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damian Refojo
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Mišo Mitkovski
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Walter Stühmer
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
- HMNC Brain Health, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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