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Pascual F, Icyuz M, Karmaus P, Brooks A, Van Gorder E, Fessler MB, Shaw ND. Cholesterol biosynthesis modulates differentiation in murine cranial neural crest cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7073. [PMID: 37127649 PMCID: PMC10151342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells (cNCC) are a multipotent embryonic cell population that give rise to a diverse set of cell types. These cells are particularly vulnerable to external metabolic stressors, as exemplified by the association between maternal hyperglycemia and congenital malformations. We were interested in studying the effect of various concentrations of glucose and pyruvate on cNCC metabolism, migration, and differentiation using an established murine neural crest cell model (O9-1). We unexpectedly observed a pattern of gene expression suggestive of cholesterol biosynthesis induction under glucose depletion conditions in O9-1 cells. We further showed that treatment with two different cholesterol synthesis inhibitors interfered with cell migration and differentiation, inhibiting chondrogenesis while enhancing smooth muscle cell differentiation. As congenital arhinia (absent external nose), a malformation caused by mutations in SMCHD1, appears to represent, in part, a defect in cNCC, we were also interested in investigating the effects of glucose and cholesterol availability on Smchd1 expression in O9-1 cells. Smchd1 expression was induced under high glucose conditions whereas cholesterol synthesis inhibitors decreased Smchd1 expression during chondrogenesis. These data highlight a novel role for cholesterol biosynthesis in cNCC physiology and demonstrate that human phenotypic variability in SMCHD1 mutation carriers may be related, in part, to SMCHD1's sensitivity to glucose or cholesterol dosage during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Pascual
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, MD D3-02, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Mert Icyuz
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, MD D3-02, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Peer Karmaus
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Brooks
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Van Gorder
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, MD D3-02, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Natalie D Shaw
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, MD D3-02, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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2
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Shen WB, Wang B, Yao R, Goetzinger KR, Wu S, Gao H, Yang P. Obesity impacts placental function through activation of p-IRE1a-XBP1s signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1023327. [PMID: 36819099 PMCID: PMC9929362 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1023327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with a variety of obstetrical outcomes including stillbirth, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes, and increases the risk of fetuses for congenital heart defects. Obesity during pregnancy represents a major contribution to metabolic dysregulation, which not only plays a key role in the pathogenesis of adverse outcome but also can potently induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the mechanism associating such an obesogenic metabolic environment and adverse pregnancy outcomes has remained poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the ER stress pathways (also named unfolded protein response (UPR)) were activated in the placenta by obesity. We collected placenta from the obese pregnancy (n = 12) and non-obese pregnancy (n = 12) following delivery by Caesarean-section at term. The specimens were assessed with immunocytochemistry staining and RT-QPCR. Our results revealed that in the obese placenta, p-IRE1α and XBP1s were significantly increased, CHOP and nine UPR chaperone genes were upregulated, including GRP95, PDIA6, Calnexin, p58IPK, SIL-1, EDEM, Herp, GRP58 and Calreticulin. However, Perk and BiP are not activated in the obese placenta. Our data suggest that upregulated p-IRE1α and XBP1s signaling, and UPR chaperone genes may play an important role in maternal obesity-induced placental pathology. In conclusion, this is the first report on ER stress and UPR activation in the placenta of maternal obesity. Our findings represent the first step in the understanding of one of the key ER signaling pathways, also referred to IRE1α-XBP1, in placental pathophysiology affected by obesity, which may be an important mechanism accounting for the observed higher maternal and perinatal risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ruofan Yao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katherine R. Goetzinger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sheng Wu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Haijun Gao
- Departmentof Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Peixin Yang,
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Peng S, Wu Y, Zheng Y. High glucose causes developmental abnormalities in neuroepithelial cysts with actin and HK1 distribution changes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1021284. [PMID: 36684439 PMCID: PMC9852901 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1021284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the offspring of diabetic pregnant women have an increased risk for neural tube defects. Previous studies in animal models suggested that high glucose induces cell apoptosis and epigenetic changes in the developing neural tube. However, effects on other cellular aspects such as the cell shape changes were not fully investigated. Actin dynamics plays essential roles in cell shape change. Disruption on actin dynamics is known to cause neural tube defects. In the present study, we used a 3D neuroepithelial cyst model and a rosette model, both cultured from human embryonic stem cells, to study the cellular effects caused by high glucose. By