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Osuna-Ramos JF, Farfan-Morales CN, Cordero-Rivera CD, De Jesús-González LA, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Hurtado-Monzón AM, Palacios-Rápalo SN, Jiménez-Camacho R, Meraz-Ríos MA, Del Ángel RM. Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs as Potential Antivirals: A Repurposing Approach against Flavivirus Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:1465. [PMID: 37515153 PMCID: PMC10383882 DOI: 10.3390/v15071465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, including Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and Yellow Fever (YFV) viruses, represent a significant global health burden. The development of effective antiviral therapies against these viruses is crucial to mitigate their impact. This study investigated the antiviral potential of the cholesterol-lowering drugs atorvastatin and ezetimibe in monotherapy and combination against DENV, ZIKV, and YFV. In vitro results demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the percentage of infected cells for both drugs. The combination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe showed a synergistic effect against DENV 2, an additive effect against DENV 4 and ZIKV, and an antagonistic effect against YFV. In AG129 mice infected with DENV 2, monotherapy with atorvastatin or ezetimibe significantly reduced clinical signs and increased survival. However, the combination of both drugs did not significantly affect survival. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of atorvastatin and ezetimibe as antiviral agents against flaviviruses and highlights the need for further investigations into their combined therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fidel Osuna-Ramos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80019, Mexico
| | - Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico
| | - Carlos Daniel Cordero-Rivera
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional "Adolfo Ruiz Cortines", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Veracruz Norte, Veracruz 91810, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana (UV), Veracruz 91090, Mexico
| | - Arianna M Hurtado-Monzón
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Selvin Noé Palacios-Rápalo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Jiménez-Camacho
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Del Ángel
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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2
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Zipper interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) is a negative regulator of HIV-1 replication that is restricted by viral nef protein through proteasomal degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 625:122-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Trivedi J, Ghosh P, Mitra D. N-p-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) inhibits HIV-1 by suppressing the activity of viral protease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:167-172. [PMID: 32446362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the etiological agent for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), continues to kill humans despite stupendous advances in antiviral research. With the presently available combination antiretroviral therapeutic arsenal, AIDS is now a manageable disease but with no cure available till date. The development of novel antivirals consumes an extensive amount of time and resources. Hence, repurposing of the established gold standard molecules for their anti-HIV application is enormously advantageous. In this study, we report that N-p-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) inhibits HIV-1 replication in a highly-conserved manner. Further, TPCK inhibits HIV-1 replication at the late stages of its life cycle by impeding viral protease (PR) enzyme activity. Additionally, our results demonstrate that the combination of TPCK with established HIV-1 PR inhibitors shows significant synergistic inhibitory potential, suggesting the potential use of TPCK in cART regimen. Collectively, we report the anti-HIV activity of TPCK, which should be further characterized for its translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Trivedi
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India.
| | - Payel Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
| | - Debashis Mitra
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, India.
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Discovery of 2-isoxazol-3-yl-acetamide analogues as heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors with significant anti-HIV activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111699. [PMID: 31561045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent burst of explorations on heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in virus research supports its emergence as a promising target to overcome the drawbacks of current antiviral therapeutic regimen. In continuation of our efforts towards the discovery of novel anti-retroviral molecules, we designed, synthesized fifteen novels 2-isoxazol-3-yl-acetamide based compounds (2a-o) followed by analysis of their anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity studies. 2a-b, 2e, 2j, and 2l-m were found to be active with inhibitory potentials >80% at their highest non-cytotoxic concentration (HNC). Further characterization of anti-HIV activity of these molecules suggests that 2l has ∼3.5 fold better therapeutic index than AUY922, the second generation HSP90 inhibitor. The anti-HIV activity of 2l is a cell type, virus isolate and viral load independent phenomena. Interestingly, 2l does not significantly modulate viral enzymes like Reverse Transcriptase (RT), Integrase (IN) and Protease (PR) as compared to their known inhibitors in a cell free in vitro assay system at its HNC. Further, 2l mediated inhibition of HSP90 attenuates HIV-1 LTR driven gene expression. Taken together, structural rationale, modeling studies and characterization of biological activities suggest that this novel scaffold can attenuate HIV-1 replication significantly within the host and thus opens a new horizon to develop novel anti-HIV therapeutic candidates.
