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Pečar Fonović U, Kos J, Mitrović A. Compensational role between cathepsins. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00085-3. [PMID: 38663456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsins, a family of lysosomal peptidases, play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating protein turnover and degradation as well as many specific regulatory actions that are important for proper cell function and human health. Alterations in the activity and expression of cathepsins have been observed in many diseases such as cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, bone remodelling-related conditions and others. These changes are not exclusively harmful, but rather appear to be a compensatory response on the lack of one cathepsin in order to maintain tissue integrity. The upregulation of specific cathepsins in response to the inhibition or dysfunction of other cathepsins suggests a fine-tuned system of proteolytic balance and understanding the compensatory role of cathepsins may improve therapeutic potential of cathepsin's inhibitors. Selectively targeting one cathepsin or modulating their activity could offer new treatment strategies for a number of diseases. This review emphasises the need for comprehensive research into cathepsin biology in the context of disease. The identification of the specific cathepsins involved in compensatory responses, the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the development of targeted interventions could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urša Pečar Fonović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Mitsui S, Yamaguchi J, Suzuki C, Uchiyama Y, Tanida I. TUNEL-positive structures in activated microglia and SQSTM1/p62-positive structures in activated astrocytes in the neurodegenerative brain of a CLN10 mouse model. Glia 2023; 71:2753-2769. [PMID: 37571859 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a group of pediatric neurodegenerative diseases. One of their causative genes, CLN10/CtsD, encodes cathepsin D, a major lysosomal protease. Central nervous system (CNS)-specific CtsD-deficient mice exhibit a neurodegenerative disease phenotype with accumulation of ceroid lipofuscins, granular osmiophilic deposits, and SQSTM1/p62. We focused on activated astrocytes and microglia in this neurodegenerative mouse brain, since there are few studies on the relationship between these accumulators and lysosomes in these glial cells. Activated microglia and astrocytes in this mouse thalamus at p24 were increased by approximately 2.5- and 4.6-fold compared with the control, while neurons were decreased by approximately half. Granular osmiophilic deposits were detected in microglial cell bodies and extended their processes in the thalamus. LAMP1-positive lysosomes, but not SQSTM1/p62 aggregates, accumulated in microglia of this mouse thalamus, whereas both lysosomes and SQSTM1/p62 aggregates accumulated in its astrocytes. TUNEL-positive signals were observed mainly in microglia, but few were observed in neurons and astrocytes. These signals were fragmented DNA from degenerated neurons engulfed by microglia or in the lysosomes of microglia. Abnormal autophagic vacuoles also accumulated in the lysosomes of microglia. Granular osmiophilic deposit-like structures localized to LAMP1-positive lysosomes in CtsD-deficient astrocytes. SQSTM1/p62-positive but LAMP1-negative membranous structures also accumulated in the astrocytes and were less condensed than typical granular osmiophilic deposits. These results suggest that CtsD deficiency leads to intracellular abnormalities in activated microglia and astrocytes in addition to neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Mitsui
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isei Tanida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen W, Imasaka M, Iwama H, Nishiura H, Ohmuraya M. Double deficiency of cathepsin B and L in the mouse pancreas alters trypsin activity without affecting acute pancreatitis severity. Pancreatology 2022; 22:880-886. [PMID: 36038449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature intracellular trypsinogen activation has long been considered a key initiator of acute pancreatitis (AP). Cathepsin B (CTSB) activates trypsinogen, while cathepsin L (CTSL) inactivates trypsin(ogen), and both proteins play a role in the onset of AP. METHODS AP was induced by 7 hourly intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg) in wild-type and pancreas-specific conditional Ctsb knockout (CtsbΔpan), Ctsl knockout (CtslΔpan), and Ctsb;Ctsl double-knockout (CtsbΔpan;CtslΔpan) mice. Pancreatic samples were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and immunoblots. Trypsin activity was measured in pancreatic homogenates. Peripheral blood was collected, and serum amylase activity was measured. RESULTS Double deletion of Ctsb and Cstl did not affect pancreatic development or mouse growth. After 7 times cerulein injections, double Ctsb and Ctsl deficiency in mouse pancreases increased trypsin activity to the same extent as that in Ctsl-deficient mice, while Ctsb deficiency decreased trypsin activity but did not affect the severity of AP. CtsbΔpan;CtslΔpan mice had comparable serum amylase activity and histopathological changes and displayed similar levels of proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and autophagy activity compared with wild-type, CtsbΔpan, and CtslΔpan mice. CONCLUSION Double deletion of Ctsb and Ctsl in the mouse pancreas altered intrapancreatic trypsin activity but did not affect disease severity and inflammatory response after cerulein-induced AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Chen
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Mai Imasaka
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Iwama
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Division of Functional Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
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Hagen CM, Roth E, Graf TR, Verrey F, Graf R, Gupta A, Pellegrini G, Poncet N, Camargo SMR. Loss of LAT1 sex-dependently delays recovery after caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1024-1054. [PMID: 35431492 PMCID: PMC8968515 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i10.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of amino acid transporters is known to vary during acute pancreatitis (AP) except for LAT1 (slc7a5), the expression of which remains stable. LAT1 supports cell growth by importing leucine and thereby stimulates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, a phenomenon often observed in cancer cells. The mechanisms by which LAT1 influences physiological and pathophysiological processes and affects disease progression in the pancreas are not yet known.