using these models, we observed couple of new changes besides increased apoptosis. First, we observed that high glucose disturbed the distribution of pH3 positive cells in the neuroepithelial cysts. Secondly, we found that high glucose exposure caused a relatively smaller actin inner boundary enclosed area, which was unlikely due to osmolarity changes. We further investigated key glucose metabolic enzymes in our models and the results showed that the distribution of hexokinase1 (HK1) was affected by high glucose. We observed that hexokinase1 has an apical-basal polarized distribution and is highest next to actin at the boundaries. hexokinase1 was more diffused and distributed less polarized under high glucose condition. Together, our observations broadened the cellular effects that may be caused by high glucose in the developing neural tube, especially in the secondary neurulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Peng
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, The Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, The Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Zheng
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, The Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yufang Zheng,
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Tan J, Zhou Y, Luo J, Wu X, Liu H, Wang W, Li Z, Zhong M, Wu L, Li X. High glucose inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells in periodontitis by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:204. [PMID: 35280397 PMCID: PMC8908123 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a highly prevalent dental disease which is associated with diabetes and is challenging to cure in diabetic patients. However, the mechanism of comorbid diabetes and periodontitis is still unclear. This study aimed to uncover the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in high glucose-associated periodontitis. Methods Periodontal tissues were obtained from diabetic patients with periodontitis, periodontitis patients without systemic disease, and healthy teeth. The expressions of ER stress-related factors GRP78, ATF6, PERK and XBP1 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immumohistochemical staining. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) from three states of periodontal tissues were isolated and cultured as diabetic PDLSCs (dPDLSCs), inflamed PDLSCs (iPDLSCs) and healthy PDLSCs (hPDLSCs), and the cell stemness was assayed. Different concentrations (8, 11, and 25 mmol/L) of D-glucose were used on hPDLSCs to simulate high glucose microenvironment. The changes of osteogenic ability of PDLSCs were observed, and the expressions of ER stress-related factors in different time point (6, 12, 24, and 72 h) were detected. Finally, GRP78 shRNA lentivirus was used to block ER stress on PDLSCs in the 25 mmol/L D-glucose microenvironment, and the osteogenic ability of PDLSCs was observed. Results The results showed that the expressions of GRP78, ATF6, PERK, and XBP1 were highest in the diabetic periodontitis group and lowest in the healthy periodontal tissue group (P<0.05). The clone formation, osteogenic and lipogenic differentiation abilities were lowest in dPDLSCs and highest in hPDLSCs. With the increase of glucose concentration, the osteogensis ability of PDLSCs decreased. After 6 hours of stimulation with D-glucose 25 mmol/L, the ER stress pathways in PDLSCs were effectively activated, and the peak value was reached at 12 hours. The decrease in the osteogensis ability of PDLSCs in a high glucose microenvironment reversed when ER stress was blocked. Conclusions The osteogenic differentiation ability of PDLSCs cells is inhibited in a high glucose microenvironment, and this effect is realized by ER stress activation. Blocking ER stress can partially restore the reduced osteogenic ability of PDLSCs. These results suggest that high glucose inhibits the osteogenic differentiation ability of PDLSCs by activating ER stress, which ultimately exacerbates periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tan
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Weina Wang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebin Li
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijing Wu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
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5
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Lu V, Roy IJ, Teitell MA. Nutrients in the fate of pluripotent stem cells. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2108-2121. [PMID: 34644538 PMCID: PMC8568661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells model certain features of early mammalian development ex vivo. Medium-supplied nutrients can influence self-renewal, lineage specification, and earliest differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. However, which specific nutrients support these distinct outcomes, and their mechanisms of action, remain under active investigation. Here, we evaluate the available data on nutrients and their metabolic conversion that influence pluripotent stem cell fates. We also discuss key questions open for investigation in this rapidly expanding area of increasing fundamental and practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Irena J Roy
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, and Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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6