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5
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Furler RL, Ali A, Yang OO, Nixon DF. Nef-induced differential gene expression in primary CD4+ T cells following infection with HIV-1 isolates. Virus Genes 2019; 55:541-544. [PMID: 31093843 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Almost 80% of viral transcripts during early HIV-1 infection encode the Nef protein, which has been implicated in altering expression of a number of genes. In this study, we infected primary human CD4+ T cells with pseudotyped Nef-containing or Nef-deleted (Δ-nef) NL4-3 virus and used RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) for transcriptomic analysis. Our results showed that the interferon response, IL-15 and JAK/STAT signaling, as well as genes involved in metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and ribosome biogenesis were all altered in the presence of Nef. These early Nef-mediated transcriptional alterations may play a role in priming the host cell for cellular activation and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Furler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th St., Belfer Research Building, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Ayub Ali
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and the UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB2, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, 90028, USA
| | - Otto O Yang
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and the UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB2, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th St., Belfer Research Building, New York, NY, 10021, USA
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6
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Naamati A, Williamson JC, Greenwood EJ, Marelli S, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ. Functional proteomic atlas of HIV infection in primary human CD4+ T cells. eLife 2019; 8:41431. [PMID: 30857592 PMCID: PMC6414203 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate host cells to enhance their replication, and the identification of cellular factors targeted by viruses has led to key insights into both viral pathogenesis and cell biology. In this study, we develop an HIV reporter virus (HIV-AFMACS) displaying a streptavidin-binding affinity tag at the surface of infected cells, allowing facile one-step selection with streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. We use this system to obtain pure populations of HIV-infected primary human CD4+ T cells for detailed proteomic analysis, and quantitate approximately 9000 proteins across multiple donors on a dynamic background of T cell activation. Amongst 650 HIV-dependent changes (q < 0.05), we describe novel Vif-dependent targets FMR1 and DPH7, and 192 proteins not identified and/or regulated in T cell lines, such as ARID5A and PTPN22. We therefore provide a high-coverage functional proteomic atlas of HIV infection, and a mechanistic account of host factors subverted by the virus in its natural target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Naamati
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Jd Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Marelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Naidoo L, Mzobe Z, Jin SW, Rajkoomar E, Reddy T, Brockman MA, Brumme ZL, Ndung'u T, Mann JK. Nef-mediated inhibition of NFAT following TCR stimulation differs between HIV-1 subtypes. Virology 2019; 531:192-202. [PMID: 30927712 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional characterisation of different HIV-1 subtypes may improve understanding of viral pathogenesis and spread. Here, we evaluated the ability of 345 unique HIV-1 Nef clones representing subtypes A, B, C and D to inhibit NFAT signalling following TCR stimulation. The contribution of this Nef function to disease progression was also assessed in 211 additional Nef clones isolated from unique subtype C infected individuals in early or chronic infection. On average, subtype A and C Nef clones exhibited significantly lower ability to inhibit TCR-mediated NFAT signalling compared to subtype B and D Nef clones. While this observation corroborates accumulating evidence supporting relative attenuation of subtypes A and C that may paradoxically contribute to their increased global prevalence and spread, no significant correlations between Nef-mediated NFAT inhibition activity and clinical markers of HIV-1 infection were observed, indicating that the relationship between Nef function and pathogenesis is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Naidoo
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Zinhle Mzobe
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Steven W Jin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Erasha Rajkoomar
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Medical Research Council, Biostatistics Unit, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Chariteplatz, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaclyn K Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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Ahmed D, Roy D, Cassol E. Examining Relationships between Metabolism and Persistent Inflammation in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6238978. [PMID: 30363715 PMCID: PMC6181007 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6238978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals are now living longer and healthier lives. However, ART does not completely restore health and treated individuals are experiencing increased rates of noncommunicable diseases such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. While it is well known that persistent immune activation and inflammation contribute to the development of these comorbid diseases, the mechanisms underlying this chronic activation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we will discuss emerging evidence that suggests that alterations in cellular metabolism may play a central role in driving this immune dysfunction in HIV patients on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duale Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Greenwood EJD, Matheson NJ, Wals K, van den Boomen DJH, Antrobus R, Williamson JC, Lehner PJ. Temporal proteomic analysis of HIV infection reveals remodelling of the host phosphoproteome by lentiviral Vif variants. eLife 2016; 5:e18296. [PMID: 27690223 PMCID: PMC5085607 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate host factors to enhance their replication and evade cellular restriction. We used multiplex tandem mass tag (TMT)-based whole cell proteomics to perform a comprehensive time course analysis of >6500 viral and cellular proteins during HIV infection. To enable specific functional predictions, we categorized cellular proteins regulated by HIV according to their patterns of temporal expression. We focussed on proteins depleted with similar kinetics to APOBEC3C, and found the viral accessory protein Vif to be necessary and sufficient for CUL5-dependent proteasomal degradation of all members of the B56 family of regulatory subunits of the key cellular phosphatase PP2A (PPP2R5A-E). Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of HIV-infected cells confirmed Vif-dependent hyperphosphorylation of >200 cellular proteins, particularly substrates of the aurora kinases. The ability of Vif to target PPP2R5 subunits is found in primate and non-primate lentiviral lineages, and remodeling of the cellular phosphoproteome is therefore a second ancient and conserved Vif function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward JD Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Wals
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dick JH van den Boomen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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