AIM To evaluate the role of LAT1 in the development of and recovery from AP.
METHODS AP was induced with caerulein (cae) injections in female and male mice expressing LAT1 or after its knockout (LAT1 Cre/LoxP). The development of the initial AP injury and its recovery were followed for seven days after cae injections by daily measuring body weight, assessing microscopical tissue architecture, mRNA and protein expression, protein synthesis, and enzyme activity levels, as well as by testing the recruitment of immune cells by FACS and ELISA.
RESULTS The initial injury, evaluated by measurements of plasma amylase, lipase, and trypsin activity, as well as the gene expression of dedifferentiation markers, did not differ between the groups. However, early metabolic adaptations that support regeneration at later stages were blunted in LAT1 knockout mice. Especially in females, we observed less mTOR reactivation and dysfunctional autophagy. The later regeneration phase was clearly delayed in female LAT1 knockout mice, which did not regain normal expression of the pancreas-specific differentiation markers recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless-like protein (rbpjl) and basic helix-loop-helix family member A15 (mist1). Amylase mRNA and protein levels remained lower, and, strikingly, female LAT1 knockout mice presented signs of fibrosis lasting until day seven. In contrast, pancreas morphology had returned to normal in wild-type littermates.
CONCLUSION LAT1 supports the regeneration of acinar cells after AP. Female mice lacking LAT1 exhibited more pronounced alterations than male mice, indicating a sexual dimorphism of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Hagen
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Eva Roth
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich 8091, ZH, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich 8091, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich 8091, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Nadège Poncet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, ZH, Switzerland
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Di YQ, Han XL, Kang XL, Wang D, Chen CH, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Autophagy triggers CTSD (cathepsin D) maturation and localization inside cells to promote apoptosis. Autophagy 2021; 17:1170-1192. [PMID: 32324083 PMCID: PMC8143247 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1752497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CTSD/CathD/CATD (cathepsin D) is a lysosomal aspartic protease. A distinguishing characteristic of CTSD is its dual functions of promoting cell proliferation via secreting a pro-enzyme outside the cells as a ligand, and promoting apoptosis via the mature form of this enzyme inside cells; however, the regulation of its secretion, expression, and maturation is undetermined. Using the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera, a serious agricultural pest, as a model, we revealed the dual functions and regulatory mechanisms of CTSD secretion, expression, and maturation. Glycosylation of asparagine 233 (N233) determined pro-CTSD secretion. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) promoted CTSD expression. Macroautophagy/autophagy triggered CTSD maturation and localization inside midgut cells to activate CASP3 (caspase 3) and promote apoptosis. Pro-CTSD was expressed in the pupal epidermis and was secreted into the hemolymph to promote adult fat body endoreplication/endoreduplication, cell proliferation, and association. Our study revealed that the differential expression and autophagy-mediated maturation of CTSD in tissues determine its roles in apoptosis and cell proliferation, thereby determining the cell fates of tissues during lepidopteran metamorphosis.Abbreviations: 20E: 20-hydroxyecdysone; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; AKT: protein kinase B; ATG1: autophagy-related 1; ATG4: autophagy-related 4; ATG5: autophagy-related 5; ATG7: autophagy-related 7; ATG14: autophagy-related 14; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CASP3: caspase 3; CQ: choroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DPBS: dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; DsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EcR: ecdysone receptor; EcRE: ecdysone response element; EdU: 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine; G-m-CTSD: glycosylated-mautre-CTSD; G-pro-CTSD: glycosylated-pro-CTSD; HaEpi: Helicoverpa armigera epidermal cell line; HE staining: hematoxylin and eosin staining; IgG: immunoglobin G; IM: imaginal midgut; JH: juvenile hormone; Kr-h1: krueppel homologous protein 1; LM: larval midgut; M6P: mannose-6-phosphate; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCD: programmed cell death; PNGase: peptide-N-glycosidase F; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNAi: RNA interference; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SYX17: syntaxin 17; USP1: ultraspiracle isoform 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Di