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Brenner M, Messing A. Regulation of GFAP Expression. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:1759091420981206. [PMID: 33601918 PMCID: PMC7897836 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420981206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the GFAP gene has attracted considerable attention because its onset is a marker for astrocyte development, its upregulation is a marker for reactive gliosis, and its predominance in astrocytes provides a tool for their genetic manipulation. The literature on GFAP regulation is voluminous, as almost any perturbation of development or homeostasis in the CNS will lead to changes in its expression. In this review, we limit our discussion to mechanisms proposed to regulate GFAP synthesis through a direct interaction with its gene or mRNA. Strengths and weaknesses of the supportive experimental findings are described, and suggestions made for additional studies. This review covers 15 transcription factors, DNA and histone methylation, and microRNAs. The complexity involved in regulating the expression of this intermediate filament protein suggests that GFAP function may vary among both astrocyte subtypes and other GFAP-expressing cells, as well as during development and in response to perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brenner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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7
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Chen ACH, Lee KF, Yeung WSB, Lee YL. Human embryonic stem cells as an in vitro model for studying developmental origins of type 2 diabetes. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:761-775. [PMID: 32952857 PMCID: PMC7477660 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i8.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and diseases (DOHaD) is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring. Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago, many epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed that in utero exposure to environmental insults, including hyperglycemia and chemicals, increased the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). These NCDs include metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Studying the effects of different environmental insults on early embryo development would aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms by which these insults promote NCD development. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have also been utilized by researchers to study the DOHaD. ESCs have pluripotent characteristics and can be differentiated into almost every cell lineage; therefore, they are excellent in vitro models for studying early developmental events. More importantly, human ESCs (hESCs) are the best alternative to human embryos for research because of ethical concerns. In this review, we will discuss different maternal conditions associated with DOHaD, focusing on the complications of maternal diabetes. Next, we will review the differentiation protocols developed to generate different cell lineages from hESCs. Additionally, we will review how hESCs are utilized as a model for research into the DOHaD. The effects of environmental insults on hESC differentiation and the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Chun-Hang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, Guangdong Province, China
| | - William Shu Biu Yeung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yin Lau Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, Guangdong Province, China
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8
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Kichenbrand C, Grossin L, Menu P, Moby V. Behaviour of human dental pulp stem cell in high glucose condition: impact on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104859. [PMID: 32768712 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the changes of human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) viability, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in high glucose condition. DESIGN After 21 days of culture in low (5.5 mM) and high (20 mM) glucose medium, hDPSC viability and proliferation were assessed with respectively the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Hoechst assays. To investigate the influence of glucose on osteogenic differentiation hDPSCs were cultured for 28 days in low or high glucose medium with osteoinductive cocktail. Mineralization was examined by alizarin red staining/quantification and the expression of osteogenic-related genes [Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), Osteocalcin (OCN), Collagen 1A1 (COL1A1)] analyzed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS We observed no significant difference (p > 0.05) on hDPSC proliferation or cell viability between low or high glucose groups. We did not highlight a significant difference after alizarin red staining and quantification between hDPSCs cultured with high or low glucose concentration in the culture medium. In the same manner, high glucose concentration did not appear to modify osteogenic gene expression: there was no significant difference in osteogenic-related gene expression between high or low glucose groups. CONCLUSION Proliferation, viability, and osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs were not changed by high glucose environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Kichenbrand
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Service Odontologie, F-54000 Nancy, France; Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Laurent Grossin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Patrick Menu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Vanessa Moby
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Service Odontologie, F-54000 Nancy, France; Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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9
