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Zhukova OV, Arkhipova EV, Kovaleva TF, Ryabov SA, Ivanova IP, Golovacheva AA, Zykova DA, Zaitsev SD. Immunopharmacological Properties of Methacrylic Acid Polymers as Potential Polymeric Carrier Constituents of Anticancer Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:4855. [PMID: 34443443 PMCID: PMC8402103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytostatic chemotherapeutics provide a classical means to treat cancer, but conventional treatments have not increased in efficacy in the past years, warranting a search for new approaches to therapy. The aim of the study was, therefore, to obtain methacrylic acid (MAA) (co)polymers and to study their immunopharmacological properties. 4-Cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl] pentanoic acid (CDSPA) and 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (CPDT) were used as reversible chain transfer agents. Experiments were carried out in Wistar rats. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the polymeric systems on peritoneal macrophages. An experimental tumor model was obtained by grafting RMK-1 breast cancer cells. Serum cytokine levels of tumor-bearing rats were analyzed. The chain transfer agents employed in classical radical polymerization substantially reduced the molecular weight of the resulting polymers, but a narrow molecular weight distribution was achieved only with CDSPA and high CPDT concentrations. Toxicity was not observed when incubating peritoneal macrophages with polymeric systems. In tumor-bearing rats, the IL-10 concentration was 1.7 times higher and the IL-17 concentration was less than half that of intact rats. Polymeric systems decreased the IL-10 concentration and normalized the IL-17 concentration in tumor-bearing rats. The maximum effect was observed for a MAA homopolymer with a high molecular weight. The anion-active polymers proposed as carrier constituents are promising for further studies and designs of carrier constituents of drug derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Zhukova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.V.A.); (T.F.K.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Evgenia V. Arkhipova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.V.A.); (T.F.K.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Tatyana F. Kovaleva
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.V.A.); (T.F.K.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Sergey A. Ryabov
- Department of High-Molecular Compounds and Colloid Chemistry, National Research Lobachevsky State University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (S.A.R.); (I.P.I.); (A.A.G.); (S.D.Z.)
| | - Irina. P. Ivanova
- Department of High-Molecular Compounds and Colloid Chemistry, National Research Lobachevsky State University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (S.A.R.); (I.P.I.); (A.A.G.); (S.D.Z.)
| | - Anna A. Golovacheva
- Department of High-Molecular Compounds and Colloid Chemistry, National Research Lobachevsky State University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (S.A.R.); (I.P.I.); (A.A.G.); (S.D.Z.)
| | - Daria A. Zykova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.V.A.); (T.F.K.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Sergey D. Zaitsev
- Department of High-Molecular Compounds and Colloid Chemistry, National Research Lobachevsky State University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (S.A.R.); (I.P.I.); (A.A.G.); (S.D.Z.)
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Guo L, Zeng W, Xu S, Zhou J. Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting for enhanced pyruvic acid accumulation by Candida glabrata. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124258. [PMID: 33099100 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of metabolic engineering is to engineer strains that can optimally produce target metabolites. However, the current workflow for rational engineering of the metabolic pathway is sometimes time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here, we have established a cost-effective approach for screening for variants secreting metabolites. Different surface display systems were adopted and verified, which anchored pHluorin to the Candida glabrata cell surface to associate pyruvic acid detection with the read out of this reporter. A generalizable simulation approach based on computational fluid dynamics and regularity of generated droplet dimension was presented, which was found to be an efficient design tool to explore microfluidic characteristics or optimization. Finally, a microfluidic platform based on simulation coupled with surface display system was constructed. A mutant exhibiting a 73.6% increase in pyruvic acid production was identified. This ultrahigh-throughput screening pattern offers a practical guide for identifying microbial strains with many traits of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Yoshinari A, Moe-Lange J, Kleist TJ, Cartwright HN, Quint DA, Ehrhardt DW, Frommer WB, Nakamura M. Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors for Quantitative In Vivo Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2200:303-322. [PMID: 33175384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0880-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools for tracking analytes or cellular processes in live organisms and allowing visualization of the spatial and temporal dynamics of cellular regulators. Fluorescent protein (FP)-based biosensors are extensively employed due to their high selectivity and low invasiveness. A variety of FP-based biosensors have been engineered and applied in plant research to visualize dynamic changes in pH, redox state, concentration of molecules (ions, sugars, peptides, ATP, reactive oxygen species, and phytohormones), and activity of transporters. In this chapter, we briefly summarize reported uses of FP-based biosensors in planta and show simple methods to monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ in Arabidopsis thaliana using a ratiometric genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator, MatryoshCaMP6s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshinari