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Le Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cai-Hua Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Iwama H, Mehanna S, Imasaka M, Hashidume S, Nishiura H, Yamamura KI, Suzuki C, Uchiyama Y, Hatano E, Ohmuraya M. Cathepsin B and D deficiency in the mouse pancreas induces impaired autophagy and chronic pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6596. [PMID: 33758261 PMCID: PMC7988038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The major lysosomal proteases, Cathepsin B (CTSB), Cathepsin D (CTSD) and Cathepsin L (CTSL), are implicated in autophagic activity. To investigate the role of each cathepsin in the exocrine pancreas, we generated mice in which the pancreas was specifically deficient in Ctsb, Ctsd and Ctsl. Each of these gene knockout (KO) and Ctsb;Ctsl and Ctsd;Ctsl double-knockout (DKO) mice were almost normal. However, we found cytoplasmic degeneration in the pancreatic acinar cells of Ctsb;Ctsd DKO mice, similar to autophagy related 5 (Atg5) KO mice. LC3 and p62 (autophagy markers) showed remarkable accumulation and the numbers of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were increased in the pancreatic acinar cells of Ctsb;Ctsd DKO mice. Moreover, these Ctsb;Ctsd DKO mice also developed chronic pancreatitis (CP). Thus, we conclude that both Ctsb and Ctsd deficiency caused impaired autophagy in the pancreatic acinar cells, and induced CP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Iwama
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Sally Mehanna
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mai Imasaka
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hashidume
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Division of Functional Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamura
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
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Xue X, Ren S, Yang X, Masoudi A, Hu Y, Wang X, Li H, Zhang X, Wang M, Wang H, Liu J. Protein regulation strategies of the mouse spleen in response to Babesia microti infection. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:61. [PMID: 33468223 PMCID: PMC7814643 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia is a protozoan parasite that infects red blood cells in some vertebrates. Some species of Babesia can induce zoonoses and cause considerable harm. As the largest immune organ in mammals, the spleen plays an important role in defending against Babesia infection. When infected with Babesia, the spleen is seriously injured but still actively initiates immunomodulatory responses. METHODS To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune regulation and self-repair of the spleen in response to infection, this study used data-independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative proteomics to analyse changes in expression levels of global proteins and in phosphorylation modification in spleen tissue after Babesia microti infection in mice. RESULTS After mice were infected with B. microti, their spleens were seriously damaged. Using bioinformatics methods to analyse dynamic changes in a large number of proteins, we found that the spleen still initiated immune responses to combat the infection, with immune-related proteins playing an important role, including cathepsin D (CTSD), interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44), interleukin-2 enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2), interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 (ILF3) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A). In addition, some proteins related to iron metabolism were also involved in the repair of the spleen after B. microti infection, including serotransferrin, lactoferrin, transferrin receptor protein 1 (TfR1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). At the same time, the expression and phosphorylation of proteins related to the growth and development of the spleen also changed, including protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 3/1, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2). CONCLUSIONS Immune-related proteins, iron metabolism-related proteins and growth and development-related proteins play an important role in the regulation of spleen injury and maintenance of homeostasis. This study provides an important basis for the diagnosis and treatment of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xue
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Ren