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Hiraoka H, Nakano T, Kuwana S, Fukuzawa M, Hirano Y, Ueda M, Haraguchi T, Hiraoka Y. Intracellular ATP levels influence cell fates in Dictyostelium discoideum differentiation. Genes Cells 2020; 25:312-326. [PMID: 32125743 PMCID: PMC7318147 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms contain various differentiated cells. Fate determination of these cells remains a fundamental issue. The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is a useful model organism for studying differentiation; it proliferates as single cells in nutrient-rich conditions, which aggregate into a multicellular body upon starvation, subsequently differentiating into stalk cells or spores. The fates of these cells can be predicted in the vegetative phase: Cells expressing higher and lower levels of omt12 differentiate into stalk cells and spores, respectively. However, omt12 is merely a marker gene and changes in its expression do not influence the cell fate, and determinant factors remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed cell fate determinants in the stalk-destined and spore-destined cells that were sorted based on omt12 expression. Luciferase assay demonstrated higher levels of intracellular ATP in the stalk-destined cells than in the spore-destined cells. Live-cell observation during development using ATP sensor probes revealed that cells with higher ATP levels differentiated into stalk cells. Furthermore, reducing the ATP level by treating with an inhibitor of ATP production changed the differentiation fates of the stalk-destined cells to spores. These results suggest that intracellular ATP levels influence cell fates in D. discoideum differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakano
- Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwana
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukuzawa
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hirano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Suita, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
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10
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High Glucose Enhances the Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla via NF-KappaB Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5068258. [PMID: 31080819 PMCID: PMC6476152 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5068258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective The transport and metabolism of glucose are important during mammalian development. High glucose can mediate the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the role of high glucose in the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) is unclear. Materials and Methods SCAPs were isolated and identified in vitro. Then, SCAPs were cultured in normal α-MEM and high glucose α-MEM separately. MTT assay was applied to observe the proliferation of SCAPs. ALP activity, alizarin red staining, real-time RT-PCR, and western blot were used to detect the odonto/osteogenic capacity of SCAPs as well as the participation of NF-κB pathway. Results SCAPs in 25mmol/L glucose group expressed the maximum proteins of RUNX2 and ALP as compared with those in 5, 10, and 15 mmol/L groups. MTT assay showed that 25 mmol/L glucose suppressed the proliferation of SCAPs. ALP assay, alizarin red staining, real-time RT-PCR, and western blot showed 25 mmol/L high glucose can obviously enhance the odonto/osteogenic capacity of SCAPs. Moreover, the NF-κB pathway was activated in 25mmol/L glucose-treated SCAPs and the odonto/osteogenic differentiation was inhibited following the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions High glucose can enhance the odonto/osteogenic capacity of SCAPs via NF-κB pathway.
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11
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Li H, Zhang Y, Liu S, Li F, Wang B, Wang J, Cao L, Xia T, Yao Q, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Li Y, Li G, Wang J, Li X, Ni S. Melatonin Enhances Proliferation and Modulates Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Via Autophagy in Hyperglycemia. Stem Cells 2019; 37:504-515. [PMID: 30644149 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been linked to fetal neuropathy, one of the most devastating complications of gestational diabetes. Several studies have demonstrated that melatonin (Mel) exerted neuroprotective actions in various stresses. However, the role of autophagy and the involvement of Mel in NSCs in hyperglycemia (HG) have not yet been fully established. Here, we found that HG increased autophagy and autophagic flux of NSCs as evidenced by increasing LC3B II/I ratio, Beclin-1 expression, and autophagosomes. Moreover, Mel enhanced NSCs proliferation and self-renewal in HG with decreasing autophagy and activated mTOR signaling. Consistently, inhibition of autophagy by 3-Methyladenine (3-Ma) could assist Mel effects above, and induction of autophagy by Rapamycin (Rapa) could diminish Mel effects. Remarkably, HG induced premature differentiation of NSCs into neurons (Map2 positive cells) and astrocytes (GFAP positive cells). Furthermore, Mel diminished HG-induced premature differentiation and assisted NSCs in HG differentiation as that in normal condition. Coincidentally, inhibiting of NSCs autophagy by 3-Ma assisted Mel to modulate differentiation. However, increasing NSCs autophagy by Rapa disturbed the Mel effects and retarded NSCs differentiation. These findings suggested that Mel supplementation could contribute to mimicking normal NSCs proliferation and differentiation in fetal central nervous system by inhibiting autophagy in the context of gestational diabetes. Stem Cells 2019;37:504-515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangming Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengpeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yinan County People's Hospital, Linyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Benlin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA No. 970 Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjie Wang
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanfang Cao
- Department of Infection Management, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongliang Xia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,KG Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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12
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Nishitani K, Hayakawa K, Tanaka S. Extracellular glucose levels in cultures of undifferentiated mouse trophoblast stem cells affect gene expression during subsequent differentiation with replicable cell line-dependent variation. J Reprod Dev 2018; 65:19-27. [PMID: 30318498 PMCID: PMC6379769 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) have been established and maintained using hyperglycemic conditions (11 mM glucose) for no apparent good reason. Because glucose metabolites are used as