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jacob Moe-Lange
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Kleist
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heather N Cartwright
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A Quint
- Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines (NSF-Crest), University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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pH dependence, kinetics and light-harvesting regulation of nonphotochemical quenching in Chlamydomonas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8320-8325. [PMID: 30962362 PMCID: PMC6486713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817796116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms utilize sunlight as a form of energy. Under low light, they maximize their capacity to harvest photons; however, under excess light, they dissipate part of the harvested energy to prevent photodamage, at the expense of light-use efficiency. Optimally balancing light harvesting and energy dissipation in natural (fluctuating light) conditions is considered a target for improving the productivity of both algae and plants. Here we have studied the energy dissipation process in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in vivo. We found that it is remarkably different from that of higher plants, highlighting the need of developing tailor-made strategies to optimize the light harvesting–energy dissipation balance in different organisms. Sunlight drives photosynthesis but can also cause photodamage. To protect themselves, photosynthetic organisms dissipate the excess absorbed energy as heat, in a process known as nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). In green algae, diatoms, and mosses, NPQ depends on the light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) proteins. Here we investigated NPQ in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using an approach that maintains the cells in a stable quenched state. We show that in the presence of LHCSR3, all of the photosystem (PS) II complexes are quenched and the LHCs are the site of quenching, which occurs at a rate of ∼150 ps−1 and is not induced by LHCII aggregation. The effective light-harvesting capacity of PSII decreases upon NPQ, and the NPQ rate is independent of the redox state of the reaction center. Finally, we could measure the pH dependence of NPQ, showing that the luminal pH is always above 5.5 in vivo and highlighting the role of LHCSR3 as an ultrasensitive pH sensor.
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Hilleary R, Choi WG, Kim SH, Lim SD, Gilroy S. Sense and sensibility: the use of fluorescent protein-based genetically encoded biosensors in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:32-38. [PMID: 30041101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent protein-based biosensors are providing us with an unprecedented, quantitative view of the dynamic nature of the cellular networks that lie at the heart of plant biology. Such bioreporters can visualize the spatial and temporal kinetics of cellular regulators such as Ca2+ and H+, plant hormones and even allow membrane transport activities to be monitored in real time in living plant cells. The fast pace of their development is making these tools increasingly sensitive and easy to use and the rapidly expanding biosensor toolkit offers great potential for new insights into a wide range of plant regulatory processes. We suggest a checklist of controls that should help avoid some of the more cryptic issues with using these bioreporter technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hilleary
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Su-Hwa Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sung Don Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Kohzuma K, Hikosaka K. Physiological validation of photochemical reflectance index (PRI) as a photosynthetic parameter using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:52-57. [PMID: 29501490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is the most important photoprotective system in higher plants. NPQ can be divided into several steps according to the timescale of relaxation of chlorophyll fluorescence after reaching a steady state (i.e., the fast phase, qE; middle phase, qZ or qT; and slow phase, qI). The dissipation of excess energy as heat during the xanthophyll cycle, a large component of NPQ, is detectable during the fast to middle phase (sec to min). Although thermal dissipation is primarily investigated using indirect methods such as chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements, such analyses require dark adaptation or the application of a saturating pulse during measurement, making it difficult to continuously monitor this process. Here, we designed an unconventional technique for real-time monitoring of changes in thylakoid lumen pH (as reflected by changes in xanthophyll pigment content) based on the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), which we estimated by measuring light-driven leaf reflectance at 531 nm. We analyzed two Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, npq1 (unable to convert violaxanthin to zeaxanthin due to inhibited violaxanthin de-epoxidase [VDE] activity) and npq4 (lacking PsbS protein), to uncover the regulator of the PRI. The PRI was variable in wild-type and npq4 plants, but not in npq1, indicating that the PRI is related to xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal energy quenching (qZ) rather than the linear electron transport rate or NPQ. In situ lumen pH substitution using a pH-controlled buffer solution caused a shift in PRI. These results suggest that the PRI reflects only xanthophyll cycle conversion and is therefore a useful parameter for monitoring thylakoid lumen pH (reflecting VDE activity) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kohzuma
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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