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Abolfazl Masoudi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,Instrumental Analysis Center, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjing Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao XD, Zhang BW, Fu LJ, Li QL, Lin Y, Yu XQ. Possible Insecticidal Mechanism of Cry41-Related Toxin against Myzus persicae by Enhancing Cathepsin B Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4607-4615. [PMID: 32227950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are well known for their high insecticidal activities against Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera; however, their activities against Aphididae are very low. Recently, it has been reported that a Cry41-related toxin exhibited moderate activity against the aphid Myzus persicae, and thus, it is highly desirable to uncover its unique mechanism. In this paper, we report that Cathepsin B, calcium-transporting ATPase, and symbiotic bacterial-associated protein ATP-dependent-6-phosphofructokinase were pulled down from the homogenate of M. persicae as unique proteins that possibly bound to Cry41-related toxin. Cathepsin B has been reported to cleave and inactivate antiapoptotic proteins and plays a role in caspase-initiated apoptotic cascades. In this study, Cathepsin B was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, and in vitro interaction between recombinant Cathepsin B and Cry41-related toxin was demonstrated. Interestingly, we found that addition of Cry41-related toxin obviously enhanced Cathepsin B activity. We propose a model for the mechanism of Cry41-related toxin as follows: Cry41-related toxin enters the aphid cells and enhances Cathepsin B activity, resulting in acceleration of apoptosis of aphid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Department of Bioengineering & Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Bin-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Department of Bioengineering & Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Li-Jun Fu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ecology-toxicological Effects & Control for Emerging Contaminants, Putian University, Putian, Fujian 351100, PR China
| | - Qi-Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Department of Bioengineering & Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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9
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Hölzen L, Parigiani MA, Reinheckel T. Tumor cell- and microenvironment-specific roles of cysteine cathepsins in mouse models of human cancers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140423. [PMID: 32247787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human genome encodes for 11 papain-like endolysosomal cysteine peptidases, collectively known as the cysteine cathepsins. Based on their biochemical properties and with the help of experiments in cell culture, the cysteine cathepsins have acquired a reputation as promotors of progression and metastasis of various cancer entities. However, tumors are known to be complex tissues in which non-cancerous cells are also critical for tumorigenesis. Here we discuss the results of the intense investigation of cathepsins in mouse models of human cancers. We focus on models in immunocompetent mice, because only such models allow for analysis of cathepsins in a fully functional tumor microenvironment. An important outcome of those studies was the identification of cancer-promoting cathepsins in tumor-associated macrophages. Another interesting outcome of these animal studies was the identification of a homeostatic tumor-suppressive role for cathepsin L in skin and intestinal cancers. Taken together, these in vivo findings provide a basis for the use of cysteine cathepsins as therapeutic targets, prodrug activators, or as proteases for imaging tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hölzen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Alejandra Parigiani
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Suzuki C, Tanida I, Ohmuraya M, Oliva Trejo JA, Kakuta S, Sunabori T, Uchiyama Y. Lack of Cathepsin D in the Renal Proximal Tubular Cells Resulted in Increased Sensitivity against Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071711. [PMID: 30959855 PMCID: PMC6479628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D is one of the major lysosomal aspartic proteases that is essential for the normal functioning of the autophagy-lysosomal system. In the kidney, cathepsin D is enriched in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, and its levels increase during acute kidney injury. To investigate how cathepsin D-deficiency impacts renal proximal tubular cells, we employed a conditional knockout CtsDflox/−; Spink3Cre mouse. Immunohistochemical analyses using anti-cathepsin D antibody revealed that cathepsin D was significantly decreased in tubular epithelial cells of the cortico-medullary region, mainly in renal proximal tubular cells of this mouse. Cathepsin D-deficient renal proximal tubular cells showed an increase of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3; a marker for autophagosome/autolysosome)-signals and an accumulation of abnormal autophagic structures. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury resulted in an increase of early kidney injury marker, Kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1), in the cathepsin D-deficient renal tubular epithelial cells of the CtsDflox/−; Spink3Cre mouse. Inflammation marker was also increased in the cortico-medullary region of the CtsDflox/−; Spink3Cre mouse. Our results indicated that lack of cathepsin D in the renal tubular epithelial cells led to an increase of sensitivity against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Isei Tanida
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8131, Japan.