resources for cellular energy production, biosynthesis, and epigenetic modifications, differences in extracellular glucose levels may widely affect cellular function. Since the hyperglycemic
culture conditions used for TSC culture have not been fully validated, the effect of extracellular glucose levels on the properties of TSCs remains unclear. To address this issue, we
investigated the gene expression of stemness-related transcription factors in TSCs cultured in the undifferentiated state under various glucose concentrations. We also examined the
expression of trophoblast subtype markers during differentiation, after returning the glucose concentration to the conventional culture concentration (11 mM). As a result, it appeared that
the extracellular glucose conditions in the stem state not only affected the gene expression of stemness-related transcription factors before differentiation but also affected the expression
of marker genes after differentiation, with some line-to-line variation. In the TS4 cell line, which showed the largest glucose concentration-dependent fluctuations in gene expression among
all the lines examined, low glucose (1 mM glucose, LG) augmented H3K27me3 levels. An Ezh2 inhibitor prevented these LG-induced changes in gene expression, suggesting the possible involvement
of H3K27me3 in the changes in gene expression seen in LG. These results collectively indicate that the response of the TSCs to the change in the extracellular glucose concentration is cell
line-dependent and a part of which may be epigenetically memorized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nishitani
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koji Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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13
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Thaeomor A, Teangphuck P, Chaisakul J, Seanthaweesuk S, Somparn N, Roysommuti S. Perinatal Taurine Supplementation Prevents Metabolic and Cardiovascular Effects of Maternal Diabetes in Adult Rat Offspring. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:295-305. [PMID: 28849464 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that perinatal taurine supplementation prevents diabetes mellitus and hypertension in adult offspring of maternal diabetic rats. Female Wistar rats were fed normal rat chow and tap water with (Diabetes group) or without diabetic induction by intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (Control group) before pregnancy. Then, they were supplemented with 3% taurine in water (Control+T and Diabetes+T groups) or water alone from conception to weaning. After weaning, both male and female offspring were fed normal rat chow and tap water throughout the study. Blood chemistry and cardiovascular parameters were studied in 16-week old rats. Body, heart, and kidney weights were not significantly different among the eight groups. Further, lipid profiles except triglyceride were not significantly different among male and female groups, while male Diabetes displayed increased fasting blood glucose, decreased plasma insulin, and increased plasma triglyceride compared to other groups. Compared to Control, mean arterial pressures significantly increased and baroreflex control of heart rate decreased in both male and female Diabetes, while heart rates significantly decreased in male but increased in female Diabetes group. Although perinatal taurine supplementation did not affect any measured parameters in Control groups, it abolished the adverse effects of maternal diabetes on fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, lipid profiles, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and baroreflex sensitivity in adult male and female offspring. The present study indicates that maternal diabetes mellitus induces metabolic and cardiovascular defects more in male than female adult offspring, and these adverse effects can be prevented by perinatal taurine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcharaporn Thaeomor
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Punyaphat Teangphuck
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Janeyuth Chaisakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suphaket Seanthaweesuk
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Somparn
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sanya Roysommuti
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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14
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Shao Y, Li X, Wood JW, Ma JX. Mitochondrial dysfunctions, endothelial progenitor cells and diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:966-973. [PMID: 30068485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in the working age population. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) play a vital role in vascular damage repair. This article will review recent progress regarding mitochondrial and EPC dysfunction associated with DR. RESULTS EPCs represent a limited population of adult stem cells possessing vasculogenic potential postnatally; their number and function are changed in DR. Among all the function changes, mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the dysregulation of EPCs, as mitochondria regulate energy balance, and cell fate determination. CONCLUSIONS Although the mechanism for the role of mitochondria dysregulation in EPC function remains elusive, mitochondria of EPCs represent a promising target for the treatment of the vasculopathy presented within DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shao
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, China; Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73014, USA
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, China
| | - John W Wood
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73014, USA
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73014, USA.