| | - Juan Alejandro Oliva Trejo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Sunabori
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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11
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Zhang TT, Qiu ZX, Li Y, Wang WY, Li MM, Guo P, Liu JZ. The mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of three enzymes during embryonic development of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:96. [PMID: 30867025 PMCID: PMC6416942 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three main enzymes including cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase are involved in vitellin degradation, which is a major biochemical event of the embryonic development and can provide nutrients and metabolites for tick embryos. In the present study, the mRNA expression profiles and enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase were investigated during embryonic development in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Results The results revealed that all three enzymes were expressed throughout embryonic development. Both cathepsin B and acid phosphatase transcripts were accumulated during the first four days. Cathepsin B reached its highest expression on day 5, whereas the peak expression of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D occurred on day 11. The highest activity of cathepsin B was observed on the first day of egg development, whereas cathepsin D reached its highest activity on day 13. Acid phosphatase activity increased gradually during the first five days and then remained stable until the end of egg development. Conclusions Three enzymes were expressed and activated in eggs, and also presented different dynamic changes with the development of embryos. The profiles of both mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of these enzymes indicate that they are controlled orderly and play multiple roles during embryonic development in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Qiu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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12
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Li Z, Bao K, Xu H, Wu P, Li W, Liu J, Zhang W. Design, synthesis, and bioactivities of tasiamide B derivatives as cathepsin D inhibitors. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3154. [PMID: 30734395 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (Cath D) is overexpressed and hypersecreted by malignant tumors and involved in the progress of tumor invasion, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. Cath D has been considered as a potential target to treat cancer. Our previous studies revealed that tasiamide B derivatives TB-9 and TB-11 exhibited high potent inhibition against Cath D and other aspartic proteases, but their molecular weights are still high, and the role of each residue is unknown yet. Based on this, two series of tasiamide B derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Cath D/Cath E/BACE1. Enzymatic assays revealed that the target compound 1 with lower molecule weight showed good inhibitory activity against Cath D with IC50 of 3.29 nM and satisfactory selectivity over Cath E (72-fold) and BACE1 (295-fold), which could be a valuable template for the design of highly potent and selective Cath D inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Keting Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Aghdassi AA, John DS, Sendler M, Weiss FU, Reinheckel T, Mayerle J, Lerch MM. Cathepsin D regulates cathepsin B activation and disease severity predominantly in inflammatory cells during experimental pancreatitis. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1018-1029. [PMID: 29229780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a complex disorder involving both premature intracellular protease activation and inflammatory cell invasion. An initiating event is the intracellular activation of trypsinogen by cathepsin B (CTSB), which can be induced directly via G protein-coupled receptors on acinar cells or through inflammatory cells. Here, we studied CTSB regulation by another lysosomal hydrolase, cathepsin D (CTSD), using mice with a complete (CTSD-/-) or pancreas-specific conditional CTSD knockout (KO) (CTSDf/f/p48Cre/+). We induced acute pancreatitis by repeated caerulein injections and isolated acinar and bone marrow cells for ex vivo studies. Supramaximal caerulein stimulation induced subcellular redistribution of CTSD from the lysosomal to the zymogen-containing subcellular compartment of acinar cells and activation of CTSD, CTSB, and trypsinogen. Of note, the CTSD KO greatly reduced CTSB and trypsinogen activation in acinar cells, and CTSD directly activated CTSB but not trypsinogen in vitro During pancreatitis in pancreas-specific CTSDf/f/p48Cre/+ animals, markers of severity were reduced only at 1 h, whereas in the complete KO, this effect also included the late disease phase (8 h), indicating an important effect of extra-acinar CTSD on course of the disease. CTSD-/- leukocytes exhibited reduced cytokine release after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and CTSD KO also reduced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in acinar cells stimulated with the intestinal hormone cholecystokinin. In summary, CTSD is expressed in pancreatic acinar and inflammatory cells, undergoes subcellular redistribution and activation during experimental pancreatitis, and regulates disease severity by potently activating CTSB. Its impact is only minimal and transient in the early, acinar cell-dependent phase of pancreatitis and much greater in the later, inflammatory cell-dependent phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Aghdassi
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany,
| | - Daniel S John
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Weiss
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Julia Mayerle
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,the Department of Medicine II, Ludwigs-Maximilians University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
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14