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15
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Deng C, Sun Y, Liu H, Wang W, Wang J, Zhang F. Selective adipogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells stimulated with high doses of glucose. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199603. [PMID: 29979705 PMCID: PMC6034828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal tissue damage, accompanied by the degradation and destruction of periodontal tissue collagen, is one of the most clinically common complications and difficulty self-repair in patients with diabetes. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) are the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that persist in the periodontal ligament after development of periodontal tissue and the ability of PDLSC osteogenic differentiation is responsible for repairing periodontal tissue defects. However, the reasons of high glucose environment in diabetic patients inhibiting PDLSC to repair periodontal tissues are unclear. To address these issues, we propose exposing PDLSC to high-sugar mimics the diabetic environment and investigating the activity of osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation of PDLSC. At the cellular level, high glucose can promote the adipogenic differentiation and inhibit osteogenic differentiation to decrease the self-repair ability of PDLSC in periodontal tissues. Mechanistically at the molecular level, these effects are elicited via regulating the mRNA and protein expression of C/EBPβ, PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing, China
- School of Stomatology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Stomatology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Hai Liu
- School of Stomatology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Stomatology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jingmen Wang
- School of Stomatology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Feimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Northrop EJ, Rich JJJ, Cushman RA, McNeel AK, Soares ÉM, Brooks K, Spencer TE, Perry GA. Effects of preovulatory estradiol on uterine environment and conceptus survival from fertilization to maternal recognition of pregnancy†. Biol Reprod 2018; 99:629-638. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emmalee J Northrop
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakot, USA
| | - Jerica J J Rich
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakot, USA
| | - Robert A Cushman
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Anthony K McNeel
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Émerson M Soares
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kelsey Brooks
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - George A Perry
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakot, USA
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17
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Pluripotent Stem Cell Metabolism and Mitochondria: Beyond ATP. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2874283. [PMID: 28804500 PMCID: PMC5540363 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2874283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is central to embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency and differentiation, with distinct profiles apparent under different nutrient milieu, and conditions that maintain alternate cell states. The significance of altered nutrient availability, particularly oxygen, and metabolic pathway activity has been highlighted by extensive studies of their impact on preimplantation embryo development, physiology, and viability. ESC similarly modulate their metabolism in response to altered metabolite levels, with changes in nutrient availability shown to have a lasting impact on derived cell identity through the regulation of the epigenetic landscape. Further, the preferential use of glucose and anaplerotic glutamine metabolism serves to not only support cell growth and proliferation but also minimise reactive oxygen species production. However, the perinuclear localisation of spherical, electron-poor mitochondria in ESC is proposed to sustain ESC nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk and a mitochondrial-H2O2 presence, to facilitate signalling to support self-renewal through the stabilisation of HIFα, a process that may be favoured under physiological oxygen. The environment in which a cell is grown is therefore a critical regulator and determinant of cell fate, with metabolism, and particularly mitochondria, acting as an interface between the environment and the epigenome.
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18
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Rezabakhsh A, Cheraghi O, Nourazarian A, Hassanpour M, Kazemi M, Ghaderi S, Faraji E, Rahbarghazi R, Avci ÇB, Bagca BG, Garjani A. Type 2 Diabetes Inhibited Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Angiogenic Response by Over-Activity of the Autophagic Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1518-1530. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz; Iran
| | - Omid Cheraghi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanpour
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kazemi
- Stem Cell Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Shahrooz Ghaderi
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Department of Molecular Medicine; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Esmaeil Faraji
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Department of Applied Cell Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Çığır Biray Avci
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Medical Biology; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Bakiye Goker Bagca
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Medical Biology; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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