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Wu P, Yuan X, Li F, Zhang J, Zhu W, Wei M, Li J, Wang X. Myocardial Upregulation of Cathepsin D by Ischemic Heart Disease Promotes Autophagic Flux and Protects Against Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004044. [PMID: 28694354 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal dysfunction is implicated in human heart failure for which ischemic heart disease is the leading cause. Altered myocardial expression of CTSD (cathepsin D), a major lysosomal protease, was observed in human heart failure, but its pathophysiological significance has not been determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blot analyses revealed an increase in the precursor but not the mature form of CTSD in myocardial samples from explanted human failing hearts with ischemic heart disease, which is recapitulated in chronic myocardial infarction produced via coronary artery ligation in Ctsd+/+ but not Ctsd+/- mice. Mice deficient of Ctsd displayed impaired myocardial autophagosome removal, reduced autophagic flux, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. After induction of myocardial infarction, weekly serial echocardiography detected earlier occurrence of left ventricle chamber dilatation, greater decreases in ejection fraction and fractional shortening, and lesser wall thickening throughout the first 4 weeks; pressure-volume relationship analyses at 4 weeks revealed greater decreases in systolic and diastolic functions, stroke work, stroke volume, and cardiac output; greater increases in the ventricular weight to body weight and the lung weight to body weight ratios and larger scar size were also detected in Ctsd+/- mice compared with Ctsd+/+ mice. Significant increases of myocardial autophagic flux detected at 1 and 4 weeks after induction of myocardial infarction in the Ctsd+/+ mice were diminished in the Ctsd+/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial CTSD upregulation induced by myocardial infarction protects against cardiac remodeling and malfunction, which is at least in part through promoting myocardial autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglong Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Xun Yuan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Faqian Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Wei Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Meng Wei
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Jingbo Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.).
| | - Xuejun Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.).
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15
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Purkinje Cells Are More Vulnerable to the Specific Depletion of Cathepsin D Than to That of Atg7. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1586-1600. [PMID: 28502476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic phenotypes of cathepsin D (CTSD)-deficient mice, a murine model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, indicate the importance of CTSD for the maintenance of metabolism in central nervous system neurons. To further understand the role of CTSD in central nervous system neurons, we generated mice with a CTSD deficiency specifically in the Purkinje cells (PCs) (CTSDFlox/Flox;GRID2-Cre) and compared their phenotypes with those of PC-selective Atg7-deficient (Atg7Flox/Flox;GRID2-Cre) mice. In both strains of mice, PCs underwent degeneration, but the CTSD-deficient PCs disappeared more rapidly than their Atg7-deficient counterparts. When CTSD-deficient PCs died, the neuronal cell bodies became shrunken, filled with autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and had nuclei with dispersed small chromatin fragments. The dying Atg7-deficient PCs also showed similar ultrastructures, indicating that the neuronal cell death of CTSD- and Atg7-deficient PCs was distinct from apoptosis. Immunohistochemical observations showed the formation of calbindin-positive axonal spheroids and the swelling of vesicular GABA transporter-positive presynaptic terminals that were more pronounced in Atg7-deficient PCs than in CTSD-deficient PCs. An accumulation of tubular vesicles may have derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum; nascent autophagosome-like structures with double membranes was a common feature in the swollen axons of these PCs. These results suggested that PCs were more vulnerable to CTSD deficiency in lysosomes than to autophagy impairment, and this vulnerability does not depend on the severity of axonal swelling.
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Wang J, Yu Y, Lu K, Yang M, Li Y, Zhou X, Sun Z. Silica nanoparticles induce autophagy dysfunction via lysosomal impairment and inhibition of autophagosome degradation in hepatocytes. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:809-825. [PMID: 28182147 PMCID: PMC5279829 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s123596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunction is considered as a potential toxic mechanism of nanomaterials. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) can induce autophagy, but the specific mechanism involved remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm the effects of SiNPs on autophagy dysfunction and explore the possible underlying mechanism. In this article, we reported that cell-internalized SiNPs exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in both L-02 and HepG2 cells. Multiple methods verified that SiNPs induced autophagy even at the noncytotoxic level and blocked the autophagic flux at the high-dose level. Notably, SiNPs impaired the lysosomal function through damaging lysosomal ultrastructures, increasing membrane permeability, and downregulating the expression of lysosomal proteases, cathepsin B, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy, acridine orange staining, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot assays. Collectively, these data concluded that SiNPs inhibited autophagosome degradation via lysosomal impairment in hepatocytes, resulting in autophagy dysfunction. The current study not only discloses a potential mechanism of autophagy dysfunction induced by SiNPs but also provides novel evidence for the study of toxic effect and safety evaluation of SiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbo Yu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Lu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health
| | - Man